Salivary gland secretory carcinoma presenting as a cervical soft tissue mass: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Secretory carcinoma (SC) has been described as a distinct salivary gland tumor in the fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of head and neck tumors. SC is generally considered as a slow-growing low-grade malignant tumor, while several cases have been reported with high-grade features, and even metastases in the literature up until now. In this article, a soft tissue SC case is discussed with high-grade microscopic features and neural invasion. A review of the salivary gland SC cases with aggressive behavior is also debated. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old Caucasian man presented with a left neck mass for the past six months. The imaging studies demonstrated a very large cystic cervical mass (46 × 23 mm) with papillary projections in the anterolateral aspect of the left neck zone Vb. He underwent left radical neck dissection (level I-V) and was followed up for 12 months with the diagnosis of Secretory carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Although SC generally has a good outcome, multiple recurrences and unusual metastases may occur, which should be considered by either the pathologists or clinicians.

Functional and directed connectivity of the cortico-limbic network in mice in vivo.

Higher cognitive processes and emotional regulation depend on densely interconnected telencephalic and limbic areas. Central structures of this cortico-limbic network are ventral hippocampus (vHC), medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAC). Human and animal studies have revealed both anatomical and functional alterations in specific connections of this network in several psychiatric disorders. However, it is often not clear whether functional alterations within these densely interconnected brain areas are caused by modifications in the direct pathways, or alternatively through indirect interactions. We performed multi-site extracellular recordings of spontaneous activity in three different brain regions to study the functional connectivity in the BLA-NAC-PFC-vHC network of the lightly anesthetized mouse in vivo. We show that BLA, NAC, PFC and vHC are functionally connected in distinct frequency bands and determined the influence of a third brain region on this connectivity. In addition to describing mutual synchronicity, we determined the strength of functional connectivity for each region in the BLA-NAC-PFC-vHC network. We find a region-specificity in the strength of feedforward and feedback connections for each region in its interaction with other areas in the network. Our results provide insights into functional and directed connectivity in the cortico-limbic network of adult wild-type mice, which may be helpful to further elucidate the pathophysiological changes of this network in psychiatric disorders and to develop target-specific therapeutic interventions.

Spike-wave discharges in absence epilepsy: segregation of electrographic components reveals distinct pathways of seizure activity.

KEY POINTS: The major electrophysiological hallmarks of absence seizures are spike and wave discharges (SWDs), consisting of a sharp spike component and a slow wave component. In a widely accepted scheme, these components are functionally coupled and reflect an iterative progression of neuronal excitation during the spike and post-excitatory silence during the wave. In a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy, local pharmacological inhibition of the centromedian thalamus (CM) selectively suppressed the spike component, leaving self-contained waves in epidural recordings. Thalamic inputs induced activity in cortical microcircuits underlying the spike component, while intracortical oscillations generated the wave component. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which oscillatory waves provide adequate time windows for integration of thalamocortical inputs and feedback responses during generation of a synchronized SWD. ABSTRACT: Spike and wave discharges (SWDs) are the electrographic hallmark of absence seizures and the major diagnostic criterion for childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). In a widely accepted scheme, the alternating sequence of spikes and waves reflects an iterative progression of neuronal excitation during the spike component and post-excitatory silence during the wave component. Here we challenge this view by showing that these two components are not necessarily coupled. In a genetic rat model of CAE, self-contained waves occurred in motor cortex in synchrony with SWDs in the somatosensory system during blockade of afferent input from the thalamus. Current-source density analyses of multi-site local field potentials (LFPs) revealed layer-specific activity, in which thalamic inputs induced a sequence of cellular-synaptic events underlying the spike component, while intracortical oscillations generated the wave component. These findings indicate novel principles of SWDs, where oscillatory cortical waves provide adequate time windows for integration of thalamocortical inputs and feedback responses during generation of seizure activity.

Mice Can Use Second-Order, Contrast-Modulated Stimuli to Guide Visual Perception.

Visual processing along the primate ventral stream takes place in a hierarchy of areas, characterized by an increase in both complexity of neuronal preferences and invariance to changes of low-level stimulus attributes. A basic type of invariance is form-cue invariance, where neurons have similar preferences in response to first-order stimuli, defined by changes in luminance, and global features of second-order stimuli, defined by changes in texture or contrast. Whether in mice, a now popular model system for early visual processing, visual perception can be guided by second-order stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we probed mouse visual perception and neural responses in areas V1 and LM using various types of second-order, contrast-modulated gratings with static noise carriers. These gratings differ in their spatial frequency composition and thus in their ability to invoke first-order mechanisms exploiting local luminance features. We show that mice can transfer learning of a coarse orientation discrimination task involving first-order, luminance-modulated gratings to the contrast-modulated gratings, albeit with markedly reduced discrimination performance. Consistent with these behavioral results, we demonstrate that neurons in area V1 and LM are less responsive and less selective to contrast-modulated than to luminance-modulated gratings, but respond with broadly similar preferred orientations. We conclude that mice can, at least in a rudimentary form, use second-order stimuli to guide visual perception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To extract object boundaries in natural scenes, the primate visual system does not only rely on differences in local luminance but can also take into account differences in texture or contrast. Whether the mouse, which has a much simpler visual system, can use such second-order information to guide visual perception is unknown. Here we tested mouse perception of second-order, contrast-defined stimuli and measured their neural representations in two areas of visual cortex. We find that mice can use contrast-defined stimuli to guide visual perception, although behavioral performance and neural representations were less robust than for luminance-defined stimuli. These findings shed light on basic steps of feature extraction along the mouse visual cortical hierarchy, which may ultimately lead to object recognition.