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Hair loss affects men and women of all ages. Myokines, which are mainly secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, have numerous health benefits. VEGF, IGF-1, FGF and irisin are reprehensive myokines. Although VEGF, IGF-1 and FGF are positively associated with hair growth, few studies have researched the effects of irisin on hair growth. Here, we investigated whether irisin promotes hair growth using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo patch assays, as well as mouse models. We show that irisin increases proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Irisin activated the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway, thereby upregulating Wnt5a, Wnt10b and LEF-1, which play an important role in hair growth. Moreover, irisin enhanced human hair shaft elongation. In vivo, patch assays revealed that irisin promotes the generation of new hair follicles, accelerates entry into the anagen phase, and significantly increases hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. However, XAV939, a Wnt/ß-catenin signalling inhibitor, suppressed the irisin-mediated increase in hair shaft and hair growth. These results indicate that irisin increases hair growth via the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway and highlight its therapeutic potential in hair loss treatment.
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Fibronectinas , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Folículo Piloso , Cabelo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Via de Sinalização Wnt , beta Catenina , Animais , Humanos , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Cabelo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Folículo Piloso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folículo Piloso/metabolismo , Fator 1 de Ligação ao Facilitador Linfoide/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Proteína Wnt-5a/metabolismo , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Proteínas Proto-OncogênicasRESUMO
Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) has a heterogeneous clinical course. However, immune profiles associated with MAC-PD clinical course are limited. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21 MAC-PD patients divided into three clinical courses: group A, spontaneous culture conversion; group B, stable disease without antibiotic treatment; and group C, progressive disease with antibiotic treatment. A lower proportion of NK cells and higher proportion of monocytes were noted in group C compared to combined groups A and B. The proportion of classical monocytes was higher in group C compared to groups A and B, while the proportion of non-classical monocytes decreased. EGR1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and CD83 were up-regulated in spontaneous culture conversion group A compared to progressive disease group C. Up-regulation of MYOM2 and LILRA4 and down-regulation of MT-ATP8, CD83, and CCL3L1 was found in progressive disease group C. PCBP1, FOS, RGCC, S100B, G0S2, AREG, and LYN were highly expressed in favorable treatment response compared to unfavorable response. Our findings may offer a comprehensive understanding of the host immune profiles that influence a particular MAC-PD clinical course and could suggest an immunological mechanism associated with the disease progression of MAC-PD.
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Complexo Mycobacterium avium , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Idoso , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/microbiologia , Pneumopatias/microbiologia , Pneumopatias/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Progressão da Doença , Monócitos/metabolismo , Monócitos/imunologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes is a growing usage pattern in adults, but little is known about the motivations underlying this trend. We investigated the reasons for e-cigarette use among adults who smoke, considering variation in sociodemographic subgroups. METHODS: This repeated cross-sectional study analysed adults who smoked at least weekly and vaped at any frequency. Data were from the International Tobacco Control Korea Surveys conducted in 2016 (n=164) and 2020 (n=1088). Fourteen reasons for e-cigarette use were assessed in both waves. Subgroup analyses were performed by age, sex and educational level. RESULTS: The top reasons for e-cigarette use in 2020 were curiosity (62.8%), less harmful than smoking (45.4%) and taste (43.2%). Curiosity was the most cited across age, sex and education subgroups. Significant differences were observed in 2020 compared with 2016, with lower percentages in goal-oriented reasons: helping quit smoking (36.3% vs 48.9%; p=0.017), helping cut down smoking (35.3% vs 52.7%; p=0.001), less harmful to others (39.0% vs 54.6%; p=0.003) and more acceptable (31.6% vs 61.2%; p<0.001). By contrast, non-goal-oriented reasons showed higher percentages in 2020, such as curiosity (62.8% vs 27.9%; p<0.001), taste (43.2% vs 22.1%; p<0.001) and enjoyment (26.8% vs 8.6%; p<0.001). In 2020, a majority of adults who smoked and vaped (53.3%) reported no intention to quit or reduce smoking. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use for curiosity and pleasure predominated among adults who smoked. The reasons for dual use in adults have shifted from goal-oriented to non-goal-oriented.
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INTRODUCTION: Although the risk of CVD is increased in cancer survivors, few studies have investigated the CVD risk in survivors of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Therefore, we evaluated the CVD risk using the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score for GI cancer survivors and associated physical activity factors. METHODS: Using the 2014-2019 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, data were collected for 262 GI cancer survivors and 1,310 cancer-free controls matched at a 1:5 ratio based on age and sex. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form was used to assess physical activity, and the Euro QoL Questionnaire 5-Dimensional Classification (EQ-5D) was used to assess the health-related quality of life. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated a lower risk of ASCVD in GI cancer survivors than in controls (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.55-0.97). Moreover, the risk of having a high ASCVD score was significantly lower in individuals who performed sufficient aerobic physical activity (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.47-0.75) and those with an EQ-5D score 1 or 2 (aOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.20-0.65 and aOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.58, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study demonstrated that engaging in sufficient physical activity can reduce the ASCVD risk among GI cancer survivors.
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Sobreviventes de Câncer , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Exercício Físico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Sobreviventes de Câncer/estatística & dados numéricos , Sobreviventes de Câncer/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/psicologia , República da Coreia/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Idoso , Adulto , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Disease susceptibility and progression of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is associated with multiple factors, including low body mass index (BMI). However, the specific impact of low BMI on MAC-PD progression remains poorly understood. This study aims to examine the progression of MAC-PD in the context of low BMI, utilising a disease-resistant mouse model. METHODS: We employed a MAC infection-resistant female A/J mouse model to compare the progression of MAC-PD under two dietary conditions: one group was fed a standard protein diet, representing protein-energy unrestricted conditions, and the other was fed a low protein diet (LPD), representing protein-energy restriction. FINDINGS: Our results reveal that protein-energy restriction significantly exacerbates MAC-PD progression by disrupting lipid metabolism. Mice fed an LPD showed elevated fatty acid levels and related gene expressions in lung tissues, similar to findings of increased fatty acids in the serum of patients who exhibited the MAC-PD progression. These mice also exhibited increased CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages upon MAC infection. In vitro experiments emphasised the crucial role of CD36-mediated palmitic acid uptake in bacterial proliferation. Importantly, in vivo studies demonstrated that administering anti-CD36 antibody to LPD-fed A/J mice reduced macrophage lipid accumulation and impeded bacterial growth, resulting in remarkable slowing disease progression. INTERPRETATION: Our findings indicate that the metabolic status of host immune cells critically influences MAC-PD progression. This study highlights the potential of adequate nutrient intake in preventing MAC-PD progression, suggesting that targeting CD36-mediated pathways might be a host-directed therapeutic strategy to managing MAC infection. FUNDING: This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and the Korea National Institute of Health.
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Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/metabolismo , Antígenos CD36/metabolismo , Antígenos CD36/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Complexo Mycobacterium avium , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Mycobacterium avium , Suscetibilidade a DoençasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We evaluated whether the sputum bacterial microbiome differs between nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) patients with stable disease not requiring antibiotic treatment and those requiring antibiotics. METHODS: We collected sputum samples from 21 clinically stable NTM-PD patients (stable group) and 14 NTM-PD patients needing antibiotic treatment (treatment group). We also obtained 13 follow-up samples from the stable group. We analyzed the 48 samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 region) and compared the groups. RESULTS: In the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis, the species Porphyromonas pasteri, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Prevotella nanceiensis, and Gemella haemolysans were significantly more prevalent in the sputum of the stable group compared to the treatment group. No taxa showed significant differences in alpha-/beta-diversity or LEfSe between the 21 baseline and 13 follow-up sputum samples in the stable group. In the stable group, the genus Bergeyella and species Prevotella oris were less common in patients who achieved spontaneous culture conversion (n = 9) compared to those with persistent NTM positivity (n = 12) (effect size 3.04, p = 0.039 for Bergeyella; effect size 3.64, p = 0.033 for P. oris). In the treatment group, H. parainfluenzae was more common in patients with treatment success (n = 7) than in treatment-refractory patients (n = 7) (effect size 4.74, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified distinct bacterial taxa in the sputum of NTM-PD patients based on disease status. These results suggest the presence of a microbial environment that helps maintain disease stability.
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Microbiota , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Escarro , Humanos , Escarro/microbiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Microbiota/genética , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Idoso , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/isolamento & purificação , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/genética , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/classificação , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Pneumopatias/microbiologia , Pneumopatias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the clinical practice patterns of post-polypectomy colonoscopic surveillance among Korean endoscopists. METHODS: In a web-based survey conducted between September and November 2021, participants were asked about their preferred surveillance intervals and the patient age at which surveillance was discontinued. Adherence to the recent guidelines of the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer (USMSTF) was also analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 196 endoscopists completed the survey. The most preferred first surveillance intervals were: a 5-year interval after the removal of 1-2 tubular adenomas < 10 mm; a 3-year interval after the removal of 3-10 tubular adenomas < 10 mm, adenomas ≥ 10 mm, tubulovillous or villous adenomas, ≤ 20 hyperplastic polyps < 10 mm, 1-4 sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) < 10 mm, hyperplastic polyps or SSLs ≥ 10 mm, and traditional serrated adenomas; and a 1-year interval after the removal of adenomas with highgrade dysplasia, >10 adenomas, 5-10 SSLs, and SSLs with dysplasia. In piecemeal resections of large polyps ( > 20 mm), surveillance colonoscopy was mostly preferred after 1 year for adenomas and 6 months for SSLs. The mean USMSTF guideline adherence rate was 30.7%. The largest proportion of respondents (40.8%-55.1%) discontinued the surveillance at the patient age of 80-84 years. CONCLUSIONS: A significant discrepancy was observed between the preferred post-polypectomy surveillance intervals and recent international guidelines. Individualized measures are required to increase adherence to the guidelines.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: We aimed to validate clinical decision support tools (CDSTs) to predict real-life effectiveness of vedolizumab (VDZ) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled patients with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) treated with VDZ at 10 tertiary referral centres in Korea between January 2017 and November 2021. We assessed clinical remission (CREM) and response (CRES), corticosteroid-free clinical remission (CSF-CREM) and response (CSF-CRES), biochemical response based on C-reactive protein (BioRES[CRP]) and faecal calprotectin (BioRES[FC]), endoscopic healing (EH), and the need to optimise or switch drugs based on CDST-defined response groups. Additionally, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for the CDSTs was calculated. RESULTS: We included 143 patients with CD and 219 with UC. We observed incremental trends on CSF-CRES at week 14 (W14) (ptrend = 0.004) and decreasing trends for the need to optimise or switch drugs (ptrend = 0.016) in CD from the low to high probability groups. Except for CSF-CREM at W54, we noticed incremental trends for all clinical responses at W14, W26 and W54 (ptrend <0.001) in UC. W26 and W54 BioRES[CRP] and W14 EH also showed increasing trends (ptrend <0.05) in UC. With increasing probabilities of response, drug optimisation or switching was less frequently required in UC (ptrend = 0.013). With 26 points cut-off, CDSTs effectively identified W14 CSF-CRES, W26 BioRES[CRP], BioRES[FC] and W54 BioRES[CRP] in UC, all with AUCs >0.600, whereas CDSTs showed poor accuracy in CD. CONCLUSIONS: CDSTs for VDZ had acceptable accuracy in predicting effectiveness outcomes including clinical and biochemical outcomes in UC. However, their utility in CD was limited.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Fármacos Gastrointestinais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Fármacos Gastrointestinais/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Sistemas de Apoio a Decisões Clínicas , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , República da Coreia , Complexo Antígeno L1 Leucocitário/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Fezes/química , Indução de Remissão/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The global market of flavour capsule cigarettes (FCCs) has grown significantly over the past decade; however, prevalence data exist for only a few countries. This study examined prevalence and perceptions of FCCs among adults who smoke across five countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional data among adults who smoked cigarettes came from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Surveys-Brazil (2016/2017), Japan (2021), Republic of Korea (2021), Malaysia (2020) and Mexico (2021). FCCs use was measured based on reporting one's usual/current brand or favourite variety has flavour capsule(s). Perceptions of the harmfulness of one's usual brand versus other brands were compared between those who used capsules versus no capsules. Adjusted logistic regression models examined correlates of FCC use. RESULTS: There were substantial differences in the prevalence of FCC use among adults who smoke across the five countries: Mexico (50.3% in 2021), Republic of Korea (31.8% in 2021), Malaysia (26.5% in 2020), Japan (21.6% in 2021) and Brazil (6.7% in 2016/2017). Correlates of FCC use varied across countries. Capsule use was positively associated with being female in Japan and Mexico, younger age in Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia, high education in Brazil, Japan and Mexico, non-daily smoking in Republic of Korea, and having plans to quit in Japan and Republic of Korea. There was no consistent pattern of consumer perceptions of brand harmfulness. CONCLUSION: Our study documented the high prevalence of FCCs in some countries, pointing to the need to develop and implement regulatory strategies to control these attractive products.
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Produtos do Tabaco , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Malásia/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Japão/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Aromatizantes , República da Coreia/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Urban Particulate Matter (UPM) induces skin aging and inflammatory responses by regulating skin cells through the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Although oleic acid, an unsaturated free fatty acid (FFA), has some functional activities, its effect on UPM-induced skin damage has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated signaling pathways on how oleic acid is involved in attenuating UPM induced cell damage. UPM treatment increased XRE-promoter luciferase activity and increased translocation of AhR to the nucleus, resulting in the upregulation of CYP1A1 gene. However, oleic acid treatment attenuated the UPM effects on AhR signaling. Furthermore, while UPM induced activation of TRPV1 and MAPKs signaling which activated the downstream molecules NFκB and AP-1, these effects were reduced by cotreatment with oleic acid. UPM-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of cellular proliferation were also attenuated by the treatment of oleic acid. These data reveal that cell damage induced by UPM treatment occurs through AhR signaling and TRPV1 activation which in turn activates ERK and JNK, ultimately inducing NFκB and AP-1 activation. These effects were reduced by the cotreatment of oleic acid on HaCaT cells. These suggest that oleic acid reduces UPM-induced cell damage through inhibiting both the AhR signaling and activation of TRPV1 and its downstream molecules, leading to a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine and recovery of cell proliferation.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Ácido Oleico , Material Particulado , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico , Transdução de Sinais , Canais de Cátion TRPV , Humanos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Células HaCaT , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Ácido Oleico/farmacologia , Ácido Oleico/toxicidade , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/genéticaRESUMO
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria have increased more than 50% in the past two decades and more than doubled in the elderly population. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), one of the most prevalent of these rapidly growing species, is intrinsically resistant to numerous antibiotics. Current standard-of-care treatments are not satisfactory, with high failure rate and notable adverse effects. We report here a potent anti-Mab compound from the flexible molecular framework afforded by conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs). A screen of structurally diverse, noncytotoxic COEs identified a lead compound, COE-PNH2, which was bactericidal against replicating, nonreplicating persisters and intracellular Mab.COE-PNH2 had low propensity for resistance development, with a frequency of resistance below 1.25 × 10-9 and showed no detectable resistance upon serial passaging. Mechanism of action studies were in line with COE-PNH2 affecting the physical and functional integrity of the bacterial envelope and disrupting the mycomembrane and associated essential bioenergetic pathways. Moreover, COE-PNH2 was well-tolerated and efficacious in a mouse model of Mab lung infection. This study highlights desirable in vitro and in vivo potency and safety index of this COE structure, which represents a promising anti-mycobacterial to tackle an unmet medical need.
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Mycobacterium abscessus , Mycobacterium , Humanos , Idoso , Animais , Camundongos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Actinidia polygama (silver vine) has been used in oriental medicine to treat gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation. Actinidia polygama water extract (APWE) is named PB203. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether PB203 has anti-photoaging effects and to understand the molecular mechanism underlying such effects. METHODS: The antioxidant effect was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated HaCaT cells with or without PB203 treatment. Type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), hyaluronic acid (HA), hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1) and HAS2 levels were measuring by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Also, we investigate the effects of PB203 on wrinkle formation, and the potential mechanisms underlying such effects were investigated in UVB-induced wrinkle mouse model mice. RESULTS: PB203 alleviated the UVB-induced reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, and formation of AP-1. In addition, PB203 inhibited the decreases in type I collagen and TIMP-1 levels, and the increase in MMP-1 levels in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells. In UVB-induced wrinkle mouse model, PB203 inhibited the decreases in elastin and type I collagen levels as well as the increases in MMP-1 expression, wrinkle formation, and skin dehydration. Furthermore, PB203 increased the expression of filaggrin, HAS1, and HAS2, improving the skin barrier function. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we found that PB203 is as a potent candidate to serve as a functional ingredient or therapeutic agent to improve UVB-mediated skin aging.
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Many quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) utilize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as an electron injection layer (EIL). However, the use of the ZnO NP EIL material often results in a charge imbalance within the quantum dot (QD) emitting layer (EML) and exciton quenching at the interface of the QD EML and ZnO NP EIL. To overcome these challenges, we introduced an arginine (Arg) interlayer (IL) onto the ZnO NP EIL. The Arg IL elevated the work function of ZnO NPs, thereby suppressing electron injection into the QD, leading to an improved charge balance within the QDs. Additionally, the inherent insulating nature of the Arg IL prevented direct contact between QDs and ZnO NPs, reducing exciton quenching and consequently improving device efficiency. An inverted QLED (IQLED) utilizing a 20 nm-thick Arg IL on the ZnO NP EIL exhibited a 2.22-fold increase in current efficiency and a 2.28-fold increase in external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to an IQLED without an IL. Likewise, the IQLED with a 20 nm-thick Arg IL on the ZnO NP EIL demonstrated a 1.34-fold improvement in current efficiency and a 1.36-fold increase in EQE compared to the IQLED with a 5 nm-thick polyethylenimine IL on ZnO NPs.
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BACKGROUND: Strong public support can increase the likelihood of adopting tobacco control policies. We assessed support for six commercial tobacco endgame policies in South Korea: limiting the nicotine in cigarettes, banning all additives in cigarettes, restricting the number of places where cigarettes are sold, and banning the manufacture and sales of cigarettes (unconditionally, with the provision of cessation support and with alternative tobacco products available). METHODS: Data were obtained from 4740 adults who completed the 2020 International Tobacco Control Korea Survey. Participants were categorised based on their nicotine use: (1) did not use any products, (2) vaped and/or used heated tobacco products (HTPs) but did not smoke cigarettes, (3) smoked cigarettes only and (4) smoked cigarettes and vaped and/or used HTPs. Attitudes towards the policies were classified as supportive, undecided or opposed. Weighted multinomial logistic regression models assessed support levels according to nicotine use. RESULTS: Support was highest for limiting the nicotine content in cigarettes (68.4%; 95% CI 64.6% to 72.3%) and restricting the number of retailers (68.1%; 95% CI 64.5% to 71.7%), and lowest for banning cigarette sales if alternative products are made available (45.0%; 95% CI 40.9% to 49.1%). People who did not use any products were most likely to support endgame policies, except for banning cigarette sales with alternatives available. The proportion of undecided participants exceeded 10% (range 13%-25%) for all policies. CONCLUSION: There is a strong public support for tobacco endgame policies in South Korea. Further research should prioritise the development of strategies to ensure the effective implementation of highly supported policies.
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Ozone, a highly reactive oxidant molecule, is widely used as a complementary therapy for various skin diseases, including wound healing, pressure ulcers, diabetic foot, and infections. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of ozone for atopic dermatitis (AD). Ozonated sunflower oil (OSO) is an active ingredient obtained from partially ozonated sunflower oil (SO). OSO markedly reduced the LPS-induced increase in IL-1ß and nitric oxide (NO) levels in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Oxazolone (OXZ) was applied to hairless mice to induce AD-like skin symptoms and immune response. OSO significantly alleviated the OXZ-induced increases in the number of infiltrating mast cells, epidermal thickness, AD symptoms, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and filaggrin, as well as the serum levels of NO, IgE, IL-1ß, and TNF-α. Furthermore, OSO inhibited the IL-4/STAT3/MAPK pathway and the expression of NF-κB. Our results suggest that OSO treatment could relieve AD-mediated skin damage through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Therefore, it can be used as a therapeutic agent against AD-related skin diseases.
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Citocinas , Dermatite Atópica , Lipopolissacarídeos , Óxido Nítrico , Oxazolona , Ozônio , Óleo de Girassol , Animais , Camundongos , Dermatite Atópica/induzido quimicamente , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Células RAW 264.7 , Citocinas/metabolismo , Oxazolona/toxicidade , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologia , Linfopoietina do Estroma do Timo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas Filagrinas , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologiaRESUMO
Exosomes are involved in intercellular communication by transferring cargo between cells and altering the specific functions of the target cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of exosomes in several skin diseases. However, understanding of the effects of exosomes on anti-pigmentation is limited. Therefore, we investigated whether BJ-5ta exosomes (BJ-5ta-Ex) derived from human foreskin fibroblasts regulate melanogenesis and delineated the underlying mechanism. Interestingly, treatment with BJ-5ta-Ex induced decreased melanin content, tyrosinase (TYR) activity, and expression of melanogenesis-related genes, including microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF), TYR, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP2). In addition, BJ-5ta-Ex downregulated the cAMP/PKA and GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signaling pathways and upregulated the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Notably, treatment with BJ-5ta-Ex inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanosome transport and decreased the expression of key proteins involved in melanosome transport, namely, rab27a and melanophilin (MLPH). To further confirm the depigmenting effects of BJ-5ta-Ex, we conducted experiments using a three-dimensional reconstituted human full skin model and ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated mouse model. Treatment with BJ-5ta-Ex improved tissue brightness and reduced the distribution of melanosomes. In UVB-irradiated mouse ears, BJ-5ta-Ex reduced the number of active melanocytes and melanin granules. These results demonstrate that BJ-5ta-Ex can be useful for the clinical treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Exossomos , Melanoma Experimental , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Melaninas/metabolismo , Exossomos/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Skin barrier dysfunction is the initial step in the development of AD. Recently, exosomes have been considered as potential cell-free medicine for skin defects such as aging, psoriasis and wounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of human dermal fibroblast-neonatal-derived exosome (HDFn-Ex) on AD. HDFn-Ex increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) and alleviated the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-mediated downregulation of filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, hyaluronic acid synthase 1 (HAS1) and HAS2 in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. However, these effects were inhibited by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. In the artificial skin model, HDFn-Ex significantly inhibited DNCB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and the decrease in filaggrin and HAS1 levels via a PPARα. In the DNCB-induced AD-like mouse model, HDFn-Ex administration reduced epidermis thickening and mast cell infiltration into the dermis compared to DNCB treatment. Moreover, the decreases in PPARα, filaggrin and HAS1 expression, as well as the increases in IgE and IL4 levels induced by DNCB treatment were reversed by HDFn-Ex. These effects were blocked by pre-treatment with GW6471. Furthermore, HDFn-Ex exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the DNCB-induced increases in IκBα phosphorylation and TNF-α expression. Collectively, HDFn-Ex exhibited a protective effect on AD. Notably, these effects were regulated by PPARα. Based on our results, we suggest that HDFn-Ex is a potential candidate for treating AD by recovering skin barrier dysfunction and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Exossomos , Dermatopatias , Animais , Camundongos , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Dermatite Atópica/induzido quimicamente , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Dinitroclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Dinitroclorobenzeno/farmacologia , Dinitroclorobenzeno/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Filagrinas , Dinitrobenzenos/efeitos adversos , Dinitrobenzenos/metabolismo , Exossomos/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Dermatopatias/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
BACKGROUND: No studies have reported therapies for the treatment of patients with refractory Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease (MAB-PD). We implemented intermittent multidrug IV therapy (IMIT) through repeated hospitalizations for patients with MAB-PD who were refractory to antibiotics for more than 12 months. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the effects of IMIT on patients with refractory MAB-PD? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The IV antibiotics administered for IMIT included amikacin, imipenem, and tigecycline, and the outcomes for 36 patients who underwent IMIT for refractory MAB-PD were evaluated. Patients were repeatedly hospitalized and administered IMIT on recurrent symptoms or radiographic evidence of deterioration, while maintaining oral/inhaled antibiotics. RESULTS: Of the 36 patients, 26 (72%) had M abscessus subspecies abscessus (herein, M abscessus)-PD, and 10 (28%) had M abscessus subspecies massiliense (herein, M massiliense)-PD. The median number of hospitalizations for IMIT was two (interquartile range, 1-3) for patients with M abscessus-PD and one (interquartile range, 1-2) for patients with M massiliense-PD. At least one negative culture result and culture conversion were observed in 62% and 12% of patients with M abscessus-PD, and in 80% and 60% of patients with M massiliense-PD, respectively. Symptomatic improvement was observed in all patients, and radiologic improvement, including cavity amelioration or no deterioration, was observed in 42% and 70% of patients with M abscessus-PD and with M massiliense-PD, respectively. No resistance to clarithromycin or amikacin was acquired. INTERPRETATION: IMIT with intermittent hospitalization can be a beneficial palliative treatment for patients with refractory MAB-PD. This therapy alleviated symptoms, slowed radiologic progression, and reduced the bacterial burden in some patients. However, radiologic and microbiological responses to IMIT were more apparent in M massiliense-PD than in M abscessus-PD.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas , Mycobacterium abscessus , Humanos , Amicacina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/microbiologia , Antibacterianos , Claritromicina/farmacologia , Claritromicina/uso terapêutico , Pneumopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Cure rates for pulmonary disease caused by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are poor. While ß-lactam are front line antibiotics against Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease, they have not been used or recommended to treat MAC lung infections. Through a comprehensive screen of oral ß-lactams, we have discovered that selected pairs combining either a penem/carbapenem or penicillin with a cephalosporin are strongly bactericidal at clinically achieved concentrations. These dual ß-lactam combinations include tebipenem and sulopenem, both in phase 3, and Food and Drug Administration-approved amoxicillin and cefuroxime. They could therefore immediately enter clinical trials or clinical practice.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Complexo Mycobacterium avium , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , beta-Lactamas , Humanos , Complexo Mycobacterium avium/efeitos dos fármacos , beta-Lactamas/uso terapêutico , beta-Lactamas/administração & dosagem , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Pneumopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumopatias/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Limited data exist on longitudinal changes in the sputum bacterial microbiome during treatment in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) patients. We prospectively collected serial sputum samples from 14 NTM-PD patients during treatment, at the start (n = 14) and at 1 (n = 10), 3 (n = 10), 6 (n = 12), and 12 (n = 7) months. The bacterial microbiome changes were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequences (V3-V4 regions). Subgroup analysis included culture conversion (n = 9) and treatment refractory (n = 5) groups. In all patients, sputum alpha-diversity (ACE, Chao1, and Jackknife) significantly decreased during antibiotic treatment at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months compared to treatment initiation levels. Within the culture conversion group, genus/species-level beta-diversity showed differences at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months compared to treatment initiation (all p < 0.05). However, in the refractory group, there were no differences in beta-diversity at the genus/species levels in the sputum at any time point. In the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect sizes (LEfSe) analysis, the culture conversion group exhibited decreasing taxa at various levels (phylum/genus/species), but no significant increase in taxa was observed. LEfSe analysis of the refractory patient group revealed multiple taxa decreased during treatment. However, proportions of Veillonella dispar (LDA = 4.78), Fusobacterium periodonticum (LDA = 4.35), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LDA = 2.92) increased as the treatment period progressed in the refractory group. Sputum microbiota diversity decreases during NTM-PD treatment. In the culture conversion group, most taxa decrease, while some increase in the refractory group. These findings suggest that a distinct respiratory microbial community may exist in refractory NTM-PD patients compared to responsive antibiotic-treated patients.