Epidemiological pattern and genomic insights into multidrug-resistant ST 491 Acinetobacter baumannii BD20 isolated from infected wound in Bangladesh: Concerning co-occurrence of three classes of beta lactamase genes.

OBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a major issue within healthcare facilities in Bangladesh due to its frequent connection with hospital acquired infections. In this study we have reported draft genome sequence of a carbapenem resistant A. baumannii BD20 isolated from infected wound in Bangladesh. METHODS: A. baumannii BD20 was isolated from an infected burn wound. Whole genome sequencing was carried out and annotated with PGAP and Prokka. Sequence type, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factor genes and metal resistance genes were investigated. Core genome MLST (cgMLST) based phylogenomic analysis between A. baumannii BD20 and 213 A. baumannii strains retrieved from the NCBI GenBank database was performed using BacWGSTdb 2.0 server. RESULTS: A. baumannii BD20 (MLST 491) was resistant to all the antibiotics tested except colistin and polymyxin B. Along with many other antibiotic resistance genes, the isolate harbored three classes of beta lactamase producing genes: blaGES-11 (Class A), blaOXA-69 (Class D), blaADC-10 (Class C) and blaADC-11 (Class C). Additionally, the strain carried several virulence genes and metal resistance determinants, which may contribute to its increased virulence. The cgMLST based phylogenomic analysis revealed that A. baumannii BD20 was closely related with another ST491 strain isolated from Singapore. CONCLUSION: The study's findings underscore the growing challenge of MDR A. baumannii, emphasizing the need for vigilant surveillance and infection control measures in healthcare settings to address these emerging threats effectively.

Patient Throughput Initiatives in Ambulatory Care Organizations during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ambulatory (outpatient) health care organizations continue to respond to the COVID-19 global pandemic using an array of initiatives to provide a continuity of care for both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this study is to systematically identify the facilitators and barriers experienced by outpatient health care organizations in an effort to maintain effective and efficient patient throughput during the pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study systematically reviewed articles focused on initiatives taken by ambulatory care organizations to maintain optimal outpatient throughput levels while balancing pandemic precautions, published during 2020. RESULTS: Among the 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria, three initiatives healthcare organizations have taken to maintain throughput were identified: the use (and enhanced use) of telehealth, protocol development, and health care provider training. The research team also identified three barriers to patient throughput: lack of telehealth, lack of resources, and overall lack of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain patient throughput during the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare organizations need to develop strategies such as the use of virtual consultation and follow-up, new guidelines to move patients along the care delivery value-chain, and ongoing training of providers. Additionally, the availability of required technology for telehealth, availability of resources, and adequate knowledge are vital for continuous patient throughput to ensure continuity of care during a pandemic.