Comparison of two methods for treatment of 1-2 cm kidney stones in pediatric patients: mini PCNL and RIRS.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the results of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) for the treatment of 1-2 cm kidney stones in pediatric patients. METHODS: The records of patients under the age of 18 years who were diagnosed with unilateral 1-2 cm kidney stones for the first time and underwent endoscopic surgery between February 2008 and April 2022 were retrospectively examined. The patients were divided into two groups: mini-PCNL and RIRS surgery. Parameters such as age, gender, number of stones, side, size and localization were examined. The main endpoint of the study was to compare stone-free rates (SFR) one month after both surgeries. Surgery and fluoroscopy times, postoperative hospital stay, hemoglobin decrease and complication rates were compared between the groups. SFR was evaluated one month after surgery by direct urinary system radiography and USG or CT. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included in the study. There were 35 patients in the mini-PCNL group and 23 patients in the RIRS group. Table 1 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of both groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, stone size, location, side and density. Calcium oxalate stones were observed at a higher rate in both groups. Mean fluoroscopy time was higher in the mini-PCNL group (p = 0.001). The mean surgery time was lower in the mini-PCNL group (p = 0.024). The mean hemoglobin decrease was greater in the percutaneous group (p = 0.039). There were no differences between the groups in terms of postoperative hospital stay, complication rates, and SFR one month after surgery. CONCLUSION: Although mini-PCNL seems to be more advantageous in terms of operation time compared to RIRS, it is disadvantageous in terms of average fluoroscopy time, radiation received and average hemoglobin decrease.

The efficacy of early extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for the treatment of 5 to 10 mm upper ureteral stones: An observational study.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) performed in the early period (within the first 24 hours). Data of patients who underwent SWL with a diagnosis of unilateral radiopaque 5 to 10 mm upper ureteral stones were retrospectively examined. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (early SWL) consisted of patients with SWL performed within 24 hours after the onset of colic pain (<24 hours), while group 2 (deferred SWL) comprised patients with SWL performed 24 hours or more from the onset of pain (≥24 hours). The primary endpoint of the study was planned to determine 1-month SFR in both groups. The secondary endpoint was determined to be the factor affecting SWL success. The mean age of 216 patients (130 men, 86 women) included in this study was 46.5 ±â€…12.1 years. SFR within 1 month was detected in 175 patients (81%). In the early SWL group, the average number of SWL sessions was fewer (1.26 vs 1.83 P = .026) and the time to the stone-free state was shorter (11 vs 15.4 days P = .044). SFR within 1 month was higher in the early SWL group (85.5% vs 71.8% P = .036). In multivariate analysis, stone size, Hounsfield Units, and early SWL were predictive factors for SWL success. Performing SWL within the first 24 hours is highly effective in patients with symptomatic 5 to 10 mm upper ureteral stones.

Comparison of two percutaneous nephrolithotomy methods for the treatment of pediatric kidney stones: mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the aim was to compare the results of mini and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the treatment of pediatric kidney stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data for 128 patients < 18 years of age who underwent mini and standard PCNL due to pediatric kidney stones were retrospectively examined. Patients were divided into two groups: mini-PCNL (16-20 Fr) and standard PCNL (26 Fr). Surgery time, number of punctures to the pelvicalyceal system, hospital stay, postoperative hemoglobin drop, complications and stone-free status (SFR) were compared between the groups. Additional surgical intervention (double-J stent, ureterorenoscopy, secondary PCNL) performed after the surgery was recorded. The absence of residual stones or < 3 mm residual stones on kidney, ureter and bladder radiography (KUB) and ultrasonography (USG) performed in the third postoperative month were accepted as success criteria. RESULTS: There were 32 (43.8%) patients in the mini-PCNL group and 41 (56.2%) patients in the standard PCNL group. The mean age was 9.3 ± 4.1 years in the mini-PCNL group and 10.1 ± 5.4 years in the standard PCNL group. Mean stone size in the mini-PCNL group was 2.1 ± 1.2; while for standard PCNL it was 2.3 ± 1.4. The mean surgery time was statistically significantly higher in the mini-PCNL group (p = 0.005). There was no difference between the groups in terms of intraoperative double J stent use, postoperative complications and SFR. A double J stent was inserted in two patients in the mini-PCNL group and in one patient in the standard PCNL group due to urine leakage from the nephrostomy tract in the postoperative period. Although the postoperative hemoglobin drop was found to be significantly higher in standard PCNL (p = 0.001), hematuria and blood transfusion rates were low in both groups. Mean hospital stay was shorter in the mini-PCNL group compared to standard PCNL (3.6 ± 1.2 days vs. 2.5 ± 1.1; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Although mini-PCNL has longer surgery time compared to standard PCNL, it should be preferred for the treatment of pediatric kidney stones due to advantages such as similar success and complication rates to standard PCNL, short hospital stay and less postoperative hemoglobin drop.

Which Method Is More Effective for the Treatment of 1-2 cm Renal Pelvis Stones in Obese Patients: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy or Flexible Ureterorenoscopy?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of obese patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and flexible ureterorenoscopy (FURS) for treating 1-2 cm renal pelvic stones. METHODS: This study included 89 patients with a body mass index (BMI) >30 who underwent ESWL and FURS surgeries for 10-20 mm renal pelvic stones between January 2015 and July 2023. Three months after the treatments, patients underwent full abdominal computed tomography (CT) and were examined for stone-free status and the presence of residual stones. The presence of ≥4 mm residual stones on imaging was considered a failure, and these patients were treated again. Demographic data, stone characteristics, stone-free rate (SFR) three months after the procedure, surgery/procedure time, and complications such as bleeding, urosepsis, and collecting system perforation were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The patients included in the study were divided into two groups: ESWL (n=46) and FURS (n=43). Demographic and clinical data were similar between the groups. Retreatment rates were higher in the ESWL group compared to the FURS group. The mean procedure time was similar between the groups (p=0.085). The three-month SFR was found to be higher in the FURS group (88.3% vs. 73.9%; p=0.043). There was no difference in complication rates between groups. CONCLUSION: FURS is a more effective treatment method than ESWL in obese patients with stones 1-2 cm in size located in the renal pelvis.

Hydronephrosis Due to Intraureteral Migration of Missed Intrauterine Device.

Migration of intrauterine devices (IUDs) to the ureter causing ureteral obstruction is an extremely rare event. A 45-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of pain in the right flank and inferior right quadrant of the abdomen. On genitourinary system ultrasonography, grade 3 hydronephrosis was found in the right kidney. On the abdominopelvic radiography, there was an appearance consistent with two IUDs, one in the region consistent with the course of the right distal ureter and the other in the usual localisation. The first IUD was thought to have spontaneously detached from the uterus, so a second IUD was implanted. A right-sided extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (Lich-Gregoir) operation was performed. The operation was terminated with the placement of a 4.8 French, 26 cm double-J stent in the ureter. The patient was followed up in our hospital for 26 months and she was asymptomatic during follow-up, hydronephrosis was resolved completely, and no complications were encountered during follow-up clinical and ultrasonography examinations.

Management of Priapism: Results of a Nationwide Survey and Comparison with International Guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate current urologic practice regarding the management of priapism in Turkey and compare with international guidelines. METHODS: Urologists and urology residents were invited to an online survey consisting of 30 multiple-choice questions on priapism-related clinical practices that were consid- ered most important and relevant to practices by using Google Forms. RESULTS: Total number of responses was 340. Respondents reported that they recorded a detailed patient's medical history and physical examination findings (n = 340, 100%) and laboratory testing, which includes corporal blood gas analysis (n=323, 95%). Participants announced that they performed Doppler ultrasound for 1/4 cases (n = 106, 31%), but 22% of the participants (n=75) replied that they performed in >75% of cases. Participants (n=311, 91%) responded that the first-line treatment of ischemic priapism is decompression of the corpus cavernosum. Moreover, most respondents (n = 320, 94%) stated that sympathomimetic injection drugs should be applied as the second step. About three-quarters of respondents (n = 247, 73%) indicated adrenaline as their drug of choice. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors seems to be the most pre- ferred drug for stuttering priapism (n=141, 41%). Participants (n=284, 84%) replied that corpora-glanular shunts should be preferred as the first. A large number of par- ticipants (n = 239, 70%) declared that magnetic resonance imaging can be performed in cases with delayed (>24 hours) priapism to diagnose corporal necrosis. Most of the participants (84%) responded that penile prosthesis should be preferred to shunts in cases with delayed (>48 hours) priapism. CONCLUSION: It would be appropriate to improve the training offered by professional associations and to give more training time to the management of priapism during residency.

Is laparoscopic pyelolithotomy an alternative to percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treatment of kidney stones larger than 2.5 cm in pediatric patients?

PURPOSE: The aim was to compare laparoscopic pyelolithotomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in terms of efficacy and safety for the treatment of renal pelvis stones larger than 2.5 cm in pediatric patients. METHODS: Our study consisted of two groups. Group 1 included 33 patients who underwent laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (LPL) between January 2013 and March 2022, and group 2 included 39 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The basic clinical parameters of the patients were recorded. Mean operation time, stone size, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion rate, postoperative hospital stay, stone-free rate, postoperative analgesia requirements, intraoperative complications, and early and late postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In our study, the mean age of the patients in groups 1 and 2 was 8.89 ± 1.58 years and 9.1 ± 1.85 years, respectively (p = 0.657). The mean stone size was 2.37 ± 0.38 cm in group 1 and 2.55 ± 0.45 cm in group 2 (p = 0.64). The mean operation time was 85.65 ± 20.55 min in group 1, while it was 76.11 ± 13.12 min in group 2 (p = 0.08). The stone-free rate was 100% in both groups. Intraoperative mean blood loss, need for postoperative analgesia, blood transfusion and intraoperative complication rates were significantly higher in the PCNL group (p < 0.01, p = 0.02, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results show that laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is a safe and effective method for pediatric patients with large kidney stones.

Is percutaneous nephrolithotomy effective and safe for children with solitary kidney?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in pediatric patients with solitary kidneys and kidney stones. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients (group A) with solitary kidney under 18 years of age who underwent PCNL between January 2015 and December 2021 were evaluated and analyzed. Forty-two patients (group B) with bilateral kidneys who underwent PCNL were determined as the control group and included in the analysis. Intraoperative and postoperative data such as demographic data, stone localization, bleeding and transfusion rates, operation time, complications, hospital stay, stone-free rates (SFR) and kidney function (glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) were compared between the two groups. PCNL was performed with all patients in the prone position. Only a laser was used to fragment the stone in all cases. Stone-free was defined as the absence of residual stone fragments ≥ 2 mm in maximum diameter at 3 months on kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) graphy, ultrasonography (US) or non-contrast tomography (NCCT). RESULTS: The mean ages of the patients in Group A and B were 7.5 ± 2.6 and 8.5 ± 3.1 years, respectively. The mean stone size was 16.5 ± 4.1 and 17.0 ± 3.2 mm in group A and group B, respectively (p = 0.49). SFR rates in Groups A and B were 97.4% and 95.2% (p = 1.00). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of the operation time, perioperative blood transfusion, hemoglobin decrease and Clavien grade 1 complication rates (p > 0.05). However, double-J (JJ) stent placement, duration of nephrostomy and hospital stay were longer in the solitary kidney group (p < 0.05). There was a significant improvement in creatinine and eGFR levels in both groups at the postoperative sixth month (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results show that PCNL is a safe and effective method in pediatric patients with solitary kidneys.

Safety and Efficacy of Flexible Ureterorenoscopy Surgery: Results of Our Large Patient Series.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study is to evaluate the success rates of our retrograde intrarenal surgery operations and the complications we encountered and to determine in which kidney segment the operations were more successful with flexible ureterorenoscopy. METHODS: The records of retrograde intrarenal surgery operations performed between March 2013 and January 2021 in Health Sciences University, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, urology clinic were analyzed retrospectively. Patients' age, body mass index, operation side, stone size, stone density, duration of operation, first-day and first-month operation success status, presence of preoperative and postoperative ureteral stent, preoperative and postoperative first-day and first-month creatinine levels, and preoperative and postoperative first-day and first-month hematocrit levels were recorded. RESULTS: Our study consisted of a total of 1128 patients, 618 males (54.7%) and 510 (45.2%) females, with an average age of 42.3±14.4. Kidney stones were most commonly found in the renal pelvis (54.2%). The postoperative first-day success rate was highest in the pelvis stone group (P=0.009). The first month's success rates were highest in those with pelvic stones (93.1%), and the lowest in patients with multiple stones (85.7%). Patients' operation time, postoperative hematocrit and creatinine levels, and complications did not differ statistically between the groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Retrograde intrarenal surgery is an acceptable minimally invasive and effective surgery with low complication rates. There is a high success rate, especially in pelvis stones.

Volume should be used instead of diameter for kidney stones between 10 and 20 mm to determine the type of surgery and increase success.

Aim of this study is to categorize stones between 10 and 20 mm according to stone diameter or volume and compare mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) outcomes. Files of 515 patients who underwent surgery for kidney stones with sizes 10-20 mm were reviewed. Patients were divided into RIRS or mPNL groups. An attempt was made to find the diameter and volume threshold values above which the success of the operation, complication rates and the number of auxiliary treatments deteriorated. Subgroup analysis was performed below and above the threshold value to reveal the optimal treatment methods. RIRS complications increased with volumes above 1064 mm3, number of auxiliary interventions increased with volumes above 1256 mm3, and success of the operation decreased with volumes above 1416 mm3. A subgroup analysis under and over 1064 mm3 was performed in RIRS group. Complication and auxiliary treatment rates were higher, operative success was lower in patients with a stone volume greater than 1064 mm3. In patients who underwent RIRS, for every 1000 mm3 increase in stone volume success of the operation decreased by 2.1 times, while the probability of auxiliary treatment increased by 2.8 times. In patients with kidney stones between 10 and 20 mm, it is more meaningful to use volume instead of diameter to determine the success rate. When mPNL is used instead of RIRS for volumes greater than 1064 mm3, the success rate will be higher, complication rate will be similar, and the need for auxiliary treatment will be lower.

Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgery in the Treatment of Renal Hydatid Cysts.

Background: To compare the efficacy, safety, and long-term results of laparoscopic and open approaches in patients undergoing surgery for renal hydatid cyst. Materials and Methods: The files of 36 patients who were surgically treated in our clinic and with diagnosis of renal cyst hydatid confirmed pathologically were reviewed. According to the surgical technique applied, the patients were divided into two groups as open (group 1) or laparoscopic (group 2) partial pericystectomy. Oral albendazole was given 10 mg/kg/day (in two divided doses) for 4 weeks preoperatively and for three cycles of 4 weeks at 1-week intervals after surgery in all patients. Demographic characteristics, laboratory and imaging findings, operation times, hospitalization times, complications, intraoperative bleeding amounts, and recurrence rates were statistically compared in both groups. Results: Open partial pericystectomy was performed in 21 patients in group 1, and laparoscopic transperitoneal partial pericystectomy was performed in 15 patients in group 2. Operation time and intraoperative bleeding amount in group 1 and group 2 were 119.6 ± 17.1/116.1 ± 17.6 minutes and 125.7 ± 27.8/113.9 ± 19.2 mL, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between these values (P = .557, P = .167, respectively). Hospitalization duration of both groups was 5.9 ± 1.4/3.6 ± 0.7 days, respectively. Hospitalization duration in group 2 was statistically significantly shorter (P < .001). No recurrence occurred during postoperative follow-up in either group. Conclusions: In the treatment of renal hydatid cysts, laparoscopy, which is a minimally invasive approach, can be technically applied with the same principles as open surgery and has a similar efficacy and safety profile for short- and long-term results.

Erectile dysfunction and testosterone levels prior to COVID-19 disease: What is the relationship?

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and the effect of serum testosterone level on the disease prognosis. METHODS: Between April-December 2020, 70 patients who were admitted with a complaint of ED after having COVID-19 and whose serum testosterone level was checked for varicocele, premature ejaculation, and infertility reasons before COVID-19. The patients filled the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and their testosterone level was checked. The questionnaire was arranged to assess the first month before COVID-19 and after COVID-19. Testosterone levels of the patients before and after COVID-19 were compared. The relationship between testosterone levels and hospitalization in the intensive care was evaluated. RESULTS: It was revealed that testosterone levels and IIEF-5 scores after COVID-19 in all patients were statisticaly and significantly different compared to the period before COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Testosterone levels of patients in need of intensive care were significantly higher than those without any need of intensive care (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study has presented that COVID-19 may cause ED and high testosterone levels increase the rate of hospitalization in the intensive care by intensifying the disease.

Does Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) still have a steep learning curve? Our experience of 100 consecutive cases from Turkey.

AIM: The aim of our study is to examine the learning curve of HoLEP and to discuss our results in the light of the literature. METHODS: 100 patients who had LUTS resistant to medical treatment and complicated BPH to whom HoLEP procedure had been administered regardless of the size of the prostate in the last 1 year were analysed retrospectively. To evaluate the learning curve, the patients were classified into 4 main groups of 25 consecutively operated patients beginning from the first case. The 4 main groups were divided into 2 subgroups including patients who had prostate volume below or above 80 grams. RESULTS: The mean age of the 100 patients who had HoLEP was 64.5 years. The mean prostate volume was 99.1 cc (45-281 cc). When those with prostate smaller than 80 g are examined, Enucleation efficiency was 0.76 g/min (0.46-0.97 g/min) and Morcellation efficiency was 3.07 g/min (3.34-4 g/min). When those with prostates larger than 80 g are examined, Enucleation efficiency was 0.89 g/min (0.66-1.04 g/min) and Morcellation efficiency was 4.01 g/min (3.93-4.25 g/min). These two parameters were statistically and significantly different in all the 4 groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HoLEP still has a steep learning curve. It is necessary to reach the number of cases of 25-50 to reach fundamental experience.

Demonstration of advanced glycation end product (AGE) expression in bladder cancer tissue in type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients and the relationship between AGE accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress with bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between advanced glycation end product (AGE) expression and accumulation in transurethral resection (TUR-B) material taken from type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-DM bladder cancer patients and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) with bladder cancer. METHOD: The patients who had TUR-B between May 2016 and September 2018 were included in the study. After the tissue samples had been taken and frozen at -80°C, they were homogenised to be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments. The patients were grouped as DM and non-DM. In both groups, mean AGE, IRE1, PERK and ATF6 expression amounts were evaluated through ELISA method in the pathological material. RESULTS: The expression amounts in tissue samples were AGE 0.59 ± 0.03 µg/mL, ATF6 1.08 ± 0.11 µg/mL, IRE1 30.71 ± 1.68 ng/mL, PERK 0.28 ± 0.02 ng. It was /mL. While there was no significant difference amongst AGE µg/mL (P = .146), ATF6 µg/mL (P = .175), IRE1 ng/mL (P = NA) and PERK ng/mL (P = .125) (P > .05) in the presence of DM, a positive correlation was observed between AGE values and PERK ng/mL values (r = .629; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Bladder cancer may develop as a result of accumulation of AGEs and ERS. Demonstration of the expression of proteins resulting from AGEs and ERS may be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and development of treatment alternatives for bladder cancer.