Blood glucose in multiparous women influences offspring birth size but not size at 2 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes is associated with increased birth size. Blood glucose concentrations within the nondiabetic range affect birth size but whether this influences postnatal growth is unclear. METHODS: We measured fasting blood glucose concentrations (FBG) in 1650 singleton Caucasian pregnancies at 12 and 28 weeks' gestation and related values to birth weight and weight at 12 and 24 months of age. Pregnancies complicated by antepartum hemorrhage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and prematurity were excluded. RESULTS: Mean maternal age was 30 years and 49% were primiparous. There was a weak relationship between birth weight (z score) and FBG at 12 (r = 0.1; P = .006) and 28 (r = 0.1; P < .001) weeks. FBG at 12 and 28 were correlated (r = 0.3; P < .001). Mothers at 12 and 28 weeks of pregnancy with higher FBG were shorter and heavier. The relationship between FBG at 12 and 28 weeks and birth weight was not observed in primiparous women and FBG was not associated with weight at any postnatal time point. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in a low-risk United Kingdom pregnancy cohort FBG concentrations in the nondiabetic range affect birth weight in multiparous women. The effect is small (50 g change in birth weight/1 mmol/L FBG change) and does not persist into postnatal life. This implies a limited role for maternal glucose status within the normal range in determining size in infancy.

Very preterm birth: who has access to antenatal corticosteroid therapy?

We describe the administration of antenatal corticosteroid therapy (ACT) for liveborn very preterm neonates in a population-based study. A total of 790 very preterm neonates (between 24 and 31 full weeks of gestation) were included in this regionally defined population of very preterm neonates in France. The main outcome measure was non-access to ACT. Data were analysed using logistic and polytomous models to control for neonatal and sociodemographic characteristics, mechanisms of very preterm birth and neonatal network organisation. As compared with level III, births in levels I-II maternity units were closely related to non-access to ACT (60.1% vs. 8.8%), but not to pregnancy follow-up (19.7% vs. 17.8%). Only 6.3% of very preterm neonates that benefited from antepartum referral did nor receive ACT. Births associated with rupture of membranes and gestational hypertension were significantly more often transferred to level-III units (73.8% and 68.3% respectively) than those due to maternal bleeding and spontaneous labour (57.0% and 50.7% respectively), and the neonates had a lower probability of not receiving ACT (8.5%, 11.5%, 23.0%, 31.2% respectively). Very preterm neonates referred in utero to a level-III unit came from a more favourable socio-economic environment. Non-access to ACT was more often observed in neonates born to 14- to 24-year-old mothers, smokers, of low socio-economic status, and preterm birth resulting from maternal bleeding or spontaneous labour. These data from a French regional study show that access to ACT is not only explained by practitioners' support of recommendations. In our population-based study, ACT access was related to socio-economic factors and to the mechanisms of very preterm birth. Improving the rate of access to ACT should take these organisational, medical and socio-economic dimensions into account.