High Expression of Tetraspanin 5 as a Prognostic Marker of Colorectal Cancer.

Cancer is a major disease and the leading cause of death worldwide, with colorectal cancer (CRC) being the third-most common cancer in Korea. The survival rate associated with CRC reduces as the disease stage increases. Therefore, its early detection and treatment can greatly increase patient survival rates. In this study, we identified the tetraspanin 5 (TSPAN5) gene as an important biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC. A TMA slide was used for statistical analysis. pN and clinical stage were found to be significant factors according to chi-square analysis, whereas pT, pN, metastasis, clinical stage, and TSPAN5 expression were significant according to Cox regression analysis. In order to prove the usefulness of TSPAN5, which is overexpressed in patients with metastatic CRC, as a biomarker, proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity were examined using cell lines inhibited using small interfering RNA. The evaluations confirmed that TSPAN5 suppression, in turn, suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis, which are characteristic of cancer cells. Therefore, the evaluation of TSPAN5 expression may help observe the prognosis of CRC and determine an appropriate treatment method for patients with CRC.

Genomic Insight into Shimazuella Soli Sp. Nov. Isolated from Soil and Its Putative Novel Class II Lasso Peptide.

The strain designated as AN120528T was isolated from farmland soil in South Korea. This strain grows well on R2A medium at 28 °C. The cells are an off-white colour and have no hyphae. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain is a member of the genus Shimazuella with a 98.11% similarity to Shimazuella alba KC615T and a 97.05% similarity to S. kribbensis KCTC 9933T, respectively. The strain AN120528T shares common chemotaxonomic features with the other two type strains in the genus. It has MK-9 (H4) and MK-10 (H4) as its predominant menaquinones. The major fatty acids are iso-C14:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lipids (L), and aminolipids (AL) were identified as the major cellular polar lipids. Analysis of the peptidoglycan showed the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome of the strain is approximately 3.3 Mbp in size. The strain showed a 77.5% average nucleotide identity (ANI) with S. alba KC615T. The genomic DNA (gDNA) G + C content is 39.0%. Based on polyphasic taxonomy analysis, it is proposed that this strain, AN120528T, represents a novel species in the genus Shimazuella, designated as Shimazuella soli sp. nov. The type stain is AN120528T (=KCTC 39810T = DSM 103571T). Furthermore, shimazuellin I, a new 15-amino-acid peptide, was discovered in the AN120528T through genome mining; it has the features of a lasso peptide, containing eight amino acids (-G-Q-G-G-S-N-N-D-) that form a macrolactam ring and seven amino acids (-D-G-W-Y-H-S-K-) that form a tail.

Position Classification of the Endotracheal Tube with Automatic Segmentation of the Trachea and the Tube on Plain Chest Radiography Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network.

Background: This study aimed to develop an algorithm for multilabel classification according to the distance from carina to endotracheal tube (ETT) tip (absence, shallow > 70 mm, 30 mm ≤ proper ≤ 70 mm, and deep position < 30 mm) with the application of automatic segmentation of the trachea and the ETT on chest radiographs using deep convolutional neural network (CNN). Methods: This study was a retrospective study using plain chest radiographs. We segmented the trachea and the ETT on images and labeled the classification of the ETT position. We proposed models for the classification of the ETT position using EfficientNet B0 with the application of automatic segmentation using Mask R-CNN and ResNet50. Primary outcomes were favorable performance for automatic segmentation and four-label classification through five-fold validation with segmented images and a test with non-segmented images. Results: Of 1985 images, 596 images were manually segmented and consisted of 298 absence, 97 shallow, 100 proper, and 101 deep images according to the ETT position. In five-fold validations with segmented images, Dice coefficients [mean (SD)] between segmented and predicted masks were 0.841 (0.063) for the trachea and 0.893 (0.078) for the ETT, and the accuracy for four-label classification was 0.945 (0.017). In the test for classification with 1389 non-segmented images, overall values were 0.922 for accuracy, 0.843 for precision, 0.843 for sensitivity, 0.922 for specificity, and 0.843 for F1-score. Conclusions: Automatic segmentation of the ETT and trachea images and classification of the ETT position using deep CNN with plain chest radiographs could achieve good performance and improve the physician's performance in deciding the appropriateness of ETT depth.

Streptomyces sp. AN090126 as a Biocontrol Agent against Bacterial and Fungal Plant Diseases.

Bacteria and fungi are major phytopathogens which substantially affect global agricultural productivity. In the present study, Streptomyces sp. AN090126, isolated from agricultural suppressive soil in Korea, showed broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. In the 96-well plate assay, the fermentation filtrate of Streptomyces sp. AN090126 exhibited antimicrobial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.63-10% for bacteria and 0.63-3.3% for fungi. The MIC of the partially purified fraction was 20.82-250 µg/mL for bacteria and 15.6-83.33 µg/mL for fungi. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that AN090126 produced various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including dimethyl sulfide and trimethyl sulfide, which inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in in vitro VOC assays. In pot experiments, the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AN090126 reduced tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, red pepper leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, and creeping bentgrass dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the secondary metabolites derived from this strain showed a synergistic effect with streptomycin sulfate against streptomycin-resistant Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, the causative agent of Kimchi cabbage soft rot, in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Therefore, Streptomyces sp. AN090126 is a potential biocontrol agent in controlling plant diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and fungi, specifically by the streptomycin-resistant strains.

New discovery on the nematode activity of aureothin and alloaureothin isolated from endophytic bacteria Streptomyces sp. AE170020.

Endophytic bacteria, a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites, are ideal candidates for environmentally benign agents. In this study, an endophytic strain, Streptomyces sp. AE170020, was isolated and selected for the purification of nematicidal substances based on its high nematicidal activity. Two highly active components, aureothin and alloaureothin, were identified, and their chemical structures were determined using spectroscopic analysis. Both compounds suppressed the growth, reproduction, and behavior of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In in vivo experiments, the extracts of strain Streptomyces sp. AE170020 effectively suppressed the development of pine wilt disease in 4-year-old plants of Pinus densiflora. The potency of secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic strains suggests applications in controlling Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and opens an avenue for further research on exploring bioactive substances against the pine wood nematode.

Expression of Spermine Oxidase Is Associated with Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Prognosis of Patients.

Uncovering tumor markers of colorectal cancer is important for the early detection and prognosis of the patients. Spermine oxidase (SMOX) is upregulated in various cancers. The present study aims to explore the biologic function and expression patterns of SMOX in colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer worldwide. We used quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and in vitro functional studies in four CRC cell lines knocked down by SMOX siRNA and immunohistochemistry in 350 cases of CRC tissues. The results showed that SMOX was overexpressed in CRC cell lines and clinical samples. SMOX overexpression in tumor tissues was an independent prognostic factor, worsening overall survival (p = 0.001). The knock-down of SMOX inhibited CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and soft agar colony formation, uncovering its carcinogenic functions. This study indicated that SMOX overexpression could be an important oncogene in CRC and might serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for CRC.

Salinarimonas soli sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A light pink coloured bacterium, designated strain BN140002T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain BN140002T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed 94.7, 94.7, 93.9, 93.3, 93.4 and 93.0% similarities to Salinarimonas rosea KCTC 22346T, Salinarimonas ramus DSM 22962T, Saliniramus fredricksonii HL-109T, Microvirga soli R491T, Chelatococcus caeni EBR-4-1T and Chelatococcus composti PC-2T, respectively. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and summed feature 1 (C12 : 0 aldehyde and/or unknown 10.98) and the predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain BN140002T was 70.1 mol%. The genomic orthoANI values between strain BN140002T and Salinarimonas rosea KCTC 22346T and Salinarimonas ramus DSM 22962T were 75.0 and 74.8 %, respectively. Strain BN140002T had a class I-C type CRISPR-Cas system (CRISPR-associated helicase Cas3, CRISPR-associated protein Cas8c, CRISPR-associated protein Cas7, CRISPR-associated RecB family exonuclease Cas4, CRISPR-associated protein 1, 2). Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain BN140002T should be assigned as a novel species of the genus Salinarimonas, for which the name Salinarimonas soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BN140002T (=KCTC 42643T=CCTCC AB 2017173T).

Solihabitans fulvus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Pseudonocardiaceae isolated from soil.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on an actinobacterial strain (AN110305T) isolated from soil sampled in the Republic of Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of strain AN110305T with Actinomycetia, with highest pairwise sequence similarities to Goodfellowiella coeruleoviolacea DSM 43935T (97.6%), Umezawaea tangerina MK27-91F2T (97.0%), Kutzneria chonburiensis NBRC 110610T (96.9%), Kutzneria buriramensis A-T 1846T (96.8%), Umezawaea endophytica YIM 2047XT (96.8%), Kutzneria albida NRRL B-24060T (96.7%) and Saccharothrix coeruleofusca NRRL B-16115T (96.6%). Cells of strain AN110305T formed pale-yellow colonies on Reasoner's 2A agar. MK-9 (H4) (68%) and MK-10 (H4) (32%) were the predominant menaquinones. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethyl ethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified aminophospholipid were major polar lipids. Iso-C16:0 (24.5%), anteiso-C15:0 (19.3%), anteiso-C17:0 (15.7%) and iso-C15:0 (15.2%) were the major fatty acids and meso-diaminopimelic acid was the pepdidoglycan. The cell-wall sugars were composed of galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. Based on genotypic and phenotypic data, strain AN110305T could be distinguished from all genera within the family Pseudonocardiaceae and represents a novel genus and species named Solihabitans fulvus gen. nov., sp nov. The type strain is AN110305T (=KCTC 39307T =DSM 103572T).

Nocardioides humilatus sp. nov., isolated from farmland soil in the Republic of Korea.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, irregularly rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as BN130099T, was isolated from farmland soil sampled in Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain is closely related to Nocardioides pelophilus KACC 19192T with 98.11 % similarity. The DNA G+C content of strain BN130099T was 68.84 mol% (draft genome sequence). The genome sequence of BN130099T displayed key enzymes involved in bioremediation of organic pollutants and biosynthetic clusters of saquayamycin. The strain contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-8(H4) as the major respiratory quinone. The predominant fatty acid was iso-C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The results of physiological and biochemical characterization allowed the phenotypic differentiation of strain BN130099T from N. pelophilus KACC 19192T. The strain represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which we propose the name Nocardioides humilatus sp. nov. The type strain is BN130099T (=KCTC 49079T=CCTCC AB 2018135T).

Description of desferrioxamine-producing bacterium Chitinophaga agrisoli sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, yellow-pigmented and non-spore forming rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain BN140078T, was isolated from farmland soil, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. It was able to grow aerobically at 10-40 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 5.5-7.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-2.0% (w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum 1.0%) on Reasoner's 2A (R2A) agar medium. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain BN140078T had 96.9%, 96.5% and 96.1% 16S rRNA gene similarities with Chitinophaga ginsengihumi KACC 17604T, Chitinophaga rupis KACC 14521T and Chitinophaga japonensis KACC 12057T, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7 and the major fatty acids (≥ 5%) were C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and Summed Feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified amino lipids and six unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.5 mol%. The genome of strain BN140078T comprises a number of biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, in particular those for non-ribosomal peptide products. The polyphasic taxonomic study clearly distinguished this strain from its closest phylogenetic neighbors. Thus, we propose that the BN140078T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga agrisoli sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is BN140078T (=KCTC 62555T = CCTCC AB 2018162T).

Nocardioides antri sp. nov., Isolated from Soil in a Rock Cave.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated as BN140041T, was isolated from cave soil at Gubyeongsan Mountain, Boeun-gun, Chungbuk province in Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain is closely related to Nocardioides silvaticus S-34 T, N. pelophilus THG-T63T, and N. immobilis FLL521T with 97.4%, 97.1%, and 96.8% similarity. The draft genome length was 4.27 Mb containing 424 contigs with a DNA G + C content of 70.5 mol%. The ANI value between strain BN140044T and its closely related species N. silvaticus S-34 T was 82.6%. The genome sequence of BN140041T displayed a key enzyme involved in the bioremediation of organic pollutants. The diagnostic diamino acid of peptidoglycan was LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. The major respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4), and the major fatty acids (> 5% of the total fatty acids) were iso-C16:0 (55.3%), C18:1ω9c (7.7%) and iso-C17:0 (5.7%). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol. The results of genotypical, physiological, and biochemical characterization allow the phenotypic differentiation of strain BN140041T from related the Nocardioides strains. Therefore, strain BN140041T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which we propose the name Nocardioides antri sp. nov. The type strain is BN140041T (= KCTC 49080 T = CCTCC AB 2018226 T).

Brightness of Microtrench Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Visual Detection of Intermediate Wetting States.

For a superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface under water, the dewetted or wetted states are easily distinguishable by the bright silvery plastron or lack of it, respectively. However, to detect an intermediate state between the two, where water partially intrudes the surface roughness, a special visualization technique has been needed. Focusing on SHPo surfaces of parallel microtrenches and considering drag reduction as a prominent application, we (i) show the reliance on surface brightness alone may seriously mislead the wetting state, (ii) theorize how the brightness is determined by water intrusion depth and viewing direction, (iii) support the theory experimentally with confocal microscopy and CCD cameras, (iv) present how to estimate the intrusion depth using optical images taken from different angles, and (v) showcase how to detect intermediate states slightly off the properly dewetted state by simply looking. The proposed method would allow monitoring SHPo trench surfaces without bulky instruments-especially useful for large samples and field tests.

Nematicidal activity of teleocidin B4 isolated from Streptomyces sp. against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

BACKGROUND: Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a plant disease that causes serious damage to pine trees. PWD occurs when the host plant is infected with pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, a compound with nematicidal activity was isolated from actinomycetes and its efficacy was investigated in vitro. RESULT: We screened and selected Streptomyces sp. 680560, which had nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, it showed 99.93% similarity with Streptomyces blastmyceticus NRRB-5480T . Furthermore, the active compound was isolated and identified as teleocidin B4. Teleocidin B4 at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100 µM had low nematicidal activity after 24 and 36 h against adult and stage juveniles (J2) of B. xylophilus, but after 48 h nematicidal activity exceeded 95%. The rate of inhibition of egg hatching for Teleocidin B4 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM was confirmed to be dose-dependently inhibited after 48 h of treatment. Teleocidin B4 is not only toxic to hatched B. xylophilus, but also affects egg hatching. CONCLUSION: This study was carried out to isolate actinomycete metabolites from pine tree endophytes from various natural environments for control of PWD. A compound with nematicidal activity was isolated from a selected strain and its structure was identified as teleocidin B4. The nematicidal effect of the isolated active substance, teleocidin B4, was confirmed. This is the first report of the effect of teleocidin B4 on B. xylophilus, suggesting its possibility as a PWD control agent. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lentibacillus saliphilus. sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a saltern in Korea.

A novel moderately halophilic bacterial strain, designated YIM 93176T, was isolated from a saltern in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. This isolate YIM 93176T was observed to grow in the presence of 0-22% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 6.0-10.0 and 10-45 °C; optimum growth was observed with 5-10% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0-9.0 and 28-37 °C. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, the nearest relatives were Lentibacillus alimentarius M2024T (96.5% similarity), followed by Virgibacillus carmonensis LMG 20964T (96.0%) and the other type strains of the family Bacillaceae, but phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain YIM 93176T belonged to the cluster comprising type species of the genus Lentibacillus. Genome sequencing of strain YIM 93176T revealed a genome size of 3.2 Mb and a DNA G + C content of 40.5 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (40.7%) and iso-C15:0 (26.4%), while the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. These genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics supported affiliation of strain YIM 93176T to the genus Lentibacillus. In addition, phenotypic characteristics could distinguish strain YIM 93176T from its closely related species in genus Lentibacillus. Based on the cumulative evidences from the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain YIM 93176T represents a novel species of the genus Lentibacillus, for which name Lentibacillus saliphilus sp. nov. (type strain YIM 93176T = CCTCC AB 208139T = DSM 21375T) is proposed.

Prognostic Relevance of HJURP Expression in Patients with Surgically Resected Colorectal Cancer.

HJURP is a key factor for CENP-A deposition and maintenance in centromeres. The role of mis-regulation of histone chaperones in cancer initiation and progression has been studied. However, its role in colorectal cancer is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of HJURP in 162 colorectal cancer tissue. To investigate the function of HJURP in the colorectal cancer cell, we suppressed HJURP expression by siRNA and confirmed proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage independent of colony forming ability. The association between HJURP expression levels and clinicopathological factors was evaluated in 162 CRC tissues using immunohistochemistry. The overall survival rate in patients of HJURP high expression was higher than those in HJURP low expression in CRC. Suppressing HJURP expression decreased cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration in four CRC cell lines: HT29, HCT116, SW480, SW620 in vitro study. Our findings revealed that the knockdown of HJURP suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity in CRC cells. Due to its strong association with CRC, HJURP could be a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel target for drug discovery.

Downregulation of miR-9 correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.

INTRODUCTION: microRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in many human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and are useful candidate biomarkers in liquid biopsy of cancer for their stability in the blood. METHODS: We compared the expression of microRNA-9 (miR-9) in tissues (n = 357) and sera (n = 109) of CRC patients to determine whether miR-9 in serum reflects that in the cancer tissue in parallel. Also, we examined the miR-9 role in CRC by in vitro functional studies in four CRC cell lines. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis of colorectal cancer tissues and sera, miR-9 low expressions were significantly associated pN stage (tissues; p < 0.01, serum; p = 0.013), and clinical stage (tissues; p < 0.01, serum; p = 0.031). Moreover, patients with low miR-9 expression had shorter survival than those with high miR-9 expression (log-rank test, tissue; p = 0.021, serum; p = 0.011). miR-9 level in serum reflects that in the tumor. The CRC cells with low miR-9 expression was significantly increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation than cells with high miR-9 expression. CONCLUSION: Serum miR-9 is an useful early detection marker in liquid biopsy of CRC and overexpression of miR-9 in CRC may be a novel prognostic marker as well.

Self-Powered Plastron Preservation and One-Step Molding of Semiactive Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

Gas-trapping-typically superhydrophobic (SHPo)-surfaces are useful for underwater applications only while their plastron lasts. Because the plastron unfortunately disappears under most practical conditions, various active approaches to supply ample gas have been reported, including the semiactive SHPo surface based on self-regulated electrolysis. Here, we report two major advances: (i) a self-powered plastron restoration mechanism that obviates the need for external power; (ii) a one-step molding process to mass-manufacture semiactive SHPo surfaces. The advances clear major hurdles for real-world implementation.

Caulobacter soli sp. nov., isolated from soil sampled at Jiri Mountain, Republic of Korea.

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile with a single polar flagellum and rod-shaped bacterium, Ji-3-8T, was isolated from a soil sample taken from Jiri Mountain, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed the isolate had clear affiliation with Alphaproteobacteria and the closest relatedness to Caulobacter rhizosphaerae KCTC 52515T, Caulobacter henricii ATCC 15253T, Caulobacter segnis ATCC 21756T, Caulobacter hibisci THG-AG3.4T, Caulobacter flavus RHGG3T and Caulobacter vibrioides CB51T showing 99.1, 98.9, 97.7, 97.6, 97.5 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively, and 94.7-96.5 % to the remaining species of genus Caulobacter. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl, C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c). The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phosphoglycolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Ji-3-8T was 68.1 mol%. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain Ji-3-8T with C. rhizosphaerae KCTC 52515T, C. henricii ATCC 15253T, C. segnis ATCC 21756T, C. flavus RHGG3T and C. vibrioides were 79.7-87.7% and 23.0-34.3%, respectively. Based on the polyphasic evidence, it is proposed that strain Ji-3-8T forms a novel species in the genus Caulobacter, for which the name Caulobacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Ji-3-8T (=CCTCC AB 2019389T=KCTC 72990T).

Current commercialization status of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidics.

The emergence of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) in the early 2000s made the once-obscure electrowetting phenomenon practical and led to numerous activities over the last two decades. As an eloquent microscale liquid handling technology that gave birth to digital microfluidics, EWOD has served as the basis for many commercial products over two major application areas: optical, such as liquid lenses and reflective displays, and biomedical, such as DNA library preparation and molecular diagnostics. A number of research or start-up companies (e.g., Phillips Research, Varioptic, Liquavista, and Advanced Liquid Logic) led the early commercialization efforts and eventually attracted major companies from various industry sectors (e.g., Corning, Amazon, and Illumina). Although not all of the pioneering products became an instant success, the persistent growth of liquid lenses and the recent FDA approvals of biomedical analyzers proved that EWOD is a powerful tool that deserves a wider recognition and more aggressive exploration. This review presents the history around major EWOD products that hit the market to show their winding paths to commercialization and summarizes the current state of product development to peek into the future. In providing the readers with a big picture of commercializing EWOD and digital microfluidics technology, our goal is to inspire further research exploration and new entrepreneurial adventures.