[Medical aspects of domestic violence against women and girls (review)].

In recent years scientists actively study the influence of domestic violence on psychological status and occurrence of mental disorders in women and girls. Psychological, physical, sexual and other types of violence are distinguished, the consequences of which are studied in many countries under the auspices of WHO. In international studies the serious consequences of domestic violence for women are investigated. It was found out that women develop stressful disorders, depression and dependence on psychoactive substances. Negative influence of domestic violence at girls is expressed in formation of behavioral disorders, violations of sexual development, suicidal trends. At analysis of consequences of domestic violence by WHO was developed the concept of "cycle of violence" and cruelty inside family when in process of long influence of psychological traumatic factors at women and girls aggressive actions occurred so that victim and aggressor changed places. The objective of the study was to analyze the current state of the problem on the basis of the literature data, to study the data on the consequences of domestic violence and cruelty against women and girls, to identify gender-specific violations.

Analysis of the Effect of IL-1ß on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in M6 Glioma Mouse Model Using Intravital Microscopy.

We studied the effect of IL-1ß on the permeability of brain capillaries in healthy mice. Intravital microscopy demonstrated that parenteral administration of IL-1ß was followed by an increase in vascular permeability ensuring passage of free Alexa488 fluorescent label through the capillary walls, but not sufficient for penetration of liposomes. In addition, experiments on mice with intracranial M6 glioma showed penetration of liposomes through the walls of tumor capillaries after parenteral administration of IL-1ß in a concentration of 2 µg/ml. Thus, the use of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß in the therapy of brain tumors can significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy of drug delivery systems, in particular, for drugs poorly crossing the blood-brain barrier.

[Differential approaches to the treatment of acute psychosis due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids]. / Differentsirovannyi podkhod k terapii ostrogo psikhoza vsledstvie upotrebleniia sinteticheskikh kannabinoidov.

Based on the study of 43 patients with acute psychosis due to the use of synthetic cannabinoids, the authors showed that the inclusion of neuroleptic drugs in the complex therapy increases the efficacy of therapy. In choosing a neuroleptic it is important to take into account not only the psychopathological structure of psychosis, but also the severity of somatic and neurological disorders associated with psychosis.

Cuprizone Model as a Tool for Preclinical Studies of the Efficacy of Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Therapy.

To study demyelination and remyelination processes and their response to different drugs, a protocol for modeling multiple sclerosis using the copper chelator cuprizone was developed. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of demyelination lesions on week 4 of 0.6% cuprizone-containing diet. Immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (pAb GFAP) confirmed the increase in the number of reactive astrocytes on week 4 of diet and during remyelination (week 2 after diet). Analysis of neurophysiological functions in mice with cuprizone-induced demyelination revealed motor and behavioral deficits. This model can be used as a tool for preclinical studies of the efficiency of multiple sclerosis diagnostic and therapy.

Effects of prenatal exposure to antibodies against brain-specific anion transporter on cognitive functions in rats.

We studied the effects of single intravenous injection of antibodies to brain-specific transmembrane anion transporter (BSAT1; 5 mg/kg) to pregnant rats (gestation day 10) on cognitive functions and behavior of their progeny. One of major functions of BSAT1 (or Oatp1c1) is specific transport of thyroxin across the blood-brain barrier. Female rats of two control groups were injected with non-specific Ig and 0.9% NaCl. The progeny of rats receiving monoclonal antibodies to BSAT1 demonstrated memory impairment in the Y-maze, novel object recognition test, passive avoidance test, and Morris water maze test in comparison with the control group. Our findings suggest that single injection of monoclonal antibodies to BSAT1 during the prenatal period was followed by cognitive impairments, which were probably related to thyroxin deficiency in the nervous tissue.

Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety in rats.

Behavioral reactions of rats were studied under conditions of constant exposure to ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of 20-45 kHz for 21 days. In rats subjected to ultrasound, impaired behavior in the social interest test and Porsolt forced swimming test was observed; the development of anhedonia in the sucrose preference test was revealed (manifested in the symptoms of depression). The effects of ultrasonic irradiation were abolished by an antidepressant fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Our results indicate that chronic exposure to ultrasonic radiation produces a modulatory effect on depressive symptoms in rats. These changes satisfy the requirements for experimental animals, which are used as a model of psychopathological processes.

[Diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder].

The authors consider historical and diagnostic aspects of the origin of the posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (PTSD). Different criteria of PTSD presented in diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM (from DSM-III to DSM-IV-TR) are analyzed. Attention is drawn to diagnostic definition of "acute stress disorder" (ASD) and its place in the dynamics of PTSD: ASD, acute PTSD, chronic PTSD. The authors claim the existence of PTSD as a distinct diagnostic entity and note that there are substantial differences in the clinical interpretation of distinct psychopathological phenomena involved in the PTSD structure by different authors.

[Acute stress reactions in children and adolescents in emergency situations]. / Ostrye reaktsii na stress u detei i podrostkov v usloviiakh chrezvychainykh situatsii.

Psychological and psychiatric examination, along with medico-psychological assistance, have been conducted for 48 children and adolescents, aged 9-18 years, who have been saved during the fire. An examination was carried out on day 2-7 after the disaster. A diagnosis of acute stress reaction (ASR) was made using DSM-IV-TR criteria with definition of 4 groups of symptoms: recurrent trauma surviving, avoidant symptoms, elevated excitability and dissociated symptoms. Besides the clinical examination, the questionnaires adapted for the study and drawing techniques have been used. Symptoms of recurrent trauma surviving occurred most often (79.2%). Avoidant symptoms were detected in 75% of the cases, elevated excitability--in 64.4%, dissociated symptoms--in 62.5%. Symptoms of all the groups were found in 43.8% of the cases that suggested the presence of pronounced distress. No statistically significant correlation between symptom severity and subject's age and sex was revealed. The presence of siblings and friends among those been lost, affected the severity of ASR expression, in particular, avoidant symptoms and dissociation, recurrent trauma surviving symptoms being less influenced. Symptoms of excitability in ARS were shown to be more specific for the boys.

[Various problems of the reorganization of psychiatric services in the light of the economic aspects of physicians' activities]. / O nekotorykh voprosakh reorganizatsii psikhiatricheskoi sluzhby v svete èkonomicheskikh aspektov deiatel'nosti vrachei.

The data on indirect economic losses and direct economic expenditures related to mental diseases are provided. The authors suggest a model of servicing mentally ill patients, in particular, transition to the one-step servicing system. The new servicing model is based on economic criteria. The corresponding calculations are provided.

[Permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier in critical states due to febrile schizophrenia]. / Pronitsaemost' gematoéntsefalicheskogo bar'era pri kriticheskikh sostoianiiakh, obuslovlennykh febril'noi shizofreniei.

Enzyme immunoassay of the glial fibrillary acid antigen and its antibodies in body fluids with the concentration range of 1 to 128 ng/ml. The technique was applied to study the blood serum content of GFAP and the corresponding antibodies in febrile schizophrenic patients. The data proved the technique valuable as an additional means of diagnostic and verification of effectiveness in the treatment of febrile schizophrenia.

[Emergency services in psychiatry]. / Neotlozhnaia pomoshch' v psikhiatrii.

The authors' experience with the organization of the treatment of urgent psychopathologic conditions is summed up. Conditions requiring urgent medical care are divided into two groups: (1) mental states leading to aggressive and autoaggressive actions; (2) critical conditions observed in the most severe period of the disease when the abilities of the body's autoregulation are exhausted and preservation of life without contemporary resuscitation measures is impossible. The latter include conditions caused by neurologic and somatic diseases, severe stages of mental disease (for example, febrile schizophrenia, delirium tremens, etc.), complications of treatment, grave vascular psychoses, and postpartum psychoses. The authors describe how a unit providing urgent psychiatric care in a mental hospital should operate.