Features of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of Gastrodia elata cultivated in greenhouse for early harvest.

Symbiotic microbes are essential for developing and growing Gastrodia elata, an achlorophyllous orchid of high medicinal value. Recently, the cultivation of G. elata in greenhouses has been adopted in Korea to produce mature tubers in a short time. However, no studies have been conducted on the microbial community structure of G. elata cultivated in greenhouse environments. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal features of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of G. elata at the juvenile [JT; 2 months after sowing (MAS)], young (YT; 6 MAS), and mature (MT; 11 MAS) tuber stages using culture-dependent and high-throughput sequencing technology. The richness and diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities decreased with tuber growth of G. elata. The symbiotic fungi Mycena sp. and Armillaria sp. as well as tuber extract inhibited the growth of various soil-inhabiting fungal and bacterial strains, indicating that G. elata and its symbiotic fungi play important roles in the selection of rhizosphere microbes. Mortierella rishikesha was the most abundant fungal species in the rhizosphere. We also identified the microorganisms potentially beneficial for G. elata development during greenhouse cultivation. Tubers and symbiotic fungi actively exert selective pressure on rhizosphere microbes, influencing the diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal communities as G. elata grows. This study is a first report on the temporal microbial community structure of G. elata cultivated in greenhouse. The results on the associated microbiome of G. elata will help understand their beneficial interactions with G. elata and contribute to improvement in cultivation.

Synchronous occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT-type lymphoma: A case report and literature review.

The coexistence of multiple primary malignant tumors in an organ is rare. This includes the extremely rarely reported combination of gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT-type lymphoma as synchronous tumors. We describe a case of a 72-year-old man diagnosed with this combination. He had no remarkable medical history and came to our hospital because of discomfort in the gastric area. Although the biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma only, the microscopic findings after partial gastrectomy incidentally showed additional lymphoma that was subsequently confirmed by immunohistochemistry as MALT-type lymphoma. This case study and literature analysis aims to raise awareness of the possibility of synchronous malignant neoplasm in the stomach to enhance preoperative diagnosis.

Antagonistic Activity Against Pathogenic Vibrio Isolates of Bioflocculant-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Shrimp Ponds.

<b>Background and Objectives:</b> Biofloc culture system has been used in aquaculture as an effective technology for water treatment due to many advantages of being biodegradable and environmentally friendly. This study aims to isolate bioflocculant-producing bacteria antagonistic to pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> species from Pacific white shrimp ponds in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> <i>Vibrio</i> isolates were isolated by screening on medium with and without antibiotics. The resistance of <i>Vibrio</i> to antimicrobial agents was assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Bioflocs formed in shrimp cultures were used to screen bioflocculant-producing bacteria. The identification of bacteria was performed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The flocculating activity was measured by a test with kaolin clay suspension. To evaluate the antagonistic activity against <i>Vibrio</i> isolates, an agar well diffusion assay was used. <b>Results:</b> The screening results have found that <i>Vibrio</i> isolates such as <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> KS02 and <i>V. alginolyticus</i> KS08 from shrimp ponds can be resistant to many antibiotics with the highest resistance rate up to 66.49%. Four bioflocculant-producing isolates were obtained and identified as <i>Bacillus</i> species. Among them, <i>Bacillus velezensis </i>B9 when grown in YPG medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 0.7% peptone had the highest bioflocculation with an activity of 49.2%. Two isolates of <i>B. subtilis</i> B2 and <i>Bacillus</i> sp. B6 had quite strong antagonistic activities against vibriosis shown in the zones of inhibition on the assay plates with diameters of about 20 mm. <b>Conclusion:</b> The present study has found some <i>Bacillus</i> isolates had bioflocculant-producing efficiency and inhibited pathogenic <i>Vibrio</i> bacteria. These <i>Bacillus</i> isolates will potentially be used as inoculum for bioflocculation to improve shrimp production.