Medical Findings in Infants Prenatally Identified with Sex Chromosome Trisomy in Year One of Life.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sex chromosome trisomies (SCT), including XXY, XYY, and XXX syndromes, have been historically underdiagnosed. Noninvasive prenatal cell-free DNA screening has significantly increased identification of these conditions, leading to a need for pediatric care for a growing population of newborns with SCT. Our goal was to analyze and compare perinatal features, medical diagnoses, and physical features in infants with prenatal identification of SCT conditions through the first year of life. METHODS: The eXtraordinarY Babies Study is an ongoing, prospective natural history study of prenatally identified children with SCT conducted by interdisciplinary teams in Colorado and Delaware. Participants were enrolled prior to 12 months of age and had pregnancy, birth, medical histories, and physical exams completed by board-certified pediatricians at 2, 6, and/or 12-month visits. Descriptive statistics were followed by comparisons between SCT groups using t-tests or ANOVA, Fisher exact, and correlations between medical features with alpha of 0.05. Relative risks were calculated compared to general population rates. RESULTS: 327 infants were included in the analysis (XXY=195, XXX=79, XYY=53). Major congenital anomalies were rare (1.7%). Relative risk compared to general population was elevated for breastfeeding difficulties (51.7%;RR 2.7), positional torticollis (28.2%;RR 7.2), eczema (48.0%;RR 3.5), food allergies (19.3%;RR 2.4), constipation requiring intervention (33.9%;RR 7.6), small cardiac septal defects (7.7%;RR 17.2), and structural renal abnormalities (4.4%;RR 9.7). Inpatient hospitalization was required for 12.4%, with 59.5% of hospitalizations attributable to respiratory infections. DISCUSSION: These findings of medical conditions with a higher prevalence can inform anticipatory guidance and medical management for pediatricians caring for infants with SCT. Article Summary: Medical findings in largest cohort of prenatally identified infants with XXY, Trisomy X, and XYY from birth to 12 months and implications for pediatric care.What's Known on This Subject: One in ∼500 individuals have an extra X or Y chromosome, or sex chromosome trisomy (SCT). Prenatal screening is now routinely identifying SCT, however there are few studies to guide perinatal and infant care for these individuals.What This Study Adds: This prospective observational study presents medical features for 327 infants with prenatally identified SCT from birth through the first year of life. Results identify where proactive screenings and/or interventions may be warranted for infants with SCT.

On COVID-19-safety ranking of seats in intercontinental commercial aircrafts: A preliminary multiphysics computational perspective.

The evolution of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) into a pandemic has severely hampered the usage of public transit systems. In a post-COVID-19 world, we may see an increased reliance on autonomous cars and personal rapid transit (PRT) systems, with inherent physical distancing, over buses, trains and aircraft for intracity, intercity, and interstate travel. However, air travel would continue to be the dominant mode of intercontinental transportation for humans. In this study, we perform a comprehensive computational analysis, using ANSYS Fluent, of typical intercontinental aircraft ventilation systems to determine the seat where environmental factors are most conducive to human comfort with regards to air quality, protection from orally or nasally released pollutants such as CO2 and coronavirus, and thermal comfort levels. Air velocity, temperature, and air pollutant concentration emitted from the nose/mouth of fellow travelers are considered for both Boeing and Airbus planes. In each plane, first class, business class, and economy class sections were analyzed. We present conclusions as to which is the optimum seat in each section of each plane and provide the data of the environmental conditions to support our inferences. The findings may be used by the general public to decide which seat to occupy for their next intercontinental flight. Alternatively, the commercial airliners can use such a model to plan the occupancy of the aircraft on long-duration intercontinental flights (viz., Airbus A380 and Boeing B747). ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12273-021-0774-y and is accessible for authorized users.

Interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of the lung: evaluation of the influence of ablation continuity on ablation size in a swine model.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between size and the continuity of energy application in interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy. Percutaneous computed tomography-guided laser ablation (30 W, 600 nm diode) of the lung was performed in 7 Yorkshire pigs; a total of 42 ablation zones were created. Twenty ablations were performed using a continuous cycle of 2 min (protocol A) and 22 ablations were performed using 4 intermittent cycles with a duration of 1 min for each cycle interrupted by a 10-s stop between the cycles (protocol B). The lung was harvested immediately after euthanasia for gross pathology and histopathologic evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Laser ablation resulted in complete necrosis of variable size of lung. The mean ablation zone dimensions (±SD) were 1.9 (±0.4) cm × 1.4 (±0.3) cm for protocol A and 2.2 (±0.5) cm × 1.4 (±0.4) cm for protocol B. The size of the necrosis is not significantly different when comparing a continuous 2-min ablation to a 4-cycle intermittent ablation for 1 min each cycle interrupted by a 10-s stop between the cycles (P = 0.98 and 0.53, respectively).