Exosomal miR-493 suppresses MAD2L1 and induces chemoresistance to intraperitoneal paclitaxel therapy in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis.

Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy with paclitaxel (PTX) for gastric cancer (GC) with peritoneal metastasis (PM) is considered a promising treatment approach, however, there are no useful biomarkers to predict the efficacy of IP therapy. We examined the association between intra-peritoneal exosomes, particularly exosomal micro-RNAs (exo-miRNAs), and IP-chemo sensitivity. MKN45 cells that were cultured with intra-peritoneal exosomes from patients who did not respond to IP therapy with PTX (IPnon-respond group) exhibited resistance to PTX compared with exosomes from responding patients (IPrespond group) (p = 0.002). A comprehensive search for exo-miRNAs indicated that miR-493 was significantly up-regulated in exosomes from the IPnon-respond group compared with those collected from the IPrespond group. The expression of miR-493 in PTX-resistant MKN45 cells (MKN45PTX-res) was higher compared with that in MKN45. In addition, MKN45PTX-res cells exhibited lower MAD2L1 gene and protein expression compared with MKN45. Finally, miR-493 enhancement by transfection of miR-493 mimics significantly down-regulated MAD2L1 expression in MKN45 cells and reduced PTX sensitivity. Our results suggest that intra-peritoneal exo-miR-493 is involved in chemoresistance to PTX by downregulating MAD2L1 in GC with PM. Exo-miR-493 may be a biomarker for chemoresistance and prognosis of GC patients with PM and may also be a promising therapeutic target.

Preoperative low skeletal muscle volume can result in insufficient administration of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients with stage II/III gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Older patients are more likely to encounter difficulties receiving chemotherapy, but the factors involved in the continuation of chemotherapy in these patients remain unclear. We investigated the importance of muscle mass as a factor involved in delivering a sufficient dose of postoperative S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) to older patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 79 patients aged ≥ 65 years with stage II/III gastric adenocarcinoma, who underwent curative gastrectomy and received S-1 ACT. RESULTS: The overall median relative dose intensity (RDI) was 75.0% (18.8-93.5%). Patients were divided into two groups for receiver operating characteristic analysis according to the cutoff value. Significantly more patients in the high skeletal muscle index (SMI) group achieved > 62% RDI of S-1 ACT (p = 0.03). Conversely, more patients in the low SMI group suffered from S-1-induced nausea (p = 0.03) and discontinued chemotherapy because of adverse events (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis identified low SMI as an independent factor for insufficient S-1 dose delivery (p = 0.03, hazard ratio = 2.87). CONCLUSION: Preoperative SMI is an indicator of the low-dose intensity of S-1 ACT in older patients following curative gastrectomy.

A gastroduodenal artery that branched from the celiac artery in gastrectomy: A rare case of an anatomical variant.

Understanding anatomical anomalies of the branch of the celiac artery for safe gastrectomy is important. We report a case of laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with D1+ lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer with a vascular anatomical anomaly of the celiac artery. A 45-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of early gastric cancer. Computed tomography showed an anatomical variation of the gastroduodenal artery, which branched from the celiac artery. The celiac artery also branched into the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery. Preoperative understanding of an unusual branch of the celiac artery enabled a safe laparoscopic surgery. There were no postoperative complications. The Adachi classification or Michel classification is used for an anatomical anomaly of the celiac artery, but to the best of our knowledge, this case has not been previously classified and is the first reported case.

Prognostic significance of the cachexia index in patients with unresectable advanced gastric cancer receiving palliative chemotherapy: a retrospective single-center study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prognostic utility of the cachexia index (CXI) in unresectable advanced gastric cancer (UAGC). METHODS: The relationship between CXI and the outcomes was evaluated in 102 patients with UAGC who had received first-line palliative 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy between January 2012 and December 2021. RESULTS: The median survival time (MST) from first-line chemotherapy initiation was 16.2 months, and the cohort included 60 and 42 patients with high and low CXIs, respectively, based on the optimal CXI cutoff. The rates of patients with a performance status score of 0, recurrence, third-line chemotherapy, and all grade 3-4 side effects, including febrile neutropenia (FN), were significantly higher in the CXIhigh group than in the CXIlow group. The prognosis based on MST was significantly better in the CXIhigh group than in the CXIlow group (22.5 vs. 11.6 months, p < 0.001). According to a multivariate analysis, a low CXI and performance status score of 1-2 were poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with UAGC and a low CXI had poorer prognoses and more frequent grade 3-4 side effects, including FN, than those with a high CXI. Patients with UAGC and a low CXI should be carefully managed to control for side effects to receive subsequent treatment.

Skeletal Muscle Mass Before Second-line Chemotherapy Correlates With Subsequent Prognosis and Rate of Late-line Chemotherapy in Patients With Unresectable Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with unresectable gastric cancer (UGC); however, the survival outcomes are poor. This study investigated the predictive values of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) index (SMI) before second-line chemotherapy and the survival outcomes of patients with UGC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 79 patients diagnosed with UGC at our hospital who received at least second-line palliative chemotherapy were included. The cross-sectional SMM at the third lumbar vertebra was obtained before second-line chemotherapy. SMI was defined as the muscle area normalized by height squared (m2), and SMI before second-line chemotherapy was defined as 2ndSMI. RESULTS: Using 2ndSMI for men and women (35.4 and 31.7 cm2/m2, respectively) as the cutoff value, patients were divided into high (2ndSMIHigh; n=54) and low (2ndSMILow; n=25) 2ndSMI groups. The number of patients receiving fourth-line chemotherapy was significantly higher in the 2ndSMIHigh group than in the 2ndSMILow group (p=0.039). The overall survival time after the start of second-line chemotherapy was significantly higher in the 2ndSMIHigh group than in the 2ndSMILow group (p=0.008). The incidence of grade 3 or 4 side effects was significantly higher in the 2ndSMILow than in the 2ndSMIHigh group (p=0.028). The multivariate analysis identified 2ndSMI as independent prognostic factor after the start of second-line chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The 2ndSMILow group had a significantly worse prognosis and significantly less conversion to fourth-line chemotherapy than the 2ndSMIHigh group. Moreover, 2ndSMILow was associated with grade 3 or 4 side effects of second-line chemotherapy.

Preoperative Osteopenia as Risk Factor for Death from Other Diseases After Gastrectomy in Elderly Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Preoperative osteopenia, defined as low bone mineral density, is a prognostic factor in patients with digestive tract cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the correlation between preoperative osteopenia and GC in elderly patients is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 251 patients who had undergone curative surgery for histopathologically diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma from January 2008 to December 2012. Patients were classified into the non-elderly group (n=169) and the elderly group (n=82). Bone mineral density was calculated as the average pixel density (Hounsfield units) within a circle of the mid-vertebral core at the bottom of the 11th thoracic vertebra on preoperative computed tomography. RESULTS: Although overall survival was significantly shorter in the elderly compared to the non-elderly group (p=0.0062), there was no significant difference in disease-specific survival between the two groups (p=0.71) because of the higher rate of death from other diseases. In addition, the elderly group had a significantly higher incidence of osteopenia (p<0.001) and a significantly lower prognostic nutritional index (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative osteopenia and a low preoperative prognostic nutritional index were significant risk factors for death from other diseases after gastrectomy in elderly patients. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with GC, preoperative osteopenia is an important factor to consider in terms of both curability and death from other diseases.

Hepatectomy for massive hepatic necrosis after transcatheter arterial embolization hemostasis for hepatic hemorrhage following hepatic trauma: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: Although partial hepatic necrosis often occurs following endovascular treatment for bleeding associated with hepatic trauma, it is relatively rare that additional treatment is required. However, invasive procedures such as hepatic resection should sometimes be considered when infection occurs over massive hepatic necrosis. Abstract: Although partial hepatic necrosis following endovascular treatment for bleeding associated with hepatic trauma is occasionally experienced, it is relatively rare for the necrotic area of the liver to require additional treatment. However, invasive procedures such as hepatic resection should sometimes be considered when infection occurs over massive hepatic necrosis.

Preoperative Osteopenia Is a Risk Factor for Death in Patients Undergoing Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Preoperative osteopenia, defined as low bone mineral density (BMD), has been reported as a prognostic factor in patients with digestive tract cancers. However, the correlation between preoperative osteopenia and the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to reveal the importance of preoperative osteopenia as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing gastrectomy for GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 251 patients who had undergone curative surgery for histopathologically diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma from January 2008 to December 2012. BMD was calculated as the average pixel density (Hounsfield units) within a circle of the mid-vertebral core at the bottom of the 11th thoracic vertebra on preoperative computed tomography. RESULTS: Osteopenia had a high area under the curve and predictive value for both overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). The study cohort was categorized into an osteopenia group and non-osteopenia group based on the optimal BMD cutoff values for OS (157.5) and DSS (195) determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The multivariate analysis revealed that OS (hazard ratio=3.607, p<0.001) and DSS (hazard ratio=2.797, p=0.03) were significantly worse in patients with than without preoperative osteopenia. CONCLUSION: Preoperative osteopenia is associated with poor OS and DSS in patients undergoing gastrectomy for GC.

Impact of Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Propensity Score-Matched Short-Term Analysis.

Background: We compared short-term clinical outcomes between robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) and video-assisted thoracic esophagectomy (VATS-E) using propensity score-matched analysis. Methods: We enrolled 114 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy at our institution from January 2013 to January 2022. Propensity score matching was performed to minimize selection bias between the RAMIE and VATS-E groups. Results: After propensity score matching, 72 patients (RAMIE group, n = 36; VATS-E group, n = 36) were selected for analysis. No significant differences in clinical variables were observed between the two groups. The RAMIE group had a significantly longer thoracic operation time (313 ± 40 vs. 295 ± 35 min, P = 0.048), a higher number of right recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph nodes (4.2 ± 2.7 vs. 2.9 ± 1.9, P = 0.039), and a shorter postoperative hospital stay (23.2 ± 12.8 vs. 30.4 ± 18.6 days, P = 0.018) than the VATS-E group. The RAMIE group tended to have a lower rate of anastomotic leakage (13.9% vs. 30.6%) than the VATS-E group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.089). No significant differences were found in recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (11.1% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.722) or pneumonia (13.9% vs. 13.9%, P = 1.000) between the RAMIE group and the VATS-E group. Conclusion: Although RAMIE for esophageal cancer requires a longer thoracic surgery time, it might be a feasible and safe alternative to VATS-E for treating esophageal cancer. Further analysis is needed to clarify the advantages of RAMIE over VATS-E, especially in terms of long-term surgical outcomes.

A low cumulative perioperative prognostic nutritional index predicts poor long-term outcomes in patients with gastric cancer: A single-center retrospective study in Japan.

PURPOSE: Perioperative surgical stress and systemic inflammation resulting from complex interactions between cancer and the host play an important role in cancer progression. This retrospective study compared the prognostic impact of various perioperative cumulative inflammation- and nutrition-based markers in patients with gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: This study included 301 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent curative surgery. Perioperative cumulative markers were calculated using the newly developed trapezoidal area method. RESULTS: The cumulative prognostic nutritional index (cum-PNI) had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting the overall survival (OS) as well as the relapse-free survival (RFS). The cum-PNI was significantly correlated with tumor-related factors, including tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic involvement, vascular involvement, and TNM stage classification. The cum-PNI was also significantly correlated with surgical factors, including surgical approach, gastrectomy, lymphadenectomy, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications. Furthermore, the OS and RFS were poorer in patients with a low cum-PNI (< 236.3) than in those with a high cum-PNI (> 236.3). A multivariate analysis indicated that a low cum-PNI was an independent prognostic indicator in patients with GC. CONCLUSIONS: The cum-PNI might be useful for predicting the prognosis and guiding the perioperative management of patients with GC.

Right thoracoscopic resection in the supine position for recurrent pretracheal lymph nodes after esophagectomy.

Mediastinal lymph node recurrence is often observed following esophageal cancer surgery; however, no treatment has been established for the same. Surgical resection is often considered for cases of recurrence in a single lymph node region, although the procedures and approaches vary depending on the recurrence site. Right thoracoscopic resection is rarely opted for owing to its high surgical difficulty. Herein, we report a successful case of right thoracoscopic resection in the supine position for recurrent pretracheal lymph nodes following esophagectomy. The intraoperative findings revealed few adhesions around the recurrent lymph nodes due to the initial surgery, and the recurrent lymph nodes were safely resected within a short period. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 4 without any complications, and there was no recurrence after 20 months. Thus, right thoracoscopic resection may be a promising treatment option for recurrent pretracheal lymph nodes after esophagectomy.

Estimation of the physiologic ability and surgical stress scoring system as a useful predictor of postoperative recurrence in patients with stage II colorectal cancer: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: We determined the usefulness of the estimation of physiologic ability and surgical stress (E-PASS), initially reported as a predictive factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality, as a prognostic indicator in stage II colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Overall, 739 patients who underwent proctocolectomy for CRC at Tottori University Hospital and affiliated hospitals and histologically diagnosed with stage II CRC were included in the current study. RESULTS: A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the five-year recurrence-free survival indicated that the comprehensive risk score (CRS) of E-PASS predicted postoperative recurrence. A multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of preoperative perforation, T4, v ≥ 2, and CRSHigh (≥ 0.2267) were independent predictors of postoperative recurrence. Patients were assigned a score using these factors, as follows: the presence of perforation = 1, the absence of preoperative perforation = 0, T4 = 1, T3 = 0, v2/3 = 1, v0/1 = 0, CRSHigh = 1, and CRSLow = 0 (total score: 0-4). Accordingly, the respective 5-year relapse-free survival rates were 91.0%, 83.6%, 70.3%, and 52.0% among those with scores of 0, 1, 2, and both 3 and 4 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CRS predicts postoperative recurrence in patients with stage II CRC.

Evaluation of perioperative D-dimer concentration for predicting postoperative deep vein thrombosis following hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the predictive value of the perioperative D-dimer concentration for the development of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after hepatobiliary-pancreatic (HBP) surgery. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were 178 patients who underwent HBP surgery in our hospital between January, 2017 and December, 2021. The D-dimer concentration was measured preoperatively and on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 5. Postoperative DVT was diagnosed based on compression ultrasonography in both lower limbs on POD 6 or 7. RESULTS: Postoperative DVT developed in 21 (11.8%) of the 178 patients. The D-dimer concentration was significantly higher in the patients with than in those without postoperative DVT before surgery and on PODs 1, 3, and 5. The highest area under the curve of the D-dimer concentration for predicting DVT was 0.762 on POD 3. Multivariate analysis revealed that the D-dimer concentration on POD 3 was an independent predictive risk factor for postoperative DVT, along with the preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate. Preoperative albumin and D-dimer concentrations were also identified as independent predictive factors of an increase in D-dimer concentration on POD 3. CONCLUSIONS: The D-dimer concentration on POD 3 is a useful predictor of DVT after HBP surgery.

GPX4 Regulates Tumor Cell Proliferation via Suppressing Ferroptosis and Exhibits Prognostic Significance in Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme known to regulate ferroptosis, which is a non-apoptotic form of cell death accompanied by iron-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study evaluated the expression and function of GPX4 in GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of GPX4 was examined in five human GC cell lines (KATO-III, MKN-1, MKN-28, MKN-45, and MKN-74) using real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. The role of GPX4 in GC was examined using small interference RNA and cell proliferation and ROS assays. Finally, we analyzed GPX4 expression in tumor tissues from 106 patients who underwent GC surgery using immunohistochemistry and evaluated the relationship between GPX4 levels and clinical outcomes of GC. RESULTS: GPX4 was expressed in all GC cell lines at various levels. GPX4 silencing and inhibition significantly reduced cell proliferation and increased ROS generation. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, a known biomarker of ferroptosis, were increased after GPX4 silencing. GPX4 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall and disease-specific survival in GC patients. CONCLUSION: GPX4 can regulate cancer cell death via ferroptosis in GC cell lines and represents a significant risk factor for survival in patients with GC.

Robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: There are numerous indications for minimally invasive surgery. However, the laparoscopic approach for extended pelvic surgery is currently provided by only a few institutions specializing in cancer treatment, primarily because of technical difficulties that arise in cases involving a narrow pelvis and rigid forceps. We report a case of robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer involving the prostate. We assessed the feasibility of robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration and compared the short-term outcomes of other conventional and minimally invasive approaches. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old man was referred to our hospital after positive fecal blood test results. The initial diagnosis was clinical T4bN2aM0, Stage IIIC rectal cancer involving the prostate. The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Consequently, robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration with an ileal conduit and end colostomy creation were performed. The total operative duration was 9 h and 20 min. The durations of robot console usage by the colorectal and urological teams were 2 h 9 min and 2 h 23 min, respectively. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 21. The pathological diagnosis was T4b (prostate) N0M0, Stage IIC. The resection margin was 2.5 mm. During reassessment at 2 years after resection, no evidence of recurrence was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration was performed for a patient with advanced rectal cancer without serious complications. Robot-assisted total pelvic exenteration may provide the advantages of minimally invasive surgery, particularly in the enclosed space of the pelvis.

Influence of the water jet system vs cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator for liver resection on the remnant liver.

BACKGROUND: Several methods, such as finger fracture, Pean crush, cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA), and water jet (WJ), are used for hepatic parenchymal dissection in liver surgery. CUSA is the conventional method in Japan. WJ is a relatively novel method for parenchymal dissection. Although it has several advantages, such as lower volume of blood loss and shorter operative time, the effect of the WJ system for hepatic dissection on the remnant liver has not yet been investigated. AIM: To investigate and compare the effect of the WJ method vs CUSA on the remnant liver cut surface. METHODS: This observational study compared the two types of parenchymal transection methods (WJ vs CUSA) in liver surgery. In total, 24 and 40 patients who underwent hepatectomy using the WJ method and CUSA, respectively, were included in the analysis. Accordingly, the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of 24 and 40 patients were compared. Furthermore, postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to assess the cut surface length of the remnant liver and the degenerative thickness of the areas with a reduced contrast effect in the dissected plane. Then, the two groups were compared. RESULTS: On CT scan, the median areas of denaturation in the liver dissection planes were 522 (range: 109.5-1242) mm2 in the CUSA group and 324 (range: 93.6-1529) mm2 in the WJ group. The area did not significantly differ between the two groups; however, the denaturation thickness of the WJ group was significantly lower than that of the CUSA group [5.8 (range: 0.7-11.1) mm vs 3.3 (range: 1.7-10.4) mm, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: The WJ group had significantly thinner contrast-enhanced areas in the post hepatectomy detached section than the CUSA group.

Two Cases of Rectal Cancer with Retzius Shunt Treated with Robot-Assisted Surgery.

The retroperitoneal intestinal vein-general circulation anastomotic pathway is referred to as a Retzius shunt; however, it is not a well-recognized condition. Here, we describe two patients with a Retzius shunt who underwent robot-assisted surgery for rectal cancer. The first case was an 81-year-old woman who had tested positive for fecal occult blood. A type 0-Is tumor was found in the middle rectum, and we used robot-assisted surgery for resection. Intraoperative findings included a dilated vein between the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and inferior mesenteric vein (IMV); further, computed tomography (CT) revealed flow into the inferior vena cava (IVC). We clipped the vein without major bleeding and the tumor-specific mesorectal excision was completed. Thereafter, we reviewed relevant literature and identified the structure to be a Retzius shunt. The second case was 77-year-old man with type 1 advanced cancer in the middle rectum who underwent robot-assisted surgery. In this case, we recognized the Retzius shunt on preoperative CT due to our experience with the first case and surgery was completed without any problems. Preoperative recognition of vascular malformations, such as the Retzius shunt by CT is critical to ensure the safety of robot-assisted surgery.

Modified geriatric nutritional risk index in patients with pancreatic cancer: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The modified nutritional geriatric risk index (mGNRI) was developed as a novel index and provides a more appropriate prognostic index than the original GNRI, which was reported to be a useful index for predicting prognoses for various malignancies. This study investigated the prognostic significance of the mGNRI compared with that of the GNRI in patients with pancreatic cancer and the association with psoas muscle volume (PMV) for survival outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective study included 137 patients who had undergone pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. The enrolled patients were grouped as high mGNRI (≥ 85.3) or low mGNRI (< 85.3), and high GNRI (≥ 92) or low GNRI (< 92) for prognostic analysis based on cutoff values. A propensity-matched analysis was performed in this study. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival of patients in the high mGNRI group or high GNRI group was significantly longer than those in the low mGNRI group or low GNRI group. Statistically significant differences for the 5-year OS were observed in the three groups with respect to the combination of mGNRI and PMV. Patients with low mGNRI/low PMV had a worse 5-year OS rate compared with patients with high GNRI/high PMV or those with high GNRI or high PMV, but not both. The concordance index of the mGNRI to predict the 5-year overall survival was greater than that of the GNRI or the combination of the GNRI and PMV, but lower than that of the combination of the mGNRI and PMV. Multivariate analysis revealed that the mGNRI was an independent prognostic factor for patients with pancreatic cancer (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The mGNRI might be a more useful prognostic factor than the GNRI for patients with pancreatic cancer, and might predict prognostic outcomes more accurately when combined with PMV.

Geriatric nutritional risk index as a prognostic factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer.

The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic significance of geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) at the time of recurrence in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer, and the relationship between GNRI and skeletal muscle mass for survival outcomes after recurrence. This study enrolled 77 patients who developed postoperative recurrence. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was used in this study. The patients were divided into a high-GNRI group (n = 36) and a low-GNRI group (n = 41) for the GNRI, and were divided into a high-SMI group (n = 38) and a low-SMI group (n = 39) for SMI. The 2-year post-recurrence overall survival of patients in the high-GNRI group was significantly longer than that of patients in the low-GNRI group (P = 0.001). No significant difference for the 2-year post-recurrence OS curves between the high-SMI group and the low-SMI group was observed (P = 0.125). Upon stratifying the patients with high GNRI or low GNRI according to SMI, There was no significant difference in the 2-year post-recurrence OS curves between the patients with both high GNRI and high SMI and the patients with high GNRI and low SMI (P = 0.399). Similarly, There was no significant difference in the 2-year post-recurrence OS curves between the patients with low GNRI and high SMI and the patients with both low GNRI and low SMI (P = 0.256). Multivariate analysis revealed that the GNRI at the time of recurrence was an independent prognostic risk factor in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer (P = 0.019). The GNRI at the time of recurrence is useful for predicting the prognosis in patients with recurrence pancreatic cancer. Skeletal muscle mass at the time of recurrence is not contributed to predict post-recurrence survival of patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer.

Risk factors for recurrence in elderly patients with stage II colorectal cancer: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered appropriate for patients with risk factors for recurrence, rather than for all patients uniformly. However, the risk factors for recurrence remain controversial, and there is limited information, especially for elderly patients. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is widely used as a simple nutritional screening tool in the elderly and is associated with cancer prognosis and recurrence. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for recurrence in the elderly with stage II CRC, focusing on the GNRI. METHODS: We enrolled 348 elderly patients (≥ 75 years) with stage II CRC who underwent curative resection at the Department of Surgery, Tottori University and our 10 affiliated institutions. The patients were divided into GNRIhigh (≥ 93.465) and GNRIlow (< 93.465) groups. RESULTS: The GNRIlow group showed a significantly worse overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). In a multivariate analysis, GNRIlow (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.244, P < 0.001), pathologic T4 stage (HR: 1.658, P = 0.014), and moderate to severe lymphatic or venous invasion (HR: 1.460, P = 0.033) were independent factors affecting RFS. By using these three factors to score the risk of recurrence from 0 to 3 points, the prognosis was significantly stratified in terms of OS, CSS, and RFS (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). The recurrence rate for each score was as follows: 0 points, 9.8%; 1 point, 22.0%; 2 points, 37.3%; and 3 points, 61.9%. CONCLUSIONS: GNRIlow, pathologic T4 stage, and moderate to severe lymphatic or venous invasion are high-risk factors for recurrence in the elderly with stage II CRC. The scoring system using these three factors appropriately predicted their recurrence and outcome.