A dissipative and entropy-optimized MHD nanomaterial mixed convective flow for engineering applications.

Background and objective: Nanomaterials play significant roles in numerous industrial and engineering applications, like nuclear plants, paper production, thermal power plants, glass fibres, manufacturing of medicines, medical instruments, micro-electronics and polymer sheet extrusion. In view of such important applications, in this study, we discuss the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a nanofluid over an inclined surface by employing the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The Buongiorno model is applied to understand the various important aspects of the nanofluid. Radiation, magnetic field, dissipation and entropy generation in a chemically reactive flow are also discussed. Methodology: The governing nonlinear expressions were transformed into a dimensionless system through adequate transformations. The obtained non-dimensional systems were computed by the NDSolve approach. Results: Physical illustrations for the flow, temperature, concentration and entropy rate via emerging variables were examined. Here an enhancement in velocity was seen for the mixed convection variable, while opposite impacts on flow and temperature were noticed through the Hartman number. A higher Eckert number was obtained with a rise in temperature, while a decrease in concentration was noticed for the thermophoresis variable. An augmentation in the entropy rate was detected for radiation, while the thermal transport rate was boosted by thermophoresis.

KHA model comprising MoS4 and CoFe2O3 in engine oil invoking non-similar Darcy-Forchheimer flow with entropy and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux.

Objective: Nanoliquid flows are widely utilized in industrial, petroleum, engineering, and pharmaceutical applications including electric cooling, drug delivery, nuclear reactor cooling, solar collectors, heat exchangers, magnetohydrodynamic power generators, aerospace, porous media, thermal storage systems, and many others. Darcy-Forchheimer magnetized hybrid nanoliquid subjected to a stretchable cylinder was addressed, and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux analysis was considered. Herein, disulfido (dithioxo) molybdenum (MoS4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) were considered as nanoparticles, and engine oil as a conventional liquid. The thermal relationship of heat generation and radiation was discussed, and the influence of the entropy rate was addressed. Methodology: Governing expressions were transformed into dimensionless forms. Simulation by the ND-solve technique was implemented. Conclusions: Features for the entropy rate, liquid flow, and temperature against emerging variables for nanoliquid (MoS4/engine oil) and hybrid nanoliquid (MoS4 + CoFe2O4/engine oil) were explored. The numerical results of the coefficient of skin friction and thermal transport rate for nanoliquid (MoS4/engine oil) and hybrid nanoliquid (MoS4 + CoFe2O4/engine oil) were examined. Reduction in velocity clearly occurred through a magnetic field, whereas the reverse impact held for the entropy rate. The thermal field and entropy rate against the curvature parameter were enhanced. A decrease in liquid flow occurred for higher porosity variables. An enhancement in the entropy rate was witnessed for radiation and porosity parameters. Higher radiation and thermal relaxation time variables resulted in enhancement of the thermal transport rate.

Entropy generation in bioconvection hydromagnetic flow with gyrotactic motile microorganisms.

Here, the magnetohydrodynamic bioconvective flow of a non-Newtonian nanomaterial over a stretched sheet is scrutinized. The characteristics of convective conditions are analyzed. Irreversibility analysis in the presence of gyrotactic micro-organisms is discussed. Energy expression is assisted with thermal radiation, heat generation and ohmic heating. Buongiorno's model is employed to discuss the characteristics of the nanoliquid through thermophoresis and random diffusions. Nonlinear expressions of the given model are transformed through adequate transformations. The obtained expressions have been computed by the Newton built in-shooting technique. Results of influential variables for velocity, concentration, microorganism field, temperature and entropy rate are graphically studied. Clearly, velocity reduction is witnessed for the bioconvection Rayleigh number and magnetic variable. A higher heat generation variable leads to augmentation of temperature. An increase in the magnetic variable results in entropy and temperature enhancement. A higher Peclet number results in microorganism field reduction. Temperature distribution rises for radiation and the thermal Biot number. A higher solutal Biot number intensifies the concentration. The entropy rate for radiation and diffusion variables is enhanced.

Modeling and simulation for Cattaneo-Christov heat analysis of entropy optimized hybrid nanomaterial flow.

Here, the hydromagnetic entropy optimized flow of a hybrid (Pb + Fe2O3/C2H6O2) nanoliquid by a curved stretchable surface is addressed. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is utilized for porous space. Lead (Pb) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) are considered the nanoparticles and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) as the base liquid. Thermal expression consists of dissipation and ohmic heating. Entropy generation is under consideration. The Cattaneo-Christov heat flux impact is discussed. Non-dimensional partial expressions by adequate transformations have been reduced to ordinary differential systems. The ND-solve technique is implemented for numerical solutions of dimensionless systems. Graphical illustrations of velocity, thermal field and entropy against influential variables for both nanoliquid (Pb/C2H6O2) and hybrid nanoliquid (Pb + Fe2O3/C2H6O2) are presented. Graphical illustrations of velocity, thermal field and entropy against sundry variables for both nanoliquid (Pb/C2H6O2) and hybrid nanoliquid (Pb + Fe2O3/C2H6O2) are presented. Influences of sundry variables on the Nusselt number and drag force for both nanoliquid (Pb/C2H6O2) and hybrid nanoliquid (Pb + Fe2O3/C2H6O2) are examined. A higher thermal relaxation time tends to intensify the heat transport rate and temperature. An increment in the magnetic variable leads to an enhancement of the entropy and thermal field. An improvement in liquid flow is seen for volume fraction variables. Velocity against the porosity variable and Forchheimer number is reduced. The Brinkman number leads to maximization of entropy generation.

An assessment of the mathematical model for estimating of entropy optimized viscous fluid flow towards a rotating cone surface.

Entropy optimization in convective viscous fluids flow due to a rotating cone is explored. Heat expression with heat source/sink and dissipation is considered. Irreversibility with binary chemical reaction is also deliberated. Nonlinear system is reduced to ODEs by suitable variables. Newton built in shooting procedure is adopted for numerical solution. Salient features velocity filed, Bejan number, entropy rate, concentration and temperature are deliberated. Numerical outcomes for velocity gradient and mass and heat transfer rates are displayed through tables. Assessments between the current and previous published outcomes are in an excellent agreement. It is noted that velocity and temperature show contrasting behavior for larger variable viscosity parameter. Entropy rate and Bejan number have reverse effect against viscosity variable. For rising values of thermal conductivity variable both Bejan number and entropy optimization have similar effect.

Investigation of physical aspects of cubic autocatalytic chemically reactive flow of second grade nanomaterial with entropy optimization.

BACKGROUND: Nanofluids have innovative characteristics that make them potentially beneficial in numerous applications in heat and mass transports like fuel cells, hybrid-powered engines, microelectronics, pharmaceutical processes, domestic refrigerator, engine cooling, heat exchanger, chiller and in boiler flue gas temperature decay. Nanomaterial increased the coefficient of heat transport and thermal performance compared to continuous phase liquid. Having such significance in mind, the nanofluid flow of second grade material over a convectively heated surface is examined here. Nano-fluid is electrically conducting. Energy expression is studied through Joule heating, heat source/sink and dissipation. In addition, thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion are investigated. Physical aspects of entropy optimization in nanomaterials with cubic autocatalysis chemical reaction are accounted. Through second law of thermodynamics the total entropy generation rate is computed. METHODS: The nonlinear governing PDE's are transformed to ordinary ones through transformations. Total residual error is calculated for momentum, energy and concentration equations using optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). RESULTS: Behaviors of different variables on velocity, Bejan number, concentration, temperature and entropy optimization are examined via graphs. Local skin friction coefficient (Cfx) and gradient of temperature (Nux)are examined graphically. Comparison between the recent and previous result is given. Temperature and velocity are enhanced significantly versus (λ1). Entropy generation rate boosts up for magnetic parameter and Brinkman number. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained outcomes show that velocity is higher via mixed convective variable. Temperature boosts up in presence of higher magnetic parameter, thermophoretic paraemter, Brinkman number and second grade parameter while Biot number decays. Concentration has increasing behavior via larger Brownian and homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters. Entropy rate and Bejan number have similar impact through diffusion parameters with respect to both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions variables.

Cattaneo-Christov (CC) heat flux model for nanomaterial stagnation point flow of Oldroyd-B fluid.

Background Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation point flow of Oldroyd-B nanoliquid is discussed in presence of Cattaneo-Christov mass and heat fluxes. Impacts of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are discussed. Convergent solution for nonlinear analysis are organized for velocity, temperature and concentration. Method Average residual error is calculated with the help of optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Results Prominent features of interesting parameters on concentration, velocity and temperature are scrutinized. Velocity field has reverse trend for Deborah number against retardation and relaxation times. Temperature and concentration have similar results versus thermophoresis parameter. Conclusions: 1: Velocity has opposite impact for Deborah number for relaxation and retardation time. 2: Velocity boosts up for higher ratio parameter. 3: Velocity against magnetic parameter is decreased. 4: Thermal upsurges versus thermal relaxation time parameter. 5: Outcomes of thermophoretic parameter and Brownian motion parameter on temperature are quantitatively similar. 6: Concentration boosts up via Brownian parameter. 7: Concentration have similar characteristics for both Prandtl number and thermophoretic parameter.

Electro-magneto flow of nanomaterial with irreversibility.

Here we discuss the analysis of irreversibility in electrical magnetohydrodynamic convective flow of nanomaterials over a stretchable surface. Energy equation deliberated through Joule heating, dissipation and heat source/sink. Furthermore features chemical reaction is also considered. Total entropy optimization is calculated. Salient features of thermophoresis effect and random motion of particles are studied. Nonlinear couple equations are converted to ordinary system by using the transformation. The obtained system are elucidated through ND solve technique. Salient features of pertinent variables on entropy optimization, velocity, Bejan number, concentration and temperature are discussed. Nusselt number, gradient of concentration and surface drag force are computationally calculated. Velocity and temperature show opposite behaviors via magnetic parameter. Electric and magnetic field parameters on entropy optimization have opposite results.

Entropy optimization analysis in MHD nanomaterials (TiO2-GO) flow with homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions.

BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials have higher inspiration in the growth of pioneering heat transportation fluids and good efforts were made in this field during the recent year. Nowadays numerous scientists and researchers have focused their struggle on nanomaterials study. Nanoliquids have advanced properties which make them efficient in various applications including engine cooling, hybrid-power engine, pharmaceutical processes, refrigerator and vehicle thermal management etc. Therefore such implication in mind the entropy optimization in magnetohydrodynamic nanomaterials (TiO2 - GO) flow between two stretchable rotating disks is discussed here. Energy expression subject to Joule heating, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation is modeled. Entropy optimization rate is based upon thermodynamic second law. Here titanium dioxide (TiO2) and graphene oxide (GO) and water (H2O) are used as nanoliquids. Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions have been accounted. METHODS: Transformation process reduced nonlinear PDE's to ordinary differential systems. Formulated systems are solved due to implementation of Newton built in shooting method. RESULTS: Salient behavior of influential variables on velocity, entropy optimization, temperature, Bejan number and concentration graphically illustrated for (TiO2 and GO). Surface drag force and gradient of temperature ((Cf1, Cf2) and (Nux1, Nux2)) are numerically computed for various interesting parameters at lower and upper disks respectively. Axial and radial velocities components boost up for larger (Re) but opposite is hold for tangential velocity. Entropy optimization and temperature are increased for higher Brinkman number (Br). CONCLUSIONS: A significant augmentation occurs in radial and axial velocities (f'(ξ) and f(ξ)) versus stretching parameter, while opposite is hold for tangential velocity (g(ξ)). For larger values of Reynold and Brinkman numbers the temperature increases. Temperature and entropy optimization have opposite effect for radiation parameter. Concentration has similar results for Reynold and Schmidt numbers. Entropy optimization and Bejan number for radiation parameter have similar outcome. Bejan number decays for Brinkman number.

Development of thixotropic nanomaterial in fluid flow with gyrotactic microorganisms, activation energy, mixed convection.

BACKGROUND: In this article, impact of gyrotactic microorganisms on nonlinear mixed convective MHD flow of thixotropic nanoliquids is addressed. Effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion are considered. Characteristics of heat and mass transfer are analyzed with activation energy, Joule heating and binary chemical reaction. Nonlinear PDE's are reduced to ordinary equation by using suitable transformations. METHOD: For convergent series solution the given system is solved by the implementation of the homotopic analysis technique (HAM). RESULTS: Influences of different flow controlling variables on the velocity, microorganisms, concentration and temperature are examined through graphs. Surface drag force, density number, Sherwood number and gradient of temperature are examined versus different flow parameters through graphs. For larger thixotropic fluid parameters the velocity field boosts up. For rising values of Hartmann number the velocity and temperature have opposite behaviors.

Evaluation of entropy generation in cubic autocatalytic unsteady squeezing flow of nanofluid between two parallel plates.

BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials have advanced behaviors that make them possibly beneficial in various applications in mass and heat transports such as engine cooling, pharmaceutical processes, fuel cells, engine cooling and domestic refrigerator etc. Therefore here we deliberated the entropy generation in unsteady magnetohydrodynamic squeezing flow of viscous nanomaterials between two parallel plates. The upper plate is squeezing towards lower plate. The lower plate exhibits porous character. Energy attributes are discussed through heat flux, dissipation and Joule heating. Furthermore the irreversibility analysis with cubic autocatalysis chemical reaction is also accounted. METHODS: Nonlinear differential systems are converted to ordinary differential system by transformations. For convergent series solution the given system are solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). RESULTS: Characteristics of various interesting variables on velocity, Bejan number, concentration, entropy optimization and temperature are deliberated through graphs. Gradient of velocity (Cfx) and Nusselt number (Nux) are numerically computed against various physical variables. Entropy generation and Bejan number both quantitatively enhance versus radiation parameter. For larger squeezing parameter the velocity and temperature field are increased. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results show that for larger squeezing parameter the velocity field boosts up. Velocity have opposite impact For larger magnetic and porosity parameters. Temperature is decreased for higher values of radiation parameter and Prandtl number. Temperature and concentration have same outcome for thermophoresis parameter. Entropy generation and Bejan number both quantitatively enhance versus radiation parameter, while reverse is hold for Brinkman number.

Irreversibility characterization and investigation of mixed convective reactive flow over a rotating cone.

BACKGROUND: Here we investigate the mixed convective unsteady magnetohydrodynamics chemically reactive flow of viscous liquid over a rotating cone. Energy attribution are deliberated in the presence of heat generation/absorption, viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Furthermore Irreversibility analysis with thermo-diffusion (Soret) effect and binary chemical reaction are also considered. Entropy optimization rate is computed with the help of thermodynamics second law. METHOD: The partial differential expression are reduced to ordinary system by using the suitable transformation. Here we have employed Newton built in shooting technique to get computational results for proposed nonlinear system. RESULTS: Influences of different interesting parameters on entropy optimization, velocity, Bejan number, concentration and temperature are discussed through graphs. The computational results of skin friction coefficient, gradient of temperature and Sherwood number are examined against different flow parameters through tables. From obtained outcome it is noticed that velocity and temperature have opposite behaviors for magnetic parameter and unsteadiness parameter. Concentration shows the opposite effect for Soret number and unsteadiness parameter. Bejan number and entropy generation rate hold opposite via larger Brinkman number, while have similar impact of temperature difference parameters. The assertion of recent work is established by comparison with previous published literature are discussed in tabulated form and found an excellent agreement.

Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid (MoS2, SiO2) nanofluid flow with entropy generation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this articles is to investigate the entropy optimization in Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanofluids flow towards a stretchable surface. The flow is caused due to stretching of surface. Energy equation is discussed through heat generation/absorption, viscous dissipation and heat flux. Here molybdenum disulfide and silicon dioxide are considered as a nanoparticles and water as continuous phase fluid. Furthermore we examined the comparative analysis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) suspended in water (H2O). Entropy optimization rate is calculated through implementation of second law of thermodynamics. METHOD: Nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary system through adequate transformation. Here we have employed numerical built in ND solve method to develop numerical outcomes for obtained nonlinear flow expression. RESULTS: Characteristics of various engineering parameters on entropy optimization, velocity, Bejan number and temperature are graphically examined for both molybdenum disulfide and silicon dioxide. Skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are numerically computed for various interesting parameters for both nanoparticles (SiO2 and MoS2). From obtained results it is noted that entropy optimization enhances against larger estimation of radiation and porosity parameters. Temperature and velocity have opposite behaviors for porosity parameter. Comparative study of present and with previous published literature are examined in tabulated form and found good agreement.

Nanomaterial based flow of Prandtl-Eyring (non-Newtonian) fluid using Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion with entropy generation.

BACKGROUND: The augmentation of cooling or heating in a mechanical and industrial process may create a saving in energy, decrease process time, protract the working existence of hardware and raise thermal rating. A few procedures are even influenced subjectively by the action of increased heat transport. The advancement of high performance thermal frameworks for heat transport augmentation has turned out to be well known these days. Various works has been conducted to gain an understanding of heat transport execution for their viable application to heat transport enhancement. Consequently the appearance of high heat flow procedures has made huge interest for new innovations to increase the heat transport. Therefore, entropy generation in dissipative nanomaterial flow of Prandtl-Eyring nanofluid subject to heated stretchable surface. The impact of zero shear rate viscosity is discussed through Prandtl-Eyring fluid model. Through implementation of thermodynamics second law's total entropy rate is calculated. Heat and mass transfer features are discussed using Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis. Homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions are also accounted. METHODS: Nonlinear partial differential systems are leads to ordinary systems through adequate similarity transformations. The obtained nonlinear ordinary systems are solved by Newton built in shooting technique. RESULTS: Behaviors of different flow parameters on velocity, temperature, entropy generation rate, Bejan number and concentration are graphically discussed. Skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate are discussed through tables. Entropy generation rate enhances for larger estimation of material parameter and Brinkman number. Bejan number is equal to one when Brinkman number is equal to zero and then progressively decreases for higher values of Brinkman number. CONCLUSIONS: A significant increment has been observed in the velocity field versus material parameter, while opposite trends is noticed forß.Temperature field enhances against higher values of thermophoresis and Brownian parameters while it decays through larger Prandtl number. Mass concentration upsurges versus higher thermophoresis parameter and declined via larger Brownian parameter and homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters. Furthermore, entropy rate and Bejan number show contrast impact versus material parameter and Brinkman number.

Theoretical investigation of Ree-Eyring nanofluid flow with entropy optimization and Arrhenius activation energy between two rotating disks.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Improvement of high performance thermal systems for heat transport augmentation has become quite prevalent nowadays. Various works have been performed to pick up a comprehension of the heat transport execution for their practical utilization to heat transport augmentation. Therefore, the nanomaterial has been used in flow of Ree-Eyring fluid between two rotating disks for thermal conductivity enhancement of base fluid. Heat transfer characteristics are discussed through viscous dissipation and heat source/sink. Behaviors of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are also examinted. Physical behaviors of irreversibility in nanofluid with Arrhenius activation energy are also accounted. METHODS: The nonlinear systems lead to ordinary differential problems through implementation of appropriate transformations. The relevant problems are tackled by (OHAM) Optimal homotopic method for series solutions. RESULTS: Effects of various physical parameters on the velocity, entropy rate, Bejan number, concentration and temperature are discussed graphically. Skin friction coefficient and gradient of temperature are numerically examined and discussed with various parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Entropy generation rate is control by minimizing the values of Brinkman number and stretching parameter. Entropy rate and Bejan number show the dual behaviors against Eckert number. Both decay near the lower disk while reverse holds near the upper disk. Entropy rate and Bejan number show similar behaviors for Weissenberg number.

Structural and optical properties of ITO/TiO2 anti-reflective films for solar cell applications.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) anti-reflective coatings (ARCs) were deposited on a (100) P-type monocrystalline Si substrate by a radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Polycrystalline ITO and anatase TiO2 films were obtained at room temperature (RT). The thickness of ITO (60 to 64 nm) and TiO2 (55 to 60 nm) films was optimized, considering the optical response in the 400- to 1,000-nm wavelength range. The deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD analysis showed preferential orientation along (211) and (222) for ITO and (200) and (211) for TiO2 films. The XRD analysis showed that crystalline ITO/TiO2 films could be formed at RT. The crystallite strain measurements showed compressive strain for ITO and TiO2 films. The measured average optical reflectance was about 12% and 10% for the ITO and TiO2 ARCs, respectively.

Orthopaedic initiative for the Gaza Strip, Palestine.

The current challenges facing the health care system are best described as "acute on top of chronic", where the Palestinian health system has suffered for long years from scarcity of resources, plurality, lack of coordination and integration, unclear roles of the MOH and lack of strategic direction and leadership. The described above feature has demonstrated itself in the widely perceived fragmentation, inequity of services availability and provision, duplication of services, increasing vulnerability of population and fragility of health institutions, and threatened chances of sustainability of the Palestinian health systems with its four major players particularly the NGO sector. This combination of economic and social deterioration and the inability of health services to respond to the consequences of the situation have exacerbated the already dire health status of the population of Gaza and necessitate rapid interventions (EUNIDA, Final report: Damage assessment and needs identification in the Gaza Strip, March 2009, ECESG, January 2010). With the proposals for teaching and training MiST has suggested, we hope to help improve the Orthopaedic and nursing services of Gaza, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, the Islamic University of Gaza and the sponsors, Qatar Red Crescent and Human Appeal International.

Use of the Taylor spatial frame in compression arthrodesis of the ankle: a study of 10 cases.

Ankle fusion is a well established way of managing a variety of recalcitrant ankle pathologies including severe osteoarthritis and infected malunion of ankle fractures. Compression arthrodesis has been a widely accepted surgical means of achieving ankle fusion. The authors describe compression arthrodesis of the tibiotalar joint in 10 cases using the Taylor-Spatial Frame (TSF). From 2003 to 2005, 10 patients (9 male and 1 female) aged between 48 and 71 years (median age 61 years) underwent application of the TSF to achieve compression arthrodesis of 10 ankle joints. The TSF is an external fixator system supported by a computer program. After input of the radiological deformities referenced to one of the rings, the computer provides the detailed strut adjustments necessary to bring about gradual correction. The underlying pathology was severe posttraumatic arthritis (2 cases), malunion (1 case), nonunion of pilon fracture (1 case), and infected ankle (1 case). Five cases presented with previous failed surgical arthrodesis. Clinical, subjective, objective, and radiological analyses were performed regularly and at the end of an average follow-up of 16.7 months (range 12-26 months). Solid fusion in anatomical alignment with return to a fully functional status was obtained in 10 out of 10 ankles. The TSF has shown encouraging results as a simple, effective and versatile means of achieving compression arthrodesis of the ankle joint.

Manipulation or intra-articular steroids in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder? A prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The management of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) is controversial. The authors present a prospective randomized study comparing the outcome, at a two-year follow-up period, of two groups of patients treated either by manipulation of the shoulder under anaesthetic or by intra-articular shoulder injections using steroid with distension. METHODS: Fifty-three patients suffering from Idiopathic "Primary" Frozen Shoulder were prospectively randomized into two treatment groups and followed up for two years from the start of treatment. Patients were assessed using the Constant score, a Visual Analogue Score, and the SF36 questionnaire. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found between the two groups of patients with regards to the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Treatment using steroid injections with distension as an out-patient is therefore recommended for the treatment of Idiopathic "Primary" Frozen Shoulder. This has the same clinical outcome as a manipulation under anaesthetic with less attendant risks.