Pentoxifylline promotes spermatogenesis via upregulation of the Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway in a mouse model of germ-cell apoptosis induced by testicular torsion-detorsion.

CONTEXT: Testicular torsion-detorsion results in loss of germ cells and infertility. Pentoxifylline has been shown to prevent tissue damage. AIMS: To determine the effect of pentoxifylline on germ cell survival in torsion-detorsion induced apoptosis Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four groups of five animals each: Control, T1 (Torsion-detorsion+single dose 100mg/kg Pentoxifylline/IP), T2 (Torsion-detorsion+daily 20mg/kg pentoxifylline/IP for 2weeks, and T/D (Torsion-detorsion only). 35thday after torsion-detorsion, the left testes of all the animals were harvested for histological and biochemical analysis. KEY RESULTS: Histomorpholoical analysis showed significant increase (P <0.05) in seminiferous tubule diameter, Johnsen's score and germ cells of Control and T1 compared to T2 and T/D, with no significant difference (P >0.05) in testis weight, sertoli, leydig and myoid cells. Tunnel assay showed significant increase (P <0.05) in apoptotic cells of T/D and T2 animals compared to Control and T1. RT-PCR analysis showed significant high (P <0.01) mRNA expression of Bax gene in T/D compared to T1 and T2 and significant increase (P <0.05) of Bcl2 in Control, T1, T2 compared to T/D. Nrf2-ARE transcripts revealed significant increase (P <0.05) in Control and T1 compared to T2 and T/D. Western blot showed significantly increased (P <0.05) caspase-3 in T/D compared to Control, T1 and T2. CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline promotes spermatogenesis and suppressed apoptosis induced by testicular torsion-detorsion. IMPLICATION: Pentoxifylline could serve as adjunct therapy to surgery in the treatment of torsion-detorsion induced germ cell apoptosis.

Aqueous Origanum vulgare Extract Improves the Quality of Cryopreserved Human Spermatozoa Through Its Antioxidant Effects.

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during semen cryopreservation can induce structural and functional changes in spermatozoa. It is well known that antioxidants can mitigate the effect of ROS. Moreover, the application of antioxidants in freezing media is an appropriate strategy for protecting spermatozoa against deleterious effects of ROS during the cryopreservation process. As an example, oregano is a medicinal plant with important activities, with antiseptic, antibacterial, antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant effects of oregano extract on cryopreserved human spermatozoa. In the first phase, 13 semen samples with different concentrations of oregano extract (0.0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 500 µg/mL) were cryopreserved to achieve an optimal dose of oregano extract. Then, motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated. In the second phase, 20 samples were cryopreserved in freezing media supplemented with or without the optimal concentration of oregano (100 µg/mL). After thawing, motility, the levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) were evaluated. The results showed that 100 µg/mL oregano extract significantly increased the total motility in frozen-thawed spermatozoa in comparison with the control group (28.2 ± 4.3 vs. 42.4 ± 1.6, p < 0.05). This concentration significantly decreased the percentage of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-positive cells (25.53 ± 1.2 vs. 21.48 ± 1.2) and the malondialdehyde level (4.25 ± 0.7 vs. 0.82 ± 0.4 µM) (p < 0.05). In the oregano group, the percentage of vital spermatozoa without PS externalization was significantly higher than that in the control group (25.88 ± 1.6 vs. 16.8 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), while the percentage of dead spermatozoa with PS externalization spermatozoa was significantly lower than that in the control group (51.65 ± 1.4 vs. 60.36 ± 1.9, p < 0.05). In general, the addition of oregano extract to sperm freezing extender has protective effects against oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Effects of antioxidants, catalase and α-tocopherol on cell viability and oxidative stress variables in frozen-thawed mice spermatogonial stem cells.

Cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells is considered as a useful procedure for preserving fertility in children with testis cancer. SSCs were isolated from testes mice, and then antioxidant was added to the freezing medium. The Bax expression level in antioxidant groups was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower than the control group and a significant rise of Bcl2 expression was detected in the antioxidant groups. ROS production with antioxidant was significantly lower compared with the control group. Cryopreservation with the addition of the antioxidants can help increase the number of SSCs and improve the quality and viability of these cells after cryopreservation.