Cardiac Rehabilitation Is Associated With Improved Long-Term Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has proven to have short- and mid-term benefit in treatment of coronary artery disease, its long-term benefit in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is less certain. Our objective was to examine the late outcomes of patients who attended CR within the first year after CABG. METHODS: Adult CABG patients referred to Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (CR group: were referred and attended at least 1 session; No-CR group: were referred but did not attend) between January 1996 and September 2008 were identified through linkages with clinical and provincial administrative databases for comorbidities and outcome ascertainment. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, stroke or repeat revascularization (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [MACCE]). The secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the CR treatment effect, adjusting for baseline characteristics. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 5,000 patients-3,685 (73.7%) in the CR group and 1,315 (26.3%) in the No-CR group. Median referral time was 32.5 days, and follow-up was 13.1 years. The CR group patients, compared with the No-CR group, were younger (age 62.6 ± 9.6 vs 64.0 ± 10.5 years), were more likely to be male (85.0% vs 79.5%), and had fewer cardiac comorbidities. In adjusted analyses, the CR group was associated with decreased MACCE (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.91, P < 0.0001) and a higher adjusted survival at 15 years (66.3% vs 60.1%, hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.84, P < 0.0001), as compared with the No-CR group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a reduction in MACCE and late mortality associated with CR attendance, highlighting the importance of patient referral and participation in CR after CABG.

CONTEXTE: La réadaptation cardiaque (RC) s'est révélée bénéfique à court et à moyen terme dans le traitement des coronaropathies, mais on en sait moins sur ses bienfaits à long terme chez les patients ayant subi un pontage aortocoronarien (PAC). Nous avons donc examiné les issues à long terme chez des patients ayant participé à un programme de RC dans l'année suivant un PAC. MÉTHODOLOGIE: À partir des données couplées des bases de données des cliniques et de l'administration provinciale, nous avons relevé tous les patients adultes ayant subi un PAC qui ont été orientés vers l'Institut de réadaptation de Toronto (groupe RC : patients orientés vers le programme et ayant participé à au moins 1 séance; groupe sans RC : patients orientés vers le programme, mais n'ayant participé à aucune séance) entre janvier 1996 et septembre 2008, afin d'établir les affections concomitantes et les résultats obtenus. Le critère d'évaluation principal composé comprenait la mortalité toutes causes confondues, l'infarctus du myocarde aigu, l'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ou une nouvelle revascularisation en raison d'un événement cardiaque ou cérébrovasculaire majeur (ECCVM). Le critère d'évaluation secondaire était la mortalité toutes causes confondues. Nous avons utilisé des modèles à risques proportionnels de Cox multivariés pour évaluer l'effet thérapeutique de la RC, en apportant les corrections nécessaires pour tenir compte des caractéristiques initiales des patients. RÉSULTATS: La cohorte de l'étude réunissait 5 000 patients ­ 3 685 (73,7 %) dans le groupe RC et 1 315 (26,3 %) dans le groupe sans RC. Les valeurs médianes du temps écoulé avant l'orientation vers un programme de RC et de la période du suivi étaient de 32,5 jours et de 13,1 ans, respectivement. Comparativement aux patients du groupe sans RC, les patients du groupe RC étaient plus jeunes (62,6 ± 9,6 ans vs 64,0 ± 10,5 ans), étaient dans une plus forte proportion des hommes (85,0 % vs 79,5 %) et présentaient un moins grand nombre d'affections cardiaques concomitantes. À l'issue des analyses après corrections, on a observé dans le groupe RC une réduction du taux d'ECCVM (rapport des risques instantanés de 0,83; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, de 0,75 à 0,91; p < 0,0001) et une augmentation du taux de survie à 15 ans corrigé (66,3 % vs 60,1 %; rapport des risques instantanés de 0,76; IC à 95 %, de 0,68 à 0,84; p < 0,0001), comparativement au groupe sans RC. CONCLUSIONS: La participation à un programme de RC a été associée à une diminution du risque d'ECCVM et de mortalité tardive, ce qui fait ressortir l'importance d'orienter les patients ayant subi un PAC vers de tels programmes et de les encourager à y participer.

Long-term clinical outcomes of the Toronto stentless porcine valve: 15-year results from dual centers.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term durability of the Toronto stentless porcine valve (SPV) in the aortic position (St Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN). METHODS: We assessed the long-term clinical outcomes of 515 patients with aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Toronto SPV from 1987 to 2001 at two centers, excluding early (<30 days) death. Median follow-up was 11.5 years (maximum 19.0 years). RESULTS: Average age was 64.2 ± 10.8 years, and females were 34% (173/515). The incidence of prosthesis-patient mismatch was low, 10.9%. Overall survival was 90.7 ± 1.3%, 75.4 ± 2.0%, and 56.8 ± 3.2% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively after surgery. Over the follow-up duration, 116 patients (23%) underwent repeated AVR: 90 for structural valve deterioration (SVD), 12 for endocarditis, 10 nonstructural valve dysfunction (10 aortic regurgitation due to aorta dilatation), and four for other reasons. The cumulative incidence of repeated AVR with death as a competing risk was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6-2.7), 11.1% (95% CI, 8.4-14.2), and 34.4% (95% CI, 28.8-40.2) at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Reoperative mortality was 5.2% (6/116). In SVD, the regurgitation type was dominant (82%). CONCLUSIONS: The Toronto SPV is associated with excellent survival and durability during the first decade of follow-up. However, regurgitation type of SVD increases from 10 years after operation with acceptable reoperative mortality. These findings may assist with prosthesis selection and reintervention strategy for failing stentless bioprosthesis.

Long-term Outcomes Associated With Total Arterial Revascularization vs Non-Total Arterial Revascularization.

Importance: The optimal conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remain controversial in multivessel coronary artery disease. Objective: To compare the long-term clinical outcomes of total arterial revascularization (TAR) vs non-TAR (CABG with at least 1 arterial and 1 saphenous vein graft) in a multicenter population-based study. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter population-based cohort study using propensity score matching took place from October 2008 to March 2017 in Ontario, Canada, with a mean and maximum follow-up of 4.6 and 9.0 years, respectively. Individuals with primary isolated CABG were identified, with at least 1 arterial graft. Exclusion criteria were individuals from out of province and younger than 18 years. Patients undergoing a cardiac reoperation or those in cardiogenic shock were also excluded because these conditions would potentially bias the surgeon toward not performing TAR. Analysis began April 2019. Exposures: Total arterial revascularization. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was time to first event of a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or repeated revascularization (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events). Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome. Results: Of 49 404 individuals with primary isolated CABG, 2433 (4.9%) received TAR, with the total number of bypasses being 2, 3, and 4 or more vessels in 1521 (62.5%), 865 (35.6%), and 47 individuals (1.9%), respectively. The mean (SD) age was 61.2 (10.4) years and 1983 (81.5%) were men. After propensity score matching, 2132 patient pairs were formed, with equal total number of bypasses (mean [SD], 2.4 [0.5]) but with more arterial grafts in the TAR group (mean [SD], 2.4 [0.5] vs 1.2 [0.4]; P < .01). In-hospital death (15 [0.7%] vs 21 [1.0%]; P = .32) did not differ between TAR vs non-TAR groups after propensity score matching. Throughout 8 years, TAR was associated with improved freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89), death (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.97), and myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.51-0.92). There was no difference in stroke and repeated revascularization. Conclusions and Relevance: Total arterial revascularization was associated with improved long-term freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, death, and myocardial infarction and may be the procedure of choice for patients with reasonable life expectancy requiring CABG.

Bilateral versus single internal thoracic artery for coronary artery bypass grafting with end-stage renal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis is high. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the preferred treatment in those with severe CAD. Bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) vs single internal thoracic artery (SITA) grafting has been shown to improve late survival in other high-risk populations. In ESRD, comparative studies are limited by sample size to detect outcome differences. We sought to determine the late survival and early outcomes of BITA compared with SITA in patients with ESRD. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to 2017 for studies directly comparing BITA to SITA in patients with ESRD undergoing CABG. The primary outcome was late survival; secondary outcomes were in-hospital/30-day mortality, stroke, and deep sternal wound infection (DSWI). Kaplan-Meier curve reconstruction for late mortality was performed. RESULTS: Five studies (three adjusted [n = 197] and two unadjusted observational studies [n = 231]) were included in the analysis. Reported ITA skeletonization ranged from 83% to 100% (median: 100%). There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (risk risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.36,1.98; P = 0.70), perioperative stroke (RR, 1.97; 95%CI, 0.58,6.66; P = 0.28), and DSWI (RR, 1.56; 95%CI, 0.60,4.07; P = 0.36) between BITA and SITA. All studies reported adjusted late mortality, which was similar between BITA and SITA (incident rate ratio, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.59,1.11) at mean 3.7-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: BITA grafting is safe in patients with ESRD although there was no survival benefit at 3.7 years. Additional studies with longer follow-up are required to determine the potential late benefits of BITA grafting in patients with ESRD.

Multiple Arterial Grafting Is Associated With Better Outcomes for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have shown better survival in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with 2 arterial grafts compared with 1. However, whether a third arterial graft is associated with incremental benefit remains uncertain. We sought to analyze the outcomes of 3 versus 2 arterial grafts during CABG. As a secondary objective, we compared CABG with 2 or 3 arterial grafts (multiple arterial grafts [MAG]) with CABG using a single arterial graft (SAG). METHODS: Retrospective cohort analyses of all patients undergoing primary isolated CABG in Ontario, Canada, from October 2008 to March 2016. Propensity score matching was performed between patients with 3 arterial grafts (3Art group) versus 2 (2Art group). The primary outcome was time to first event of a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and repeat revascularization (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events). Additional analyses were performed to evaluate the association between MAG versus SAG and long-term outcomes using propensity score matching. RESULTS: Fifty thousand, two hundred thirty patients underwent isolated CABG during our study period; 3044 (6.1%) and 8253 (16.4%) patients had 3 and 2 arterial grafts, respectively, resulting in 2789 propensity score matching pairs for the primary analyses. Mean and maximum follow-up was 4.2 and 8.5 years, respectively. Radial artery grafting was more common in the 3Art versus 2Art group (79.3% versus 65.6%, P<0.01). In-hospital outcomes were not significantly different, including death (3Art 0.8% versus 2Art 0.5%, P=0.26). Up to 8 years, there were no differences in major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (3Art 27%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 24% to 30% versus 2Art 25%, 95% CI, 22% to 28%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.08, 95% CI, 0.94-1.25), death (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.90-1.29), myocardial infarction (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.87-1.51), stroke (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.95-2.06), or repeat revascularization (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.82-1.32). When evaluating MAG versus SAG, 8629 patient pairs were formed using propensity score matching. At 8 years, cumulative incidences of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (HR, 0.82, 95% CI, 0.77-0.88), survival (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73-0.88), repeat revascularization (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69-0.90), and myocardial infarction (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.97) were superior in the MAG group. CONCLUSIONS: CABG with 3 arterial grafts was not associated with increased in-hospital death nor with better clinical outcomes at 8-year follow-up, compared with CABG with 2 arterial grafts. MAG was associated with superior outcomes compared with SAG.

The radial artery is protective in women and men following coronary artery bypass grafting-a substudy of the radial artery patency study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that female sex is an adverse risk factor in CABG. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the radial artery (RA) was associated with reduced angiographic occlusion compared to the saphenous vein graft (SVG) stratified by sex in the multi-centered Radial Artery Patency Study (NCT00187356). METHODS: Between 1996-2001, 529 patients less than 80 years, with graftable triple-vessel disease underwent isolated CABG across 11 centers with late angiographic and clinical follow-up. The primary objective was to compare complete occlusion of RA and SVG with respect to sex. The secondary objective was to determine cumulative patency of both grafts along with predictors of late graft occlusion stratified by sex. The additional objective was to compare major adverse cardiac events (MACE, defined as cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction or re-intervention) between women and men. RESULTS: Of the 529 enrolled patients (13.4% women), 269 (women: n=41, 15.2%) underwent late angiography at a mean of 7.7±1.5 years after CABG. Women were older (64.1±6.7 versus 59.1±8.0 years, P<0.01) with a higher rate of diabetes (43.9% versus 28.5%, P=0.05). Smoking history was less common (48.8% versus 75.4%, P<0.01) while the mean number of grafts per patient were similar (women: 3.8±0.7, men: 3.8±0.6, P=0.65). RA occlusions were lower than SVG in women (RA: 9.8%, SVG: 26.8%, P=0.05) and in men (RA: 8.8%, SVG: 17.1%, P=0.01). The rate of RA and SVG occlusion was not statistically different between women and men, and cumulative patency curves were also similar between sexes for the RA and study SVG. Multivariable modeling showed that having a RA (versus SVG) was protective in women [odds ratio (OR) 0.15, P=0.04] and men: (OR 0.49, P=0.02). MACE (P=0.15) and event-free cardiac survival (log-rank P=0.14) were similar between women and men. CONCLUSIONS: Radial arteries are protective in both women and men with comparable burden of coronary disease and revascularization.

Management of patients with end-stage renal disease: coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary artery disease is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. ESRD patients are prone to atherosclerosis and are likely to present with advanced CAD requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). RECENT FINDINGS: Individual observational studies and aggregated results comparing PCI to CABG have shown an increased risk of early postoperative mortality in the CABG group followed by a decrease in late mortality and cardiovascular events. Drug eluting stents are preferred to bare metal stents in patients undergoing PCI. Bilateral versus single internal thoracic arterial grafting strategies showed no difference in survival, freedom from cardiac death or freedom from cardiac events. There was no clear survival advantage to off-pump CABG over on-pump CABG in ESRD patients. Evidence to support either CABG or PCI was limited to retrospective observational studies that were at risk for treatment allocation bias. SUMMARY: CABG carries an upfront risk of increased perioperative mortality while demonstrating late survival benefit compared with PCI. Thus, in the context of balancing these competing risks and benefits, deciding on the most appropriate treatment in this high-risk cohort is challenging. Comprehensive patient evaluation by a multidisciplinary team is strongly recommended.

Pedicled no-touch saphenous vein graft harvest limits vascular smooth muscle cell activation: the PATENT saphenous vein graft study.

OBJECTIVE: Neointimal hyperplasia secondary to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation limits the long-term patency of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs). We compared markers of vascular injury and VSMC activation in SVGs harvested using the pedicled 'no-touch' (NT) vs the conventional (CON) technique. METHODS: Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were enrolled in the PATENT SVG trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01488084). Patients were randomly allocated to have SVGs harvested with the NT technique from one leg and the CON method from the other. SVG segments underwent morphometry, histological and electron microscopy assessments and transcript measurements of VSMC activation and differentiation markers. Leg wound functional recovery and harvest site complications were assessed using a quality-of-life questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients (65.3 ± 7.3 years) were enrolled. SVGs harvested using the NT vs CON technique exhibited preserved intimal, medial and adventitial architecture. CON harvest was associated with greater medial Kruppel-like factor 4 transcript levels (0.26 ± 0.05 vs 0.11 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). CON samples had significantly lower medial serum response factor (0.53 ± 0.11 vs 1.44 ± 0.50, P < 0.05) and myocardin (0.59 ± 0.08 vs 1.33 ± 0.33, P < 0.05) transcript levels. MicroRNA-145, an inhibitor of VSMC activation and differentiation, was higher in the NT vs CON samples (1.84 ± 1.03 vs 0.50 ± 0.19, P < 0.05). Leg assessment scores were worse in the NT legs at 3 months, but similar to CON scores at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: SVGs harvested using the 'NT' technique exhibit an early molecular and morphological pattern consistent with decreased VSMC activation compared with CON harvesting. Functional leg recovery was similar in both groups at 12 months. Larger studies are required to corroborate these findings.

Cut-off values for transit time flowmetry: are the revision criteria appropriate?

BACKGROUND: Graft Imaging to Improve Patency (GRIIP), a single-center, randomized blinded clinical trial, reported that intraoperative graft assessment with graft revision according to a priori criteria of transit time flowmetry (TTF) and intraoperative fluorescent angiography did not improve graft patency at one year after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) when compared with standard intraoperative management. The objective of this study is to investigate whether other TTF values are more predictive of the saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure and/or clinical outcomes. METHODS: This is a case control retrospective study of 65 SVGs from 44 patients from GRIIP. Study outcomes were graft patency at 12 months and major adverse cardiac events (MACE; death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization). RESULTS: Twenty-two SVGs were occluded. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, TTF mean flow was significantly predictive of one-year SVG failure (area under the curve = 0.698, p < 0.01), and 31 mL/min was the best cut-off value (p = 0.017, sensitivity 63.6%, specificity 67.4%). The risk of graft occlusion was 14/28, 50% for grafts with mean flow <31 mL/min and 8/37, 21.6% for grafts with mean flow ≥ 31 mL/min. In logistic regression models, mean flow was a significant predictor of early SVG failure (Odds Ratio 0.95 [0.91-0.99] per mL/min, p = 0.014) whereas other TTF values, patient comorbidities, and/or medication at discharge were not. However, TTF values were not predictive of MACE. CONCLUSIONS: TTF can identify non-functional grafts during CABG, but is of questionable value to improve one-year graft patency.

Comparison of sonography and computed tomography as imaging tools for assessment of airway structures.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare airway anatomic parameters as measured by sonography and computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Fifteen adult patients underwent CT followed by sonography of the anterior neck under standard conditions. A radiologist and an anesthesiologist with experience in airway imaging examined the scans and performed measurements of specific airway parameters: distance to the posterior surface of the tongue, thickness of the submental region, hyomental distance, depth of the epiglottis from skin (above and below the hyoid bone), thyrohyoid distance, depth of the arytenoid cartilage from skin, and fat pad thickness at the thyroid cartilage. After performing the measurements, they compared the images by the two modalities for descriptions of the structures. Means and SDs were calculated for the measurements, and a paired t test was performed to determine statistically significant differences in the measurements by sonography and CT. RESULTS: The means of all parameters were closely related except hyomental distance (sonography, 5.23 ± 0.58 cm; CT, 3.50 ± 0.42 cm). The paired t test showed that the mean values for depth of the epiglottis below the hyoid (3.89 versus 4.17 cm; P = .31), thyrohyoid distance (1.03 versus 1.02 cm; P = .95), and depth of the arytenoid cartilage (2.90 versus 2.66 cm; P = .21) were not significantly different as measured by sonography and CT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that sonography can reliably image all of the structures visualized by CT, and in general, infrahyoid parameters agree well between the two modalities, as opposed to suprahyoid parameters, which may be affected by unintentional head extension.

Spinal mepivacaine with fentanyl for outpatient knee arthroscopy surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The foremost limitation of local anesthetic solutions for spinal anesthesia in the outpatient setting is prolonged motor blockade and delayed ambulation. The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of intrathecal fentanyl to low-dose spinal mepivacaine provides adequate anesthesia with shorter duration of functional motor blockade for ambulatory knee surgery compared with spinal mepivacaine alone. METHODS: Following institutional review board approval and informed consent, 34 patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroscopy were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 30 mg of isobaric mepivacaine 1.5% plus fentanyl 10 microg (M + F group) or 45 mg of isobaric mepivacaine 1.5% alone (M group) intrathecally. Postoperatively, the times to achieve sensory block regression to the S1 dermatome and to attain functional motor block recovery enabling ambulation were recorded. All assessments were blinded. RESULTS: The time to completion of Phase I recovery was shorter in the M + F group (104.6 +/- 28.4 min) than in the M group (129.1 +/- 30.4 min; P = 0.023). Regression of sensory blockade to S1 was earlier in the M + F group (118.4 +/- 53.5 min) than in the M group (169.7 +/- 38.9 min; P = 0.003). Patients in the M + F group (176.4 +/- 40.3 min) were able to ambulate significantly earlier than those in the M group (205.6 +/- 31.4 min; P = 0.025). No cases of transient or persistent neurological dysfunction were noted. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with 45 mg isobaric mepivacaine 1.5%, an intrathecal dose of 30 mg isobaric mepivacaine 1.5% plus 10 microg fentanyl produces reliable anesthesia, hastens block regression, shortens stay in Phase I recovery, and enables earlier ambulation for patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroscopy (Registration no. NCT00803725).

Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block: outcome of 510 consecutive cases.

INTRODUCTION: Supraclavicular brachial plexus block provides consistently effective anesthesia to the upper extremity. However, traditional nerve localization techniques may be associated with a high risk of pneumothorax. In the present study, we report block success and clinical outcome data from 510 consecutive patients who received an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block for upper extremity surgery. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, the outcome of 510 consecutive patients who received an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block for upper extremity surgery was reviewed. Real-time ultrasound guidance was used with a high-frequency linear probe. The neurovascular structures were imaged on short axis, and the needle was inserted using an in-plane technique with either a medial-to-lateral or lateral-to-medial orientation. RESULTS: Five hundred ten ultrasound-guided supraclavicular blocks were performed (50 inpatients, 460 outpatients) by 47 different operators at different levels of training over a 24-month period. Successful surgical anesthesia was achieved in 94.6% of patients after a single attempt; 2.8% required local anesthetic supplementation of a single peripheral nerve territory; and 2.6% received an unplanned general anesthetic. No cases of clinically symptomatic pneumothorax developed. Complications included symptomatic hemidiaphragmatic paresis (1%), Horner syndrome (1%), unintended vascular punctures (0.4%), and transient sensory deficits (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block is associated with a high rate of successful surgical anesthesia and a low rate of complications and thus may be a safe alternative for both inpatients and outpatients. Severe underlying respiratory disease and coagulopathy should remain a contraindication for this brachial plexus approach.