Behavioral observations and measurements of aerial pheromone in a mating disruption trial against pea mothCydia nigricana F. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae).

Synthetic sex pheromone of the pea mothCydia nigricana. (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E8,E10-12 : Ac), was applied in a 3-ha pea field at a rate of 17 g/ha, in two different dispenser formulations. Aerial concentrations within pea canopy, as determined by a field electroantennogram (EAG) apparatus, were 2 and 3 ng/m(3) in the two dispenser treatments. The validity of the EAG measurements was corroborated by sampling of field air, followed by gas chromatographic quantification ofE8,E10-12 : Ac. Males were attracted to fresh dispensers releasingE8,E10-12 : Ac plus less than 2% of the antagonisticE, Z; Z, E; andZ, Z isomers. Two days after placement, the proportion of these isomers had increased to 6%. Males were then no longer attracted to the dispensers, but were observed to fly out of the treated field. Male attraction to calling females was almost entirely suppressed, and attraction to traps baited with synthetic pheromone was significantly reduced. Larval infestation in the pheromone-treated field was 2%, compared to 36% in a control field.

Mating disruption of pea mothCydia nigricana F. (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by a repellent blend of sex pheromone and attraction inhibitors.

Synthetic sex pheromone of the pea mothCydia nigricana, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E8,E10-12: Ac), was applied in polyethylene dispensers at a rate of 30 g/ha and 600 dispensers/ha in a 0.6-ha pea field. The release rate ofE8,E10-12: Ac was 140 mg/ha/day after six days, and 82 mg/ha/day after 20 days. Aerial concentrations ofE8,E10-12: Ac, as measured by a portable EAG apparatus, ranged from 2 ± 2 to 7 ± 3 ng/m(3). The antennal signal was high and rather constant within pea canopy, but was lower and fluctuated strongly above canopy. Initially, >99% isomerically pureE8,E10-12: Ac was released, and male moths were attracted to dispensers. After nine days, isomeric blend composition had equilibrated to approx. 92%E8,E10-12: Ac and 8% of the inhibitory isomersE,Z-,Z,E-, andZ8,Z10-12: Ac. Males were then repelled from the pheromone-permeated field. Traps baited with 100 µgE8,E10-12: Ac caught 258 ± 133C. nigricana males/trap in the control, but no males at all in the disruption field.

Ideology and personality: Aspects of identity formation in adolescents with strong attitudes toward sex-role equalitarianism.

Middle-class adolescent boys and girls with strong attitudes for and against the sex-role ideology of the Women's Movement were administered a Q-sort to study two aspects believed to be related to identity formation: flexibility-rigidity and independence-dependence. A significant positive relationship was found, more strongly for independence than for flexibility and more strongly for girls than for boys. More favorable attitudes toward sex-role equalitarianism were associated with flexibility and independence. The strength of the associations varied with the nature of the Q-sort: ideal self, self as ideal member of opposite sex, and self as ideal to each parent.