Role of NQO1 Gene Involvement and Susceptibility of T2DM Among Saudi Arabia Population.

NQO1 disruption enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress during hyperglycemia and is a significant contributor to the development and progression of diabetes. Oxidative stress has been linked to several symptoms, including hyperglycemia, reactive oxygen species buildup, high blood pressure, and the expression of inflammatory markers. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the genetic abnormality of NQO1 (rs1800566, C609T) gene polymorphism, expression, and vitamin-D level assessment among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The study included 100 newly diagnosed T2DM cases and 100 healthy individuals as healthy controls. Total RNA was extracted from the whole blood using the TRIzol method, and further cDNA was synthesized, and expression was evaluated. There is a significant difference in NQO1 (rs1800566, C609T) genotype distribution among the T2DM patients and healthy controls (p = 0.04). Compared with the NQO1 CC wild-type genotype, the NQO1 CT heterozygous genotype had an odds ratio of 1.96 (1.08-3.55), and the NQO1 TT mutant type genotype had an odds ratio of 3.31 (0.61-17.77). Significantly decreased expression of NQO1 mRNA was observed with heterozygous CT (p < 0.0001) and homozygous mutant TT genotype (p = 0.0004), compared with homozygous wild-type CC genotype. NQO1 mRNA expression level was also compared with vitamin D levels among the T2DM patients. T2DM patients with vitamin D deficiency had 1.83-fold NQO1 mRNA expression, while vitamin D insufficient and sufficient T2DM cases had 3.31-fold (p < 0.0001) and 3.70-fold (p < 0.0001) NQO1 mRNA expression. It was concluded that NQO1 (rs1800566, C609T) CT and TT genotypes played a significant role in the worseness of type II diabetes mellitus, and decreased expression of NQO1 mRNA expression could be an essential factor for disease worseness as well as hypermethylation could be a factor for reduced expression leading to disease severity. The decreased NQO1 mRNA expression with heterozygous CT and mutant TT genotype associated with vitamin D deficiency may contribute to disease progression.

Hesperidin Supplementation Improves Altered PON -1, LDL Oxidation, Inflammatory Response and Hepatic Function in an Experimental Rat Model of Hyperlipidemia.

In this study, we have examined the effect of hesperidin on rats fed on an experimental high-fat diet. Male Wistar rats were given a high-fat diet orally for one month for developing an HFD (High fat- diet) model. Rats were also supplemented with hesperidin (100 mg/kg body weight) for one month. We determined serum LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) oxidation, Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity, and histopathological profile of the liver. Inflammatory cytokines levels were also measured in serum. HFD induced significant changes in LDL oxidation and PON-1 activity. Liver tissue histopathology and gene expression of inflammatory markers (Il-6(Interleukin-6), TNF- alpha (Tumor necrosis factor alpha), NF-KB (Nuclear factor kappa B) show that significant changes occur in the hyperlipidemic model of rats. We also show that hesperidin can effectively improve plasma antioxidant, LDL oxidation, and inflammatory cytokine expression in rats already subjected to hyperlipidemic stress. We conclude that hesperidin may protect the liver from oxidative stress by improving hepatic function.

Crosstalk Between Aging, Circadian Rhythm, and Melatonin.

Circadian rhythms (CRs) are 24-hour periodic oscillations governed by an endogenous circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which organizes the physiology and behavior of organisms. Circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) is also indicative of the aging process. In mammals, melatonin is primarily synthesized in the pineal gland and participates in a variety of multifaceted intracellular signaling networks and has been shown to synchronize CRs. Endogenous melatonin synthesis and its release tend to decrease progressively with advancing age. Older individuals experience frequent CR disruption, which hastens the process of aging. A profound understanding of the relationship between CRs and aging has the potential to improve existing treatments and facilitate development of novel chronotherapies that target age-related disorders. This review article aims to examine the circadian regulatory mechanisms in which melatonin plays a key role in signaling. We describe the basic architecture of the molecular circadian clock and its functional decline with age in detail. Furthermore, we discuss the role of melatonin in regulation of the circadian pacemaker and redox homeostasis during aging. Moreover, we also discuss the protective effect of exogenous melatonin supplementation in age-dependent CR disruption, which sheds light on this pleiotropic molecule and how it can be used as an effective chronotherapeutic medicine.

Exposure to pesticide residues in honey and its potential cancer risk assessment.

Honey is the most recognized natural food by-product derived from flower nectar and the upper aero-digestive tract of the honeybees. Significance of honey for its medicinal importance are well-documented in the world's oldest medical literatures. However, the current urbanization, environmental contaminations and changes in agricultural, as well as apiculture practices has led to various types of contaminations in honey. Among all, pesticide contamination has become one of the major issues worldwide. This review focuses on the recent updates concerning pesticides occurrence in honey, as well as how the repeated use and long-term exposure to honey contaminated with pesticide residues could affect the human physiological functions, possibly leading to the development of various cancers. Our findings suggests that uncontrolled use of pesticides in farming and apiculture practices leads to the occurrence of pesticides residues in honey. Therefore, regular consumption of such honey will pose a serious threat to human health, since most of the pesticides has been reported as potential carcinogens. This review will draw the attention of honey consumers, scientific communities, apiculture farmers, as well as governing bodies to strictly monitor the pesticide usage in floriculture, agriculture as well as other related practices.

Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Molecular Simulation, and In Vitro Validation Revealed the Bioactive Components in Soy-Fermented Food Products and the Underlying Mechanistic Pathways in Lung Cancer.

Globally, lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, warranting the exploration of novel and effective therapeutic approaches. Soy-fermented food products have long been associated with potential health benefits, including anticancer properties. There is still a lack of understanding of the active components of these drugs as well as their underlying mechanistic pathways responsible for their anti-lung cancer effects. In this study, we have undertaken an integrated approach combining network pharmacology and molecular docking to elucidate the mechanism of action of soy-fermented food products against lung cancer through simulation and in vitro validation. Using network pharmacology, we constructed a comprehensive network of interactions between the identified isoflavones in soy-fermented food products and lung cancer-associated targets. Molecular docking was performed to predict the binding affinities of these compounds with key lung cancer-related proteins. Additionally, molecular simulation was utilized to investigate the stability of the compound-target complexes over time, providing insights into their dynamic interactions. Our results identified daidzein as a potential active component in soy-fermented food products with high binding affinities towards critical lung cancer targets. Molecular dynamic simulations confirmed the stability of the daidzein-MMP9 and daidzein-HSP90AA1 complexes, suggesting their potential as effective inhibitors. Additionally, in vitro validation experiments demonstrated that treatment with daidzein significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and suppressed cancer cell migration and the invasion of A549 lung cancer cells. Consequently, the estrogen signaling pathway was recognized as the pathway modulated by daidzein against lung cancer. Overall, the findings of the present study highlight the therapeutic potential of soy-fermented food products in lung cancer treatment and provide valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies using the identified bioactive compounds. Further investigation and clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings and translate them into clinical applications for improved lung cancer management.

Structure-Based Multi-Targeted Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation of Soybean-Derived Isoflavone Genistin as a Potential Breast Cancer Signaling Proteins Inhibitor.

Globally, breast cancer (BC), the second-biggest cause of cancer death, occurs due to unregulated cell proliferation leading to metastasis to other parts of the human organ. Recently, the exploration of naturally derived anticancer agents has become popular due to their fewer adverse effects. Among the natural products, soybean is a very well-known legume that contains important bioactive compounds such as diadazine, glycetin, genistein, and genistin. Therefore, keeping its therapeutic potential in mind, multi-targeted molecular docking and simulation studies were conducted to explore the potential role of soybean-derived isoflavone genistin against several breast cancer-signaling proteins (ER-alpha, ER-Beta, collapsin response mediator protein 2, CA 15-3, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). A comparative study of the genistin-protein docked complex was explored to investigate its potential role in BC. The molecular binding energy (∆G) of the docked complex was calculated along with ADMET properties. The molecular docking score of genistin with ubiquitin-like protein activation complex-a type of Cancer Antigen (CA) 15.3 (PDB ID-2NVU, 5T6P, and 1YX8) showed the highest binding energy, ranging from -9.5 to -7.0 Kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the highest docking scores of the complex were additionally put through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis. MD simulations of the selected complex were performed at 100 ns to study the stability of the genistin-ubiquitin-like protein CA 15.3 complex, which appeared to be quite stable. Additionally, the ADMET study demonstrated that genistin complies with all drug-likeness standards, including Lipinski, Egan, Veber, Ghose, and Muegge. Therefore, based on the results, genistin can be considered as one of the potential drugs for the management and treatment of BC. In addition, the obtained results suggest that genistin could pave the way for new drug discovery to manage breast cancer and has potential in the development of nutraceuticals.

Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications: Dietary approach.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous collection of compounds formed during industrial processing and home cooking through a sequence of nonenzymatic glycation reactions. The modern western diet is full of heat-treated foods that contribute to AGE intake. Foods high in AGEs in the contemporary diet include processed cereal products. Due to industrialization and marketing strategies, restaurant meals are modified rather than being traditionally or conventionally cooked. Fried, grilled, baked, and boiled foods have the greatest AGE levels. Higher AGE-content foods include dry nuts, roasted walnuts, sunflower seeds, fried chicken, bacon, and beef. Animal proteins and processed plant foods contain furosine, acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Furosine (2-furoil-methyl-lysine) is an amino acid found in cooked meat products and other processed foods. High concentrations of carboxymethyl-lysine, carboxyethyl-lysine, and methylglyoxal-O are found in heat-treated nonvegetarian foods, peanut butter, and cereal items. Increased plasma levels of AGEs, which are harmful chemicals that lead to age-related diseases and physiological aging, diabetes, and autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. AGEs in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases have been linked to individuals with diabetes mellitus who have peripheral nerves with high amounts of AGEs and diabetes has been linked to increased myelin glycation. Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia can impact numerous human tissues and organs, leading to long-term difficulties in a number of systems and organs, including the cardiovascular system. Plasma AGE levels are linked to all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes who have fatal or nonfatal coronary artery disease, such as ventricular dysfunction. High levels of tissue AGEs are independently associated with cardiac systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients with heart failure compared with diabetic patients without heart failure. It is widely recognized that AGEs and oxidative stress play a key role in the cardiovascular complications of diabetes because they both influence and are impacted by oxidative stress. All chronic illnesses involve protein, lipid, or nucleic acid modifications including crosslinked and nondegradable aggregates known as AGEs. Endogenous AGE formation or dietary AGE uptake can result in additional protein modifications and stimulation of several inflammatory signaling pathways. Many of these systems, however, require additional explanation because they are not entirely obvious. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding dietary sources of AGEs and metabolism-related complications associated with AGEs.

Comparison of TCN-2 (776C>G) Gene Polymorphism and Vitamin B12 Status with Different Body Mass Index among Saudi Adults.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity (OO) are significant public health issues, and many elements, including genetics, epigenetics, sedentary lifestyle, comorbid conditions, psychological and environmental pressures, have been linked to OO. More than 2 billion people are presently impacted by the global obesity epidemic, which is still advancing relentlessly. It is a significant public health concern and a major contributor to healthcare costs, because it increases the chance of developing conditions such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using the ranges of 18.5-25 for normality, 25-30 for overweight, and 30 for obesity, BMI (in kg/m2) is used to identify obesity. Vitamin deficiency is one of the causative factors associated with the increasing trend of obesity. Altered vitamin B12 status is a multifactorial trait; changes in B12 status are produced by several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various genes that interact with the environment. They also support coordinated efforts to alter the built environment that is causing the obesity pandemic. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the TCN-2 (776C>G) gene alteration and vitamin B12 levels with respect to different body mass index, as well as associating BMI with other biochemical parameters. METHODS: 250 individuals were involved in the study; among them, 100 were in the healthy weight range category (BMI: 18.5 to <25 kg/m2), 100 were overweight (BMI: 25.0 to <30 kg/m2), and 50 were obese (BMI: >30 kg/m2). Participants visited during the screening program were subjected to blood pressure measurement, and further peripheral blood samples were drawn from all the participants in plain as well as in EDTA vials for biochemical (lipid profile and vitamin B12 level) analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism studies. Extracted DNA from whole blood collected in EDTA vials using kit protocol was used for genotyping by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: The levels of systolic (p < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.0001), HDL (p < 0.0001), LDL (p = 0.04), TG (p < 0.0001), cholesterol (p < 0.0001), and VLDL (p < 0.0001) showed significant differences between healthy controls, overweight, and obese groups. The healthy control TCN-2 (776C>G) genotypes were compared with those of overweight and obese participants, and compared to the healthy controls it was observed that overweight (p = 0.01) and obese (p = 0.002) subjects had significant differences in TCN-2 (776C>G) genotypes. For genotypes CG and GG, the odds ratio was 1.61 (0.87-2.95; p = 0.12), and 3.81 (1.47-9.88; p = 0.005) for overweight participants, respectively, and obese participants' calculated odds ratios were 2.49 (1.16-5.36; p = 0.01) and 5.79 (1.93-17.35; p = 0.001), respectively. The relative risk for genotypes CG and GG, was 1.25 (0.93-1.68; p = 0.12), 2.17 (1.12-4.17; p = 0.02) for overweight participants, while the obese participants' calculated relative risks were 1.31 (1.03-1.68; p = 0.01) and 2.02 (1.12-3.65; p = 0.001), respectively. Vitamin B12 levels were analyzed, and it was observed that a significant difference existed among overweight (305.5 pmol/L, p < 0.0001) and obese patients (229 pmol/L, p < 0.0001), respectively, as compared to healthy controls (385.5 pmol/L). Correlation analysis showed a significant association of vitamin B12 level with TG, cholesterol and VLDL; it showed a negative correlation, suggesting that decreases in B12 levels may impact the lipid profile. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that a predisposition to the GG genotype of TCN-2 gene polymorphism (776C>G) may increase susceptibility to obesity and the related complications, and higher odds and relative risk for the GG genotype may increase the risk of having obesity and further related complications. Lower vitamin B12 levels were linked with obesity and overweight, and impaired lipid parameters suggested that lower vitamin B12 may impact the altered lipid profile.

Mechanistic Insight into the role of Vitamin D and Zinc in Modulating Immunity Against COVID-19: A View from an Immunological Standpoint.

The pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is characterized by worsened inflammation because of weakened immunity, causing the infiltration of immune cells, followed by necrosis. Consequently, these pathophysiological changes may lead to a life-threatening decline in perfusion due to hyperplasia of the lungs, instigating severe pneumonia, and causing fatalities. Additionally, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can cause mortality due to viral septic shock, resulting from unrestrained and backfiring immune reactions to the pathogen. Sepsis can cause premature organ failure in COVID-19 patients, as well. Notably, vitamin D and its derivatives and minerals, such as zinc and magnesium, have been reported to improve the immune system against respiratory illnesses. This comprehensive review aims to provide updated mechanistic details of vitamin D and zinc as immunomodulators. Additionally, this review also focuses on their role in respiratory illnesses, while specifically delineating the plausibility of employing them as a preventive and therapeutic agent against current and future pandemics from an immunological perspective. Furthermore, this comprehensive review will attract the attention of health professionals, nutritionists, pharmaceuticals, and scientific communities, as it encourages the use of such micronutrients for therapeutic purposes, as well as promoting their health benefits for a healthy lifestyle and wellbeing.

Cell-free SLC30A10 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and their association with vitamin-D level among non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer has been major cause of cancer related death and day by day Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases are increasing globally. Present study explored the link between SLC30A10 mRNA expression with vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients. METHODS: Present study included newly diagnosed 100 NSCLC patients and 100 healthy controls. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to check the SLC30A10 mRNA expression after cDNA synthesis from extracted total RNA from serum sample. Vitamin-D level was also analyzed in all the NSCLC patients by electrochemiluminscence based immunoassay method. RESULTS: Present research work observed decreased SLC30A10 mRNA expression (0.16 fold) among the NSCLC patients, decreased SLC30A10 mRNA expression was linked with advanced stage (0.15 fold, P < 00001) of disease and distant organ metastases (0.11 fold, P < 00001) compared to its contrast. Decreased level of vitamin-D was also observed with advanced stage (17.98 ng/ml, P < 00001) of disease and distant organ metastases (16.23 ng/ml, P < 00001) compared to its contrast. Positive correlation was observed between SLC30A10 mRNA expression with vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients suggesting decrease or increase in SLC30A10 mRNA expression mau decreases or increase the vitamin-D level. NSCLC patients with vitamin-D deficiency had 0.14 reduced SCL30A10 mRNA expression while insufficient (P = 0 .06) and sufficient (P = 0.03) showed comparatively high SCL30A10 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: Study concluded that down regulation of SLC30A10 mRNA and vitamin-D deficiency may involve in advancement of disease and distant organ metastases. It was also suggested that the decrease of increase in SLC30A10 expression may cause the decrease of increase in vitamin-D level among the NSCLC patients may be involved in disease severity and worseness of NSCLC disease.

Therapeutic Importance of Kaempferol in the Treatment of Cancer through the Modulation of Cell Signalling Pathways.

Plant-derived flavonoids are considered natural nontoxic chemo-preventers and have been widely studied for cancer treatment in recent decades. Mostly all flavonoid compounds show significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Kaempferol (Kmp) is a well-studied compound and exhibits remarkable anticancer and antioxidant potential. Kmp can regulate various cancer-related processes and activities such as cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The anti-cancer properties of Kmp primarily occur via modulation of apoptosis, MAPK/ERK1/2, P13K/Akt/mTOR, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways. The anti-cancer property of Kmp has been recognized in several in-vivo and in-vitro studies which also includes numerous cell lines and animal models. This flavonoid possesses toxic activities against only cancer cells and have restricted toxicity on healthy cells. In this review, we present extensive research investigations about the therapeutic potential of Kmp in the management of different types of cancers. The anti-cancer properties of Kmp are discussed by concentration on its capability to target molecular-signalling pathway such as VEGF, STAT, p53, NF-κB and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways. The anti-cancer property of Kmf has gained a lot of attention, but the accurate action mechanism remains unclear. However, this natural compound has a great pharmacological capability and is now considered to be an alternative cancer treatment.

Moringa oleifera leaf extract induces osteogenic-like differentiation of human osteosarcoma SaOS2 cells.

Introduction: Moringa oleifera is known as a 'natural nutrition of the tropics' because it provides vital nutritional supplements and a variety of pharmacological benefits. The focus of this study was to elucidate the dose dependent effects of Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) extract on the growth of the human osteoblast-like osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cell line and primary osteoblast cells. Methods: Trypan blue & tetrazolium assay, intracellular ROS generation, chromatin condensation, cell cycle analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), mineralization, and osteogenic gene expression were tested on both treated and untreated osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells. Results: As revealed by cell viability assay, growth activity was observed at concentrations 25 and 50 µg/mL of MOL extract, whereas 100 and 200 µg/mL doses decreased the proliferation activity, resulting in ROS production and chromatin condensation. Cell cycle study revealed that MOL extract at 50 and 100 µg/mL concentrations arrested the cells in the G2/M phase. Low doses increased the ALP levels, mineralization, and expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) genes in osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells, however, high doses inhibited the proliferation properties of MOL extract. Through AutoDock Vina and iGEMDOCK 2.1, the interaction of active components of MOL, such as ß-sitosterol, quercetin and kaempferol, with BMP2 and Runx2 proteins revealed a reasonable binding affinity. Moreover, these components did not show any Lipinski's rule of five violation and showed predictable pharmacokinetic properties. Conclusion: The results of the biphasic dose-response of MOL extract on the growth activity of osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells and in silico binding interface, may provide a therapeutic and/or preventive implication in prospective drug development.

Association of lncRNA LINC01173 Expression with Vitamin-D and Vitamin B12 Level Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen to become the world's most serious public health problem in recent years, and the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the onset and progression of T2DM, as well as special attention to vitamins, has gotten a lot of attention recently. Methods: The aim of the study was to analyze lncRNA LINC01173 expression along with assessment of vitamin-D and B12 among the T2DM cases. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of lncRNA LINC01173. Vitamin-D and B12 were analyzed by chemiluminescence-based assay. Results: The present study observed that the T2DM cases had 6.67-fold increased lncRNA LINC01173 expression compared to healthy controls. Expression of lncRNA LINC01173 was found to be associated with hypertension (p=0.03), wound healing (p=0.04), and blurred vision (p<0.0001). It was observed that the T2DM cases with vitamin-D deficiency had a significant association with fasting glucose level (p=0.01) and HbA1C level (p=0.01) among the T2DM cases. The association of lncRNA LINC01173 with vitamin-D was analyzed and it was observed that the vitamin-D deficient cases had higher lncRNA LINC01173 expression compared to insufficient T2DM cases (p=0.01) and sufficient T2DM cases (p=0.0006). It was also observed that the T2DM cases with smoking had a 8.33-fold lncRNA LINC01173 expression while non-smokers had a 5.43-fold lncRNA LINC01173 expression (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study concluded that the increased lncRNA LINC01173 expression was observed to be linked with alteration in vitamin-D level and smoking habit. Altered expression of lncRNA LINC01173 expression was linked with fasting glucose and HbA1C alteration. Collectively, lncRNA LINC01173 expression, vitamin-D alteration, as well as smoking habit may cause the disease severity and increase the pathogenesis of disease.

Screening of the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of extracted essential oils from Thunbergia coccinea, Acacia polyacantha, Polygonum micrpcephallum, Abies spectabilis and Clerodendrum colebrookianum.

During the previous few decades, it has been seen that there is a rapid emergence of pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics. This has now become a global crisis. Some unexplored or less explored plants also provide some antibacterial, bactericidal and antioxidant properties. The antibacterial, bactericidal effects of extracted essential oils (EEOs) of Thunbergia coccinea, Acacia polyacantha, Polygonum micrpcephallum, Abies spectabilis and Clerodendrum colebrookianum was tested in comparison with standard antibiotics. The methods chosen were disc diffusion and deduction of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microbroth dilution assays of the EEOs against the bacterial strains.The antioxidant activity was found out utilizing DPPH free radical scavenging assay, MDA, Hydrogen peroxide radical inhibition assay and Superoxide radical inhibition assay (O 2 -). Some commonly used standard antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, rifampicin, clindamycin and oxacillin,) were utilized to compare the EEO antibacterial action. Clerodendrum colebrookianum (85.17 ± 3.06 µg MDA/g extract) had a reasonable MDA. Acacia polyacantha in MIC had values of 3.86 ± 0.25 to 6.20 ± 0.16. Polygonum micrpcephallum had excessive H2O2 (48.27 ± 2.4 5%). The antibacterial actions determined by the paper disc­diffusion technique of the EEO extracted from these plants showed that most had some antibacterial actions. Also, it was seen that the bactericidal action of the EEO extracted from E. alba was most potent against S. pyogenes (4.06 ± 0.15). The extract of the plant at varying concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and100 mg/mL) demonstrated noteworthy (P< 0.001) anthelmintic action in an effective change when the dose was adjusted. In conclusion, most of the tested plants contain a medicinal value, which can be utilized in the future to supplement artificial medicines and cure emerging diseases that create havoc for mankind.

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Eruca sativa Miller Leaf Extract Exhibits Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Quorum-Sensing, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Metastatic Activities.

Worldwide, the primary problem today is the proliferation of cancer and secondary bacterial infections caused by biofilms, as they are the principal causes of death due to the lack of effective drugs. A great deal of biological activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have made them a brilliant choice for the development of new drugs in recent years. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer, antibacterial, anti-QS, and antibiofilm effects of AgNPs synthesized from Eruca sativa (E. sativa) leaf extract. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra showed a peak of surface plasmon resonance at 424 nm λmax, which corresponded to AgNP formation. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed that biological moieties are involved for the development of AgNPs. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed the spherical shape and uniform size (8.11 to 15 nm) of the AgNPs. In human lung cancer cells (A549), the anticancer potential of AgNPs was examined by the MTT [3-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, scratch assay, and invasion assay. The results indicated that AgNPs inhibit the migration of A549 cells. The synthesized AgNPs showed MIC values of 12.5 µg/mL against Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) and 25 µg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which demonstrated their antibacterial abilities. Biological compounds that disable the QS system are being investigated as potential strategies for preventing bacterial infections. Thus, we analyzed the potential effectiveness of synthesized AgNPs in inhibiting QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in both strains of bacteria. In C. violaceum, the synthesized AgNPs significantly inhibited both violacein (85.18% at 1/2 × MIC) and acyl homoserine lactone (78.76% at 1/2 × MIC). QS inhibitory activity was also demonstrated in P. aeruginosa at a sub-MIC concentration (1/2 × MIC) by a reduction in pyocyanin activity (68.83%), total protease (68.50%), LasA activity (63.91%), and LasB activity (56.40%). Additionally, the exopolysaccharide production was significantly reduced in both C. violaceum (65.79% at 1/2 × MIC) and P. aeruginosa (57.65% at 1/2 × MIC). The formation of biofilm was also significantly inhibited at 1/2 × MIC in C. violaceum (76.49%) and in P. aeruginosa (65.31%). Moreover, a GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of different classes of bioactive phytochemical constituents present in the leaf extract of E. sativa. On the basis of our results, we conclude that biologically synthesized AgNPs showed numerous multifunctional properties and have the potential to be used against human cancer and bacterial biofilm-related infections.

Role of metabolizing MTHFR gene polymorphism (rs1801133) and its mRNA expression among Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: Type 2 Diabetes is a glucose metabolic disorder occurred by insulin insensitivity in which folate metabolism plays an important role. it is believed that polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, results are conflicted. therefore, in this study we re-examine the relationship between MTHFR C677T in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Present research work included 100 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) cases and 100 healthy individuals. After the blood sample collection all the biochemical parameters were evaluated among the T2DM cases and healthy individuals. DNA and RNA extraction from whole blood was done to study the MTHFR gene polymorphism by allele specific polymerase chain reaction method and its expression analysis was done by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method. Results: The significant difference was observed in genotype distribution among case and control group (p=0.0002). Compared with wildtype CC genotype, CT heterozygous (OR=2.95, 95% Cl=1.62-5.38) and TT homozygous (OR=3.20, CI=1.79-5.73) suggest to have effect of MTHFR polymorphism on type 2 mellitus risk. Moreover, relative MTHFR mRNA expression was found for wild type CC genotype 3.02-fold, CT heterozygous genotype 2.57 fold and mutant TT homozygous genotype 0.50-fold which is down regulated (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our results indicates that the polymorphism in MTHFR C677T plays significant role in type II diabetes risk. MTHFR CT heterozygous and mutant TT genotype showed reduced mRNA expression among the T2DM patients. However, large scale case-control studies are needed to strengthen such conclusion in the future.

Arsenic Exposure through Dietary Intake and Associated Health Hazards in the Middle East.

Dietary arsenic (As) contamination is a major public health issue. In the Middle East, the food supply relies primarily on the import of food commodities. Among different age groups the main source of As exposure is grains and grain-based food products, particularly rice and rice-based dietary products. Rice and rice products are a rich source of core macronutrients and act as a chief energy source across the world. The rate of rice consumption ranges from 250 to 650 g per day per person in South East Asian countries. The source of carbohydrates through rice is one of the leading causes of human As exposure. The Gulf population consumes primarily rice and ready-to-eat cereals as a large proportion of their meals. Exposure to arsenic leads to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as dysbiosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart disease, cancer, and maternal and fetal complications. The impact of arsenic-containing food items and their exposure on health outcomes are different among different age groups. In the Middle East countries, neurological deficit disorder (NDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases are alarming issues. Arsenic exposure might be a causative factor that should be assessed by screening the population and regulatory bodies rechecking the limits of As among all age groups. Our goals for this review are to outline the source and distribution of arsenic in various foods and water and summarize the health complications linked with arsenic toxicity along with identified modifiers that add heterogeneity in biological responses and suggest improvements for multi-disciplinary interventions to minimize the global influence of arsenic. The development and validation of diverse analytical techniques to evaluate the toxic levels of different As contaminants in our food products is the need of the hour. Furthermore, standard parameters and guidelines for As-containing foods should be developed and implemented.

Clinical Importance of FNDC-5 and Selectin-E mRNA Expression Among Type 2 Diabetics with and without Obesity.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing illnesses associated with metabolic dysregulation such as obesity affecting a large population become leading causes of death worldwide. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC-5) and selectin-E were suggested to have effects on metabolism and diabetes, therefore present study aimed to evaluate the clinical importance of FNDC-5 and selectin-E among the T2DM patients with and without obesity. Methods: Study included cohort of 200 T2DM patients with and without obesity. We evaluated FNDC-5, selectin-E mRNA expression as well as vitamin-D, and vitamin-B12 levels in among the T2DM patients with and without obesity. Results: Study observed significant difference in biochemical parameters included in study. T2DM patients with obesity had significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels (p<0.0001) and HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) (p<0.0001) compared to those T2DM patients without obesity. T2DM patients with obesity also had higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), LDL (low density lipoprotein) (p=0.02), TG (triglycerides) (p=0.02) and cholesterol (p=0.01) compared to T2DM patients without obesity. The mRNA expression of FNDC-5 (p<0.0001) was lower in T2DM patients with obesity compared to T2DM patients without obesity. It was observed that the T2DM patients with vitamin-D deficiency had significantly lower FNDC-5 mRNA expression (p=0.03) when compared with those with sufficient vitamin-D level. T2DM patients with clinically normal vitamin-B12 level expressed 0.60 fold FNDC-5 mRNA expression while B12 deficient T2DM patients had 0.28 fold FNDC-5 mRNA expression (p=0.005). No as such significant association was was observed with selectin-E. A negative correlation of FNDC-5 mRNA expression with Post prandial glucose (mg/dl) (p=0.04) and TG (mg/dl) (p=0.02) was observed. Conclusion: FNDC-5 down regulation was observed with T2DM with obesity, vitamin-D and vitamin-B12 deficiency suggesting obesity, vitamin-D and vitamin-B12 deficiency could be the factor for FNDC-5 down-regulation leading to worseness or progression of disease. We suggest that FNDC-5 down-regulation could be used as an indicator for T2DM worseness and development of other associated complications.

Phytochemical and In Silico ADME/Tox Analysis of Eruca sativa Extract with Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Potential against Caco-2 and HCT-116 Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Lines.

Eruca sativa Mill. (E. sativa) leaves recently grabbed the attention of scientific communities around the world due to its potent bioactivity. Therefore, the present study investigates the metabolite profiling of the ethanolic crude extract of E. sativa leaves using high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS), including antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer potential against human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. In addition, computer-aided analysis was performed for determining the pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity prediction of the identified compounds. Our results show that E. sativa contains several bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, fatty acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols. Furthermore, the antibacterial assay of E. sativa extract showed inhibitory effects of the tested pathogenic bacterial strains. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were found to be IC50 = 66.16 µg/mL and 76.05 µg/mL, respectively. E. sativa also showed promising anticancer activity against both the colorectal cancer cells HCT-116 (IC50 = 64.91 µg/mL) and Caco-2 (IC50 = 83.98 µg/mL) in a dose/time dependent manner. The phytoconstituents identified showed promising pharmacokinetics properties, representing a valuable source for drug or nutraceutical development. These investigations will lead to the further exploration as well as development of E. sativa-based nutraceutical products.

Phytoconstituents in the Management of Covid-19: Demystifying the Fact.

The 2019-nCoV (COVID-19; novel coronavirus disease-2019) outbreak is caused by the coronavirus, and its continued spread is responsible for increasing deaths, social and economic burden. COVID-19 created a chaotic situation worldwide and claimed the lives of over 5,027,183 and 248,467,363 confirmed cases have been reported so far as per the data published by WHO (World Health Organization) till 5th November 2021. Scientific communities all over the world are toiling to find a suitable therapeutic drug for this deadly disease. Although till date no promising drug has been discovered for this COVID-19. However, as per the WHO, over 102 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development and 185 in pre-clinical development. Naturally occurring phytoconstituents possess considerable chemical richness in the form of anti-viral and anti-parasitic potential and have been extensively exploited for the same globally. Still, phytomedicine-based therapies are considered as the best available treatment option to minimize and treat the symptoms of COVID-19 because of the least possible side effects compared to synthetic drugs recommended by the physicians/clinicians. In this review, the use of plant chemicals as a possible therapeutic agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is highlighted with their proposed mechanism of action, which will prove fruitful and effective in finding a cure for this deadly disease.