The clinical significance of cysteine dioxygenase type 1 methylation in Barrett esophagus adenocarcinoma.

Methylation of cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, has been studied in various cancers; however, there is no information regarding Barrett esophagus cancer. In this study, the clinical significance of CDO1 methylation in Barrett esophagus adenocarcinoma (BEA) was clarified. CDO1 gene promoter methylation was analyzed for DNA from the patient's specimens using quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Thirty-eight BEA patients who underwent resection were identified between 2000 and 2014. Hypermethylation of CDO1 gene was demonstrated to be frequently recognized even at early stage in BEA by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. In BEA, there is a robust prognostic difference between stage I and stage II/III/IV with regard to 5-year relapse-free survival (P = 0.0016) and 5-year overall survival (P = 0.0024), and the tumor size separated by 7 cm was also a prognostic factor. There was significant difference in CDO1 gene methylation according to the tumor size (P = 0.036). BEA patients with CDO1 gene methylation were shown marginally significantly poorer prognosis (P = 0.054) than otherwise patients. In conclusion, higher CDO1 gene methylation was seen in BEA at earlier stage than in squamous cell carcinoma, and it may account for aggressive phenotype of BEA.

Reduced preoperative serum albumin and absence of peritoneal dissemination may be predictive factors for long-term survival with advanced gastric cancer with positive cytology test.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal lavage cytology cancer-positive (CY1) is a critical prognostic factor and is taken as representing stage IV in gastric cancer. There is no consensus treatment strategy for CY1-gastric cancer, and the detailed clinicopathological features remain obscure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 790 gastric cancer patients between 2005 and 2009, 52 cases of CY1 were identified (6.6%). A multivariate prognostic model was applied to the univariate prognostic factors to identify independent prognostic factors and factors associated with long-term survival in CY1-gastric cancer. RESULTS: (1) Five-year overall survival (OS) was 17.6% in CY1-gastric cancer as compared with 93.9% in CYX and 77.7% in CY0 (77.7%), where tumors with pT2 or beyond were included in 11% of CYX, 73% of CY0, and 98% of CY1 cases. (2) On univariate analysis, factors associated with a negative prognosis were the presence of peritoneal dissemination (p = 0.029) and high preoperative serum albumin (p = 0.011) in CY1-gastric cancer. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression model using propensity score identified preoperative albumin as a critical independent prognostic indicator. (3) Long-term survivors were identified and, were often characterized by long-term postoperative adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION: Reduced preoperative serum albumin and absence of peritoneal dissemination may be predictive factors for long-term survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer with positive cytology test. Long-term postoperative adjuvant therapy might improve survival of patients with CY1.

Factors associated with the presence of multiple Lugol-voiding lesions in patients with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.

Multicentric squamous dysplasia of the esophagus is characterized by multiple Lugol-voiding lesions (LVLs) on Lugol chromoendoscopy. Multiple LVLs are associated with a very high risk of multiple cancers arising in the esophagus as well as the head and neck. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of multiple LVLs of the esophageal mucosa, we studied risk factors for the development of such lesions in 76 patients who had a current or previous diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. All patients underwent Lugol chromoendoscopy of the esophageal mucosa. The history of tobacco and alcohol use was documented. Polymorphisms of the aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2) gene were identified by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Clinical factors related to multiple LVLs were analyzed. All patients with multiple LVLs were drinkers. On univariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR] 15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.84-122.45: P = 0.011), presence of the ALDH2-2 allele (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.55-13.24: P = 0.006), and smoking index ≥1000 (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.02-6.6: P = 0.045) were associated with multiple LVLs. On multivariate analysis, male sex (OR 10.02, 95% CI 1.13-88.44: P = 0.038) and presence of the ALDH2-2 allele (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.4-14.82: P = 0.012) were associated with multiple LVLs. Among drinkers, a daily alcohol intake of ≥100 g pure ethanol with the ALDH2-2 allele (OR 17.5, 95% CI 1.97-155.59: P = 0.01) and a daily alcohol intake of <100 g pure ethanol with the ALDH2-2 allele (OR 8.85, 95% CI 1.68-46.69: P = 0.01) more strongly correlated with multiple LVLs than did a daily alcohol intake of <100 g pure ethanol without the ALDH2-2 allele, whereas a daily alcohol intake of ≥100 g pure ethanol without the ALDH2-2 allele (OR 4.0, 95% CI 0.54-29.81: P = 0.18) did not. In conclusion, male sex and the ALDH2-2 allele are associated with an increased risk for multiple LVLs of the esophageal mucosa in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Among drinkers with the ALDH2-2 allele, the risk of multiple LVLs increased in parallel to the daily alcohol intake.

Comparison of efficacy of pitavastatin and colestimide in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome.

The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of pitavastatin and colestimide in patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. 48 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to a pitavastatin group or colestimide group. The clinical parameters, serum lipids, fasting (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose(PPG), HOMA-IR, hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), hs-CRP and urinary albumin were measured before/after 24-week administration. Treatment with pitavastatin reduced LDL-C and TG, while that with colestimide significantly reduced waist circumference, BMI, LDL-C, HbA1c, FPG, PPG, HOMA-R , hs-CRP and urinary albumin. Percent improvement in LDL-C was greater in the pitavastatin group than in the colestimide group. Colestimide appeared to be useful in the management of Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by metabolic syndrome, since it alleviates obesity and insulin resistance in addition to exhibiting lipid profile-improving effects, and can thus improve markers of atherosclerosis.

Potential utility of HOP homeobox gene promoter methylation as a marker of tumor aggressiveness in gastric cancer.

HOP homeobox (HOPX) is an unusual homeobox gene encoding three spliced transcript variants, among which the only HOPX-beta promoter harbors CpG islands. The characteristics of its promoter methylation was analyzed using bisulfite sequencing and quantitative-methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (Q-MSP), and the effects of HOPX expression were also examined. HOPX-beta expression was silenced in all gastric cancer cell lines tested; its expression could be restored by treatment with demethylating agent. On Q-MSP, HOPX-beta hypermethylation (cut-off value of 3.55) was found in 84% (67 out of 80) of primary tumor tissues and 10% (8 out of 80) of the corresponding normal tissues and could discriminate normal from tumor tissues (P<0.0001). The prognosis of the advanced cases with HOPX-beta hypermethylation was as poor as those with stage IV disease when cut-off value was set at 11.28. This finding was validated in an independent cohort of 90 advanced gastric cancers. The HOPX-beta hypermethylation was also an independent prognostic factor (P=0.029) on multivariate analysis. Exogenous HOPX expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion as well as enhanced apoptosis. Taken together, HOPX-beta promoter methylation is a frequent and cancer-specific event in gastric cancer. Quantitative assessment of HOPX-beta methylation has great clinical potential as a marker of tumor aggressiveness.

Narrow band imaging for detecting superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Narrow band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME) is useful for the detection of superficial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) within the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and oral cavity. The risk of a second primary SCC of the head and neck is very high in patients with esophageal SCC. This prospective study evaluated the detection rate of superficial SCC within the head and neck region (superficial SCCHN) with NBI-ME in patients with esophageal SCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2006 and February 2008, 112 patients with a current or previous diagnosis of esophageal SCC were enrolled. All patients underwent endoscopic screening of the head and neck by NBI-ME. The primary end point was the detection rate for superficial SCCHN. Secondary end points were to compare demographic characteristics between patients with and without superficial SCCHN and to assess the clinical course of patients with superficial SCCHN. RESULTS: The detection rate for superficial SCCHN was 13 % (15/112). The prevalence of multiple Lugol-voiding lesions, observed endoscopically throughout the esophageal mucosa after application of Lugol dye solution, was significantly higher in patients with superficial SCCHN than in those without (100 % vs. 24 %, P < 0.0001). Minimally invasive curative treatment with organ preservation was feasible without severe complications in patients with superficial SCCHN after curative treatment of esophageal SCC. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with esophageal SCC, NBI-ME is useful for detecting superficial SCCHN, thereby facilitating minimally invasive treatment.

Comparative study of low-dose pioglitazone or metformin treatment in Japanese diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome.

The aim of this study was to determine whether a relatively low dose of pioglitazone or metformin was effective in diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Fifty diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to a low-dose pioglitazone (15 mg/day) treatment group or a low-dose metformin (500 mg/day) treatment group. Drugs were administered for 12 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index, triglyceride (TG), HDL and LDL-cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (IRI), postprandial glucose, and HOMA-IR in the 75gOGTT, HbA1c, high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) determined by cervical artery echography, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured before/after 12-week drug administration. Significant decreases in HbA1c and HOMA-IR were noted in the pioglitazone group, along with significant decreases in TG, AST, ALT, blood pressure, hs-CRP and PWV. Significant decreases in HbA1c, HOMA-IR, BMI and waist circumference were noted in the metformin group. The pioglitazone group significantly improved the values for ALT, systolic blood pressure, hs-CRP and PWV compared to the metformin group. However, the metformin group demonstrated significant improvement in BMI compared with the pioglitazone group. Using a low dose regimen, pioglitazone significantly improved blood pressure and hepatic function and may be more effective than metformin to reduce risk factors in Japanese diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome at preventing atherosclerosis.

Diffuse type advanced gastric cancer showing dismal prognosis is characterized by deeper invasion and emerging peritoneal cancer cell: the latest comparative study to intestinal advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diffuse type advanced gastric cancer (D-AGC) is highly malignant disorder with dismal prognosis, however the causative attribution explaining such malignancy remains fully unexplained as compared to intestinal type AGC (I-AGC). METHODOLOGY: We examined the archive of 232 AGC with cytology test (CY) but no distant metastasis, who underwent gastrectomy in Kitasato University Hospital in order to reveal the prognostic significance of D-AGC in a multivariate approach. RESULTS: D-AGC occupied 68% (157/232) among AGC, and showed poorer prognosis than I-AGC (p = 0.024). Multivariate prognostic analysis revealed that independent prognostic factors for AGC are CY (p < 0.0001), pN (p = 0.0068), pT (p = 0.015), and age (p = 0.012), and that histology was eliminated, suggesting that histology itself does not represent high malignancy within the identical stage. D-AGC was significantly associated with younger age (p = 0.018), female preponderance (p = 0.006), advanced pT (p = 0.0002), advanced pN (p = 0.016), and positive CY factors (p = 0.032), among which negative prognostic factors were pT, pN, and CY factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis elucidated that both pT (serosal exposure, p = 0.013) and CY (p = 0.034) factors were finally remnant independent predictors for D-AGC among the 3 univariate negative prognostic factors, but that pN was not. Intriguingly, age could be an independent prognostic factor only in D-AGC. CONCLUSION: Our research revealed for the first time that more dismal prognosis of D-AGC than I-AGC could be explained by propensity of deeper invasion and emerging peritoneal cancer cell, and histology itself did not have a prognostic value, hence indicating that present staging system works properly even in D-AGC as well as I-AGC. We must identify its molecular mechanism of both invasion and emerging peritoneal disease of D-AGC in order to improve the prognosis.

Residents' awareness and behaviour regarding typhoon evacuation advice in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.

BACKGROUND: When residents are confronted with disaster, it is often difficult for them to realize the danger and take protective action. In 2004, an evacuation advisory alert was issued on the approach of the season's 23rd typhoon in Japan, but only 5.1% of the residents actually evacuated. Therefore, we felt it necessary to elucidate the awareness and behaviours of residents during the period. AIMS: To clarify the awareness, behaviour and related factors of residents who were issued an evacuation advisory alert for the 2004 season's 23rd typhoon. METHODS: One questionnaire per one household was distributed to 2818 households in the area where the evacuation advisory alert was issued. FINDINGS: A total of 481 responses were returned (a response rate of 17.1%). Residents who evacuated made their decision because they felt the situation was dangerous; they recognized the extent of the danger. There was a pattern of agreement that it had been wise to do so. For those who didn't evacuate, many cited as the reason for their behaviour that their houses didn't flood. Non-evacuees also felt it was all right to stay at home and valued the merits of staying home. Related factors were housing structures, routine disaster-preparedness, a sense of personal danger and the impact of mass media news. CONCLUSIONS: Although the participation rate was only 17.1%, this study was successful in uncovering aspects of awareness and behaviour of residents in the designated area. It also provided insight into what is needed for future disaster-preparedness, equipment and education.

Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: experience with 111 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) is gaining wider acceptance for the treatment of early gastric cancer. However, firm evidence supporting its safety and usefulness is scant, and no study has compared the outcomes of various procedures for LADG. We examined the surgical outcomes of LADG performed using different methods for lymph node dissection. METHODS: Between September 1998 and January 2005, we performed LADG in 111 patients with early gastric cancer. In the 55 patients treated initially, group 2 lymph node dissection was performed through a small, 7-cm-long incision (minilaparotomy). In 43 of these patients, hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) was done. In the 56 patients treated more recently, lymph node dissection was performed laparoscopically. In 31 of these patients, the celiac branches of the vagus nerve were preserved. Clinical outcomes of these procedures were compared. RESULTS: In the first 55 patients, HALS significantly shortened the operation time (277 vs 243 min, p < 0.05). In the latter 56 patients, LADG with preservation of the celiac branches of the vagus nerve was associated with a longer operation time (283 vs 228 min, p < 0.01) and higher blood loss (150 vs 92 g, p < 0.05) than with LADG without celiac branch preservation. There were no differences among the various operative procedures in postoperative course, including the length of the postoperative hospital stay or the rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: LADG is a safe and technically feasible procedure for the treatment of early gastric cancer. Laparoscopic lymph node dissection provided a good visual field and was easier to perform and required less time when the celiac branches of the vagus nerve were not preserved, with no negative effect on outcome.

Review article: surgical and endoscopic therapy of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Japan.

Treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with lifestyle changes to avoid the conditions that make the symptoms worse and medication to lower the acid content of the refluxed material are generally very effective therapies. However, some individuals do not benefit enough from these approaches, and surgical intervention is warranted. Laparoscopic surgery is the procedure of choice among surgeons performing operations for reflux disease. This surgical technique allows for shorter hospitalization, fewer post surgical complications and less pain than open surgery while maintaining a high success rate. Data from Japan confirms that laparoscopic fundoplication is a safe and effective technique for controlling both typical and atypical symptoms of GERD. Recently, several endoscopic or luminally delivered techniques have been developed as an alternative to laparoscopic surgery. These new surgical options, currently under evaluation in Japan, may offer a valuable alternative to patients who are not responsive to, or who do not wish to persist with lifelong medical therapy for GERD.

Aberrant left hepatic artery in laparoscopic antireflux procedures.

BACKGROUND: The aberrant left hepatic artery (ALHA) is an anatomic variation that may present an obstacle in laparoscopic antireflux procedures. Based on our experience, we addressed the following questions: How frequent is ALHA? When or why is it divided? What is the outcome in patients after division of the ALHA? METHODS: From a prospective collected database of 720 patients undergoing laparoscopic antireflux surgery, we collected the following information: presence of an ALHA, clinical data, diagnostic workup, operative reports, laboratory data, and follow-up data. RESULTS: In 57 patients (7.9%) (37 men and 20 women; mean age, 51 +/- 15.7 years), an ALHA was reported. Hiatal dissection was impaired in 17 patients (29.8%), requiring division of the ALHA. In three patients (5.3%), the artery was injured during dissection; in one case (1.8%), it was divided because of ongoing bleeding. Ten of the divided ALHA (55.5%) were either of intermediate size or large. Mean operating time was 2.2 +/- 0.8 h; mean blood loss was 63 +/- 49 ml. Postoperative morbidity was 5.3% and mortality was 0%. None of the patients with divided hepatic arteries had postoperative symptoms related to impaired liver function. Postoperatively, two patients (11.7%) had transient elevated liver enzymes. At a mean follow-up of 28.5 +/- 12.8 months, no specific complaints could be identified. CONCLUSIONS: ALHA is not an uncommon finding in laparoscopic antireflux surgery and may be found in > or =8% of patients. Division may be required due to impaired view of the operating field or bleeding. Patients do not experience clinical complaints after division, but liver enzymes may be temporarily elevated.

Factors associated with pN3 stage tumors according to the TNM classification in advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of the present study was to analyze factors associated with pN3-stage tumors, as classified according to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, in patients who undergo curative resection for advanced gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY: A total of 391 patients with advanced gastric cancer (247 males and 144 females; average age, 59.2 years) were enrolled in the present study. The numbers of dissected regional lymph nodes and positive nodes were assessed, and node stage was determined according to TNM. Patient survival and factors associated with pN3-stage tumors were then analyzed. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was 82.9% for the 132 N0 patients, 66.4% for the 154 N1 patients, 41.1% for the 64 N2 patients and 21.1% for the 41 N3 patients. A significant difference was found between some of the curves (N0 and N1, p = 0.0012; N1 and N2, p = 0.0007; N2 and N3, p = 0.0055). In logistic regression analysis, independent factors associated with advanced gastric cancers with a pN3-stage tumor were tumor diameter (> 6 cm vs. < or = 6 cm, p = 0.0037), number of dissected nodes (> 30 vs. < or = 30, p = 0.0143), depth of invasion (T3 or T4 vs. T2, p = 0.0028) and microscopic type (undifferentiated vs. differentiated, p = 0.0147). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that tumor diameter (> 6 cm), depth of invasion (T3 or T4) and microscopic type (undifferentiated type) are the most reliable indicators of pN3-stage tumors in patients who undergo curative resection for advanced gastric cancer.

Limited effectiveness of extended lymph-node dissection for node-negative patients with proximal gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The optimal surgical treatment with respect to the extent of lymph-node dissection for node-negative patients with gastric cancer remains to be established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 101 node-negative patients with proximal gastric cancer (62 males and 39 females; age range 33 to 79 years; mean 58.0 years), who had undergone curative total gastrectomy, were retrospectively evaluated to determine whether any correlation existed between survival and the extent of lymph-node dissection (D1, limited; D2, extended lymph-node dissection). RESULTS: The 10-year survival rates of patients with T1 (n = 59), T2 (n = 31) or T3 tumors (n = 11) were 100%, 90.0% and 46.7%, respectively. Significant differences in survival were found between patients with T1 and T2 tumors (p = 0.018), T2 and T3 tumors (p = 0.003), and T1 and T3 tumors (p < 0.0001). Despite the fact that only 9 patients with a T1 tumor underwent a D2 lymph-node dissection, all other patients had an excellent prognosis. On the other hand, the 10-year survival rates of patients with T2 or T3 tumors who underwent a D1 or D2 lymph-node dissection were 83.3% and 76.8%, respectively, representing no significant difference between the two procedures for advanced stage cases (p = 0.590). Multivariate analysis showed that depth of invasion was the only statistically significant prognostic factor (p < 0.0001; relative risk, 19.018). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional radical prophylactic D2 lymph-node dissection does not improve the survival of node-negative patients with proximal gastric cancer when compared to limited D1 dissection.

[Combined laparoscopic-endoscopic procedure in stomach carcinoma]. / Kombiniertes laparoskopisch-endoskopisches Vorgehen beim Magencarcinom.

The purpose of this review is to outline the laparoscopic-endoscopic procedures that we perform for early gastric cancer. These procedures were applied to 29 patients. Preoperative work-up included gastric endoscopy, barium X-ray examination, endoscopic ultrasonography, and histological examination, and surgery was performed in patients diagnosed as having mucosal gastric cancer for which endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was difficult. Laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach using the lesion-lifting method, by which a wedge resection is made while pulling up the full-thickness gastric wall, was carried out in the 16 patients with lesions of the anterior wall, lesser curvature, and greater curvature of the stomach. On pathological examination of resected specimens, the surgical margin and lymphatic or venous invasion were negative in all these patients. The histological depth of the lesions was m (mucosal cancer) in 15 patients and sm1 (slight cancer infiltration into the submucosal layer) in one. This one patient later underwent gastrectomy but no lymph node metastases were found. Oral nutrition was resumed for a mean (+/- SD) of 2.9 +/- 0.8 days after operation, and the duration of hospitalization after operation was 12.3 +/- 3.4 days. The 13 patients with lesions of the posterior wall of the stomach and near the cardia or the pylorus received laparoscopic intragastric mucosal resection. Laparotomy was required in 1 of these patients due to intraoperative hemorrhage. The surgical margins were negative in all 12 patients in whom laparoscopic intragastric mucosal resection was successful. Lymphatic or venous invasion was positive in 2, both of whom had sm1 cancer lesions of both of these patients were located in the cardiac region, total gastrectomy was avoided, and careful observation is continued. Oral nutrition was resumed 4.0 +/- 1.6 days after operation, and the duration of hospitalization after operation was 12.0 +/- 3.5 days. In addition, no postoperative complication was noted after either procedure, and all patients have been recurrence free for a follow-up period of 460 months. Selected properly, these laparoscopic endoscopic procedures are considered to be curative and minimally invasive treatments for early gastric cancer.

Marginal ulcer on the jejunum after proximal gastrectomy by jejunal interposition.

Marginal ulcer after proximal gastrectomy has never been previously reported, despite that this procedure preserves the fundic gland area of the stomach, which secretes gastric acid. In this report, we describe a patient who developed a marginal ulcer on the oral side of the gastrojejunal anastomosis after proximal gastrectomy by jejunal interposition. This case serves as a reminder that gastric acid secretion of the remnant stomach must be carefully monitored after proximal gastrectomy in gastric cancer surgery.

Surgical outcome of node-positive early gastric cancer with particular reference to nodal status.

BACKGROUND: The risk of recurrence according to nodal status in patients with node-positive early gastric cancer (EGC) remains unclear and no appropriate treatment approaches have yet been established for such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surgical outcome of gastrectomy in combination with lymphadenectomy was examined in a total of 100 patients (54 males and 46 females, ranging in age from 25 to 84 years; average 56.6 years) with EGC and metastasis to lymph nodes. The outcome was assessed with particular reference to the extent of lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: The 5 and 10-year overall survival rates were 93.5 and 89.8%, respectively. Significant differences in survival were detected when anatomical distribution of lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0001), number of positive nodes (p = 0.0004) and tumor size (p = 0.0085) were examined. In particular, in 73 patients for whom the metastasis was limited to a perigastric node, prognosis was excellent and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. On the other hand, 27 patients with metastasis to a lymph node beyond the perigastric region were defined as comprising a high risk group for recurrence among node-positive EGC patients due to their poor prognosis (10-year survival rate, 58.5%). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study have suggested that radical gastrectomy combined with lymphadenectomy is essential to achieve complete remission in patients with lymph node metastasis restricted to perigastric nodes. For patients with a high risk of recurrence in EGC, whose condition is complicated by lymph node metastasis beyond the perigastric region, care should be taken to prevent recurrence by conducting long-term follow-up even after radical surgery. In order to improve survival, an appropriate protocol for post-operative adjuvant therapy may be needed for patients such as those with advanced gastric cancer.

Patent ductus venosus.

BACKGROUND: Patent ductus venosus is extremely rare with only 14 cases reported in the world literature. We present a case of patent ductus venosus. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 29-year-old male was admitted with melaena stool caused by gastric haemorrhagic ulcers. Laboratory data disclosed severe anaemia; however, liver function tests were normal. Serum ammonia was also within the normal range. Serological viral markers for hepatitis B or C were all negative. The abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography indicated a 12 mm diameter shunt located in the left lobe of the liver, which connected the portal vein with the left hepatic vein. After treatment for gastric ulcers, percutaneous transhepatic portography was performed and an enormous shunt connecting the umbilical portion of the portal vein with the left hepatic vein was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Histological findings of the liver biopsy showed that portal venules could not be observed in the portal areas and that no fibrosis or inflammatory cell infiltration were shown. Because of the anatomical position of the shunt, the case was diagnosed as patent ductus venosus.