The Role of t(11;14) in Tailoring Treatment Decisions in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a hematological neoplasia with an uncontrolled proliferation of malignant plasma cells and complex cytogenetic abnormalities. t(11;14) has emerged as a crucial genetic aberration and is one of the most common primary translocations in MM. Patients harboring t(11;14) represent a distinctive subgroup with a clinical profile that differs from t(11;14)-negative MM risk categories. One of the key features linked with t(11;14) is the BCL2 dependency, indicating vulnerability to BCL2 inhibition. BCL2 inhibitors, such as venetoclax, demonstrated impressive efficacy alone or in combination with other anti-myeloma drugs in patients with RRMM accompanied by t(11;14) and BCL2 overexpression. Therefore, t(11;14) plays a key role in both risk stratification and informed decision making towards a tailored therapy. In this review, we highlight the biology of t(11;14) in MM cells, summarize the current evolving role of t(11;14) in the era of novel agents and novel targeted therapies, illuminate current efficacy and safety data of BCL2-based treatment options and explore the future prospects of individualized precision medicine for this special subgroup of patients with MM.

Identification of Medication Prescription Errors and Factors of Clinical Relevance in 314 Hospitalized Patients for Improved Multidimensional Clinical Decision Support Algorithms.

Potential medication errors and related adverse drug events (ADE) pose major challenges in clinical medicine. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) help identify preventable prescription errors leading to ADEs but are typically characterized by high sensitivity and low specificity, resulting in poor acceptance and alert-overriding. With this cross-sectional study we aimed to analyze CDSS performance, and to identify factors that may increase CDSS specificity. Clinical pharmacology services evaluated current pharmacotherapy of 314 patients during hospitalization across three units of two Swiss tertiary care hospitals. We used two CDSSs (pharmaVISTA and MediQ), primarily for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions (DDI). Additionally, we evaluated potential drug-disease, drug-age, drug-food, and drug-gene interactions. Recommendations for change of therapy were forwarded without delay to treating physicians. Among 314 patients, automated analyses by both CDSSs produced an average of 15.5 alerts per patient. In contrast, additional expert evaluation resulted in only 0.8 recommendations per patient to change pharmacotherapy. For clinical pharmacology experts, co-factors such as comorbidities and laboratory results were decisive for the classification of CDSS alerts as clinically relevant in individual patients in about 70% of all decisions. Such co-factors should therefore be used for the development of multidimensional CDSS alert algorithms with improved specificity. In combination with local expert services, this poses a promising approach to improve drug safety in clinical practice.

[Strategies for Shared Decision-making in Therapy for Patients with Oncological Disease - Quo vadis?] / Strategien zur gemeinsamen Entscheidungsfindung in der Therapie bei Patient_innen mit onkologischen Erkrankungen.

Strategies for Shared Decision-making in Therapy for Patients with Oncological Disease - Quo vadis? Abstract. Shared decision-making (SDM) for therapeutic interventions in oncology is a complex process in which numerous person-, treatment-, and context-related factors can influence the choice of suitable treatment options and final treatment decisions. SDM plays a crucial role in this process by supporting the inclusion of the patient in the doctor-patient encounter and in treatment decision-making. Preference-sensitive decisions can render SDM a particular burden for the patient. Both physicians and patients see the lack of patient preparation as limiting the effectiveness of SDM. Electronic or web-based patient decision aids could help prepare patients with an oncologic diagnosis for the SDM process in advance of the physician-patient encounter. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the role of SDM and its future development in oncology. In doing so, the use of patient decision aids within a phase model of SDM for oncology will be highlighted with particular emphasis on the potential use of Chatbot technology to prepare patients for participation in SDM and to optimize physician-patient communication. The paper also highlights some major research gaps for the future development of Chatbots as patient decision aids in oncology.

[Patient Decision Aids for Values Clarification and Preference Elicitation - Challenges and Developments]. / Patienten-Entscheidungshilfen zur Werteklärung und Präferenzerhebung.

Patient Decision Aids for Values Clarification and Preference Elicitation - Challenges and Developments Abstract. Shared decision-making is especially appropriate when the available evidence does not indicate which medical intervention is the better option, so that the final decision depends on the patient's personal values and preferences. The process of value clarification and preference elicitation can be time-consuming and cognitively and emotionally demanding for patients. Increasingly, decision aids provide tasks (e.g., on benefit-harm trade-offs) to help patients work through this process, better prepare for medical consultations, and make values-congruent medical decisions with their physicians. Most clinically validated decision aids are paper-based flyers and educational brochures. There are also computer-, audio-, video-, or web-based decision aids. The web-based aids make little use of the potential of interactive technologies, despite the known benefits of these technologies. The aims of this paper are to provide an overview of decision aids for and challenges of values clarification and preference elicitation and to highlight some developments in interactive web-based technologies that might facilitate values clarification and preference elicitation.

External Validation of the Revised Pretransplant Assessment of Mortality Score in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Cohort Study.

Pretransplant risk scores such as the revised Pretransplant Assessment of Mortality (rPAM) score help to predict outcome of patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Since the rPAM has not been validated externally in a heterogeneous patient population with different diseases, we aimed to validate the rPAM score in a real-world cohort of allo-HCT patients. A total of 429 patients were included receiving their first allo-HCT from 2008 to 2015. The predictive capacity of the rPAM score for 4-year overall survival (OS), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) after allo-HCT was evaluated. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of the rPAM score for OS and used uni- and multivariable analyses to identify patient- and transplant-related predictors for OS. In rPAM score categories of <17, 17-23, 24-30, and >30, the OS probability at 4 years differed significantly with 61%, 36%, 26%, and 10%, respectively (P < 0.0001). In contrast to CIR, the NRM increased significantly in patients with higher rPAM scores (P < 0.001). Regarding the OS, the rPAM score had an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.676 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.625-0.727) at 4 years. In the multivariable analysis, the rPAM score was associated with OS-independently of conditioning regimens (adjusted hazard ratio per 1-unit increase, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.10; P < 0.001). Additionally, forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the disease risk index were the components of the rPAM significantly associated with outcome. In our large real-world cohort with extended follow-up, the rPAM score was validated as an independent predictor of OS in patients with hematologic disorders undergoing allo-HCT.

Optimized cyclosporine starting dose may reduce risk of acute GvHD after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a single-center cohort study.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is commonly used for Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) prophylaxis at a recommended starting dose of 3 mg/kg/d: Evidence for the effect of different CsA starting doses on GvHD risk is limited. We therefore estimated the association of 5 mg/kg/d (CsA5) and 3 mg/kg/d (CsA3) CsA starting doses with GvHD risk in two consecutive cohorts of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) patients, exploring potential risk factors for incident acute GvHD, with a focus on CsA starting dose. We analyzed 519 patients within CsA5 (n = 153) and CsA3 (n = 366). The cumulative incidence function of acute GvHD grade ≥2 was higher in the CsA3 compared to the CsA5 group (41% vs. 33%, respectively; p = 0.043), without impacting chronic GvHD. In multivariable analysis, a CsA starting dose of 3 mg/kg/d, no ATG use, unrelated donor and high to very high disease risk index were significantly associated with acute GvHD grade ≥2. A higher CsA starting dose of 5 mg/kg/d was independently associated with lower acute GvHD risk, and higher CsA levels in the early period after allo-HCT were reached.

BCMA in Multiple Myeloma-A Promising Key to Therapy.

Despite the discoveries of numerous agents including next generation proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease. The field of myeloma treatment in refractory or relapsed patients after standard therapy entered a new era due to the B-cell maturation antigen (BMCA) targeted approach. BCMA is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family with high expression in mature B-lymphocytes and plasma cells. Given the understanding of BCMA mechanism of action in MM, BCMA plays a promising role as a therapeutic target. Several clinical trials are underway to evolve the current BCMA targeted treatment concept such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific T cell engagers (BITEs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Current results of representative BCMA trials may close the gap of the unmet clinical need to further improve the outcome of heavily pretreated MM patients with the potency to change the paradigm in newly diagnosed and refractory MM. This comprehensive review will give an update on various BMCA targeted treatment modalities (ADCs, BITEs, CAR T cell therapy) and its existing results on efficacy and safety from preclinical and clinical trials.

Secondary CNL after SAA reveals insights in leukemic transformation of bone marrow failure syndromes.

Acquired aplastic anemia and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) are bone marrow (BM) failure syndromes of different origin, however, they share a common risk for secondary leukemic transformation. Here, we present a patient with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) evolving to secondary chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL; SAA-CNL). We show that SAA-CNL shares multiple somatic driver mutations in CSF3R, RUNX1, and EZH2/SUZ12 with cases of SCN that transformed to myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This molecular connection between SAA-CNL and SCN progressing to AML (SCN-AML) prompted us to perform a comparative transcriptome analysis on nonleukemic CD34high hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which showed transcriptional profiles that resemble indicative of interferon-driven proinflammatory responses. These findings provide further insights in the mechanisms underlying leukemic transformation in BM failure syndromes.

Microbiologically documented infections after adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A 5-year analysis within the Swiss Transplant Cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Infections are an important complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). The present study aimed at determining the landscape of infections occurring in a large cohort of allo-HCT patients, as well as associated risk factors for infections and for one-year non-relapse mortality. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study using STCS and EBMT databases to assess the one-year incidence rate of infection, as well as risk factors for infections and for one-year non-relapse mortality among adult allo-HCT patients transplanted between 2010 and 2014 in Switzerland. Univariable and multivariable quasi-Poisson and multivariable Cox regression models were used. RESULTS: Of 553 patients included, 486 had an infection with a global incidence rate of 3.66 infections per patient-year. Among a total of 1534 infections analyzed, viral infections were predominant (n = 1138, 74.2%), followed by bacterial (n = 343, 22.4%) and fungal (n = 53, 3.5%) infections. At one year, the cumulative incidence of relapse and non-relapse mortality was 26% and 16%, respectively. 195 (35.3%) of patients had at least one episode of severe graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD). A center effect was observed, and underlying disease, donor type, cytomegalovirus serological constellation, and GvHD were also associated with the incidence rate of infections. There was an increased risk for one-year non-relapse mortality associated with all pathogens, specifically within two months of infection, and this remained true beyond 2 months of a fungal infection. CONCLUSION: Despite advances to limit infections in this population, they still occur in most allo-HCT patients with a major impact on survival at 1 year.

Monoclonal antibodies against RANKL and sclerostin for myeloma-related bone disease: can they change the standard of care?

Introduction: Over 80% of the patients with multiple myeloma (MM) develop myeloma bone disease (MBD) during the disease course. The clinical consequences include serious skeletal-related events (SRE) that impact survival and quality of life. Bisphosphonates are the mainstay in the treatment of MBD. Currently, new therapeutic strategies are being introduced and broaden the therapeutic options in MBD. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to summarize the current clinical management of MBD and present novel data regarding monoclonal antibodies against the receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin that may change the clinical practice. Expert opinion: Our better understanding of the pathophysiology of MBD has identified several factors as potential therapeutic targets. Recent data have shown that the RANKL inhibitor denosumab constitutes a new promising option. The non-inferiority compared with bisphosphonates in terms of SRE prevention, the potential survival benefit, the convenience of subcutaneous administration, and the favorable toxicity profile makes denosumab a valuable alternative for physicians in the current treatment of MBD. Anti-sclerostin antibodies are currently under clinical development. Further investigations are needed to address open questions in the field including the value of anabolic agents combined with anti-resorptive and anti-MM drugs in MBD.

Relative hypochromia and mortality in acute heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Relative hypochromia of erythrocytes defined as a reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a surrogate of iron deficiency. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic impact of relative hypochromia in acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: We prospectively characterized 1574 patients presenting with an adjudicated diagnosis of AHF to the emergency department. Relative hypochromia was defined as a MCHC ≤330 g/l and determined at presentation. The presence of AHF was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists. All-cause mortality and AHF-rehospitalization were the primary prognostic end-points. RESULTS: Overall, 455 (29%) AHF patients had relative hypochromia. Patients with relative hypochromia had higher hemodynamic cardiac stress as quantified by NT-proBNP concentrations (p < 0.001), more extensive cardiomyocyte injury as quantified by high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations (p < 0.001), and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; p < 0.001) as compared to AHF patients without hypochromia. Cumulative incidences for all-cause mortality and AHF-rehospitalization at 720-days were 50% and 55% in patients with relative hypochromia as compared to 33% and 39% in patients without hypochromia, respectively (both p < 0.0001). The association between relative hypochromia and increased mortality (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2-0) persisted after adjusting for anemia (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.8), and after adjusting for hemodynamic cardiac stress (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.21-1.76) and eGFR (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Relative hypochromia is common and a strong and independent predictor of increased mortality in AHF. Given the direct link to diagnostic (endoscopy) and therapeutic interventions to treat functional iron deficiency, relative hypochromia deserves increased attention as an inexpensive and universally available biomarker.

Reduced dose of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide compared to ATG for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in recipients of mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation: a single-center study.

Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) demonstrated effectiveness to prevent GVHD after haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Reducing toxicities with a maximized efficacy is still challenging in HCT. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the safety and efficacy of transplantation from a 1-antigen HLA-mismatched unrelated donor (9/10 MMUD) in 80 patients with hematological disorders between 2010 and 2018; 22 patients received PTCy with a reduced dose of 40 mg/kg, cyclosporine A, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); 58 patients received anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), cyclosporine A, and either methotrexate or MMF for GVHD prophylaxis. Cumulative incidence (CI) of acute GVHD grades II-IV in the PTCy group was significantly lower (15% vs. 50%, p = 0.006); however, CI of chronic GVHD was (not significantly) lower in the PTCy group (26% vs. 35%, p = 0.137). One-year OS was significantly longer (p = 0.008) in the PTCy group with a similar 1-year PFS (p = 0.114) in both groups. Rates of 1-year relapse and non-relapse mortality were similar. Median time to neutrophil engraftment was comparable in both GVHD prophylaxis groups (14 days vs. 16 days, respectively, p = 0.107). Our results show that a lower dose of PTCy-based prophylaxis is an effective and safe strategy to prevent acute GVHD in HCT with 9/10 MMUD compared to ATG.

High mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy with and without concomitant acute graft-versus-host disease.

Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) remains a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We hypothesized that TA-TMA correlates with steroid-refractory acute graft-vs.-host disease (aGvHD) and assessed 660 patients suffering from either AML n = 248, ALL n = 79, CML n = 23, CLL n = 36, lymphoma/myeloma n = 127, MDS/MPN n = 124 or bone marrow failure n = 22, who met the study inclusion criteria and had undergone myeloablative (78%) and non-myeloablative (22%) allo-HSCT between 2006 and 2016. Sixty-five (9.8%) of these patients matched the established diagnostic criteria for TA-TMA, and TA-TMA was shown to be a relevant independent risk factor for mortality (RR 3.27; 95% CI 2.07-5.16). Patients with TA-TMA and concomitant aGvHD had a markedly reduced OS compared to patients with TA-TMA or aGvHD alone (median 5.6 months vs. 7.6 months vs. 55.4 months, respectively; p < 0.0001). Risk factors for development of TA-TMA were aGvHD ≥ grade 2, higher aGvHD grade, steroid-refractory aGvHD, CMV reactivation/end-organ disease, but not the conditioning regimen (RIC or MAC), usage of TBI or TBI dose, underlying disease, donor type, age or sex. TA-TMA, with or without concomitant aGvHD, is a significant complication after allo-HSCT and a high-risk factor for a poor survival outcome. Thus, allo-HSCT recipients with grade 2-4 aGvHD or CMV viremia should be closely monitored for the presence of TA-TMA.

GFR estimation in lenalidomide treatment of multiple myeloma patients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is clinically used to approximate renal function and adapt drug dosage. Multiple myeloma is a hematological disease; its prognosis is largely influenced by renal function. We evaluated two commonly used GFR estimations, CKD-EPI and MDRD (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) in myeloma patients undergoing treatment with lenalidomide, a renally excreted immunomodulatory drug. METHODS: We prospectively studied 130 myeloma patients receiving lenalidomide treatment at our institution. At baseline and after 3 months, GFR estimations were performed based on the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations. We compared eGFR-dependent CKD staging and lenalidomide dosage assignments. RESULTS: Initially, most patients were classified as CKD stage I/II, using both equations. Comparison of baseline renal function via CKD-EPI and MDRD induced concordance of CKD staging in 83% of patients, while CKD-EPI improved CKD staging in 16% of patients (p = 0.11). CKD-EPI assigned 3% of patients to higher lenalidomide dosing as opposed to MDRD. Both equations showed improved eGFR after 3 months of lenalidomide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In our multiple myeloma patient cohort, CKD-EPI and MDRD led to similar CKD staging with minor differences in lenalidomide dosage assignment. Consistent with previous studies, eGFR improved under lenalidomide treatment. To standardize GFR estimation in myeloma patients, we suggest using the CKD-EPI equation.

Melphalan dose in myeloma patients ≥65 years of age undergoing high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: a multicentric observational registry study.

The optimal melphalan dose prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is not known for elderly multiple myeloma (MM) patients. We analyzed data of all MM patients ≥65 years (n = 388) enrolled in the observational Swiss Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Registry. The median age was 67 years (65-77). Single ASCT was performed in 344 (88.7%) patients, with 259 patients (75.3%) receiving a melphalan dose of 200 mg/m2 (MEL200), and 85 patients (24.7%) receiving lower doses (MELlow) (median 140 mg/m2, range 70-180 mg/m2). MEL200 patients were slightly younger, and had a better renal function, but did not differ with regards to ISS stage, cytogenetic risk, remission status, and KPS. Overall mortality at day 100 was 1.5% without differences between the MEL groups (p = 0.621). Median progression-free survival (PFS) in the MEL200 and the MELlow group was 27.7 and 22.1 months, respectively (p = 0.294). Median overall survival (OS) in the MEL200 and in MELlow group was 91.2 and 61.2 months (p = 0.015). However, multivariate analysis showed no significant association of the melphalan dose and OS (HR 0.734; CI95% 0.264-2.038; p = 0.553). In conclusion, our data reveal no significant differences in safety and PFS for elderly myeloma patients treated with MEL200 or with lower MEL doses.

Cyclosporine levels > 195 µg/L on day 10 post-transplant was associated with significantly reduced acute graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Prophylaxis with cyclosporine A (CsA) is the backbone of GvHD prevention. In a retrospective analysis of patients treated with allo-HSCT, we correlated CsA levels on the day of transplantation (day 0) and on day + 10 with the incidence of acute and chronic GvHD. We assessed 660 patients with either AML n = 248, lymphoma/myeloma n = 127, MDS/MPN n = 124, ALL n = 79, CLL n = 36, CML n = 23, or bone marrow failure n = 22. In patients with clinically relevant aGvHD grade ≥ 2, mean CsA levels was lower on day 0 and day + 10 (142 ± 88 µg/L and 183 ± 64 µg/L, respectively) compared to patients without aGvHD (156 ± 81 µg/L and 207 ± 67 µg/L, respectively; day 0: p = 0.003; day + 10: p = 7.57 × 10-9). In patients with CsA level < 200 µg/L, the incidence of aGvHD was significantly more frequent compared to patients with CsA levels > 200 µg/L [(234/356 (66%) versus 91/248 (37%); p = 1.34 × 10-12]. In patients with cGvHD, there was no significant difference between CsA levels < 200 µg/L (128/330) compared to CsA levels > 200 µg/L (96/233; p = 0.312). The optimal CsA cutoff level for the prevention (i.e., roughly 50% incidence reduction) of aGvHD was > 201 µg/L at day 0 and > 195 µg/L at day + 10. In a competing risk analysis, time to aGvHD grade ≥ 2 (using death of other causes as competing risk) was associated with CsA levels > 200 µg/L on day 0 and on day 10, unrelated donors, myeloablative conditioning (MAC), and for the diagnosis lymphoma/myeloma. Our data support close monitoring with active adjustments of CsA dosing to maintain therapeutic CsA levels above 195 µg/L in the first 10 days of allo-HCST to reduce aGvHD.

European Myeloma Network guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma-related complications.

The European Myeloma Network provides recommendations for the management of the most common complications of multiple myeloma. Whole body low-dose computed tomography is more sensitive than conventional radiography in depicting osteolytic disease and thus we recommend it as the novel standard for the detection of lytic lesions in myeloma (grade 1A). Myeloma patients with adequate renal function and bone disease at diagnosis should be treated with zoledronic acid or pamidronate (grade 1A). Symptomatic patients without lytic lesions on conventional radiography can be treated with zoledronic acid (grade 1B), but its advantage is not clear for patients with no bone involvement on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. In asymptomatic myeloma, bisphosphonates are not recommended (grade 1A). Zoledronic acid should be given continuously, but it is not clear if patients who achieve at least a very good partial response benefit from its continuous use (grade 1B). Treatment with erythropoietic-stimulating agents may be initiated in patients with persistent symptomatic anemia (hemoglobin <10g/dL) in whom other causes of anemia have been excluded (grade 1B). Erythropoietic agents should be stopped after 6-8 weeks if no adequate hemoglobin response is achieved. For renal impairment, bortezomib-based regimens are the current standard of care (grade 1A). For the management of treatment-induced peripheral neuropathy, drug modification is needed (grade 1C). Vaccination against influenza is recommended; vaccination against streptococcus pneumonia and hemophilus influenza is appropriate, but efficacy is not guaranteed due to suboptimal immune response (grade 1C). Prophylactic aciclovir (or valacyclovir) is recommended for patients receiving proteasome inhibitors, autologous or allogeneic transplantation (grade 1A).

Large registry analysis to accurately define second malignancy rates and risks in a well-characterized cohort of 744 consecutive multiple myeloma patients followed-up for 25 years.

Additional malignancies in multiple myeloma patients after first-line and maintenance treatment have been observed, questioning whether specific risks exist. Second primary malignancies have also gained attention since randomized data showed associations to newer drugs. We have conducted this large registry analysis in 744 consecutive patients and analyzed: 1) frequency and onset of additional malignancies; and 2) second primary malignancy- and myeloma-specific risks. We assessed the frequency of additional malignancies in terms of host-, myeloma- and treatment-specific characteristics. To compare these risks, we estimated cumulative incidence rates for second malignancies and myeloma with Fine and Gray regression models taking into account competing risks. Additional malignancies were found in 118 patients: prior or synchronous malignancies in 63% and subsequent in 37%. Cumulative incidence rates for second malignancies were increased in IgG-myeloma and decreased in bortezomib-treated patients (P<0.05). Cumulative incidence rates for myeloma death were increased with higher stage and age, but decreased in IgG-subtypes and due to anti-myeloma treatment (P<0.05). Cytogenetics in patients acquiring second primary malignancies were predominantly favorable, suggesting that indolent myeloma and long disease latency may allow the manifestation of additional malignancies. An assessment of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program of the National Cancer Institute and our data with long-term follow up of 25 years confirmed a prevalence of second malignancy of 10% at 25 years, whereas death from myeloma decreased from 90% to 83%, respectively. Our important findings widen our knowledge of second malignancies and show that they are of increasing relevance as the prognosis in myeloma improves and mortality rates decrease.

Conditional Survival: A Useful Concept to Provide Information on How Prognosis Evolves over Time.

Conditional survival (CS) is defined as the probability of surviving further t years, given that a patient has already survived s years after the diagnosis of a chronic disease. It is the simplest form of a dynamic prediction in which other events in the course of the disease or biomarker values measured up to time s can be incorporated. CS has attracted attention in recent years either in an absolute or relative form where the latter is based on a comparison with an age-adjusted normal population being highly relevant from a public health perspective. In its absolute form, CS constitutes the quantity of major interest in a clinical context. Given a clinical cohort of patients with a particular type of cancer, absolute CS can be estimated by conditional Kaplan-Meier estimates in strata defined, for example, by age and disease stage or by a conditional version of the Cox and other regression models for time-to-event data. CS can be displayed as a function of the prediction time s in parametric as well as nonparametric fashion. We illustrate the use of absolute CS in a large clinical cohort of patients with multiple myeloma. For investigating CS, it is necessary to ensure almost complete long-term follow-up of the patients enrolled in the clinical cohort and to consider potential age-stage migration as well as changing treatment modalities over time. CS provides valuable and relevant information on how prognosis develops over time. It also serves as a starting point for identifying factors related to long-term survival.