RESUMO
A pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine, TGF-ß, signals via the receptor-regulated SMADs: SMAD2 and SMAD3, which are constitutively expressed in normal cells. Here, we show that selective repression of SMAD3 induces cDC differentiation from the CD115+ common DC progenitor (CDP). SMAD3 was expressed in haematopoietic cells including the macrophage DC progenitor. However, SMAD3 was specifically down-regulated in CD115+ CDPs, SiglecH- pre-DCs, and cDCs, whereas SMAD2 remained constitutive. SMAD3-deficient mice showed a significant increase in cDCs, SiglecH- pre-DCs, and CD115+ CDPs compared with the littermate control. SMAD3 repressed the mRNA expression of FLT3 and the cDC-related genes: IRF4 and ID2. We found that one of the SMAD transcriptional corepressors, c-SKI, cooperated with phosphorylated STAT3 at Y705 and S727 to repress the transcription of SMAD3 to induce cDC differentiation. These data indicate that STAT3 and c-Ski induce cDC differentiation by repressing SMAD3: the repressor of the cDC-related genes during the developmental stage between the macrophage DC progenitor and CD115+ CDP.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Células Dendríticas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Proteína Smad3 , Animais , Camundongos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/genética , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/metabolismo , Proteína 2 Inibidora de Diferenciação/genética , Proteína 2 Inibidora de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad2/genética , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers among men worldwide. Although multiple genomic mutations and epigenetic alterations have been identified, an efficacious molecularly targeted therapy has yet to be established. Therefore, a novel approach is anticipated. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in various cancers. In this study, we evaluated bladder cancer patient samples and found that GPNMB protein abundance is associated with high-grade tumors, and both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that GPNMB is a prognostic factor. Furthermore, the prognosis of patients with high GPNMB levels was significantly poorer in those with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) than in those with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We then demonstrated that knockdown of GPNMB in MIBC cell lines with high GPNMB inhibits cellular migration and invasion, whereas overexpression of GPNMB further enhances cellular migration and invasion in MIBC cell lines with originally low GPNMB. Therefore, we propose that GPNMB is one of multiple driver molecules in the acquisition of cellular migratory and invasive potential in bladder cancers. Moreover, we revealed that the tyrosine residue in the hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM) is required for GPNMB-induced cellular motility.