Clinical Variables and Radiomics Features for Predicting Pneumothorax in Patients Undergoing CT-guided Transthoracic Core Needle Biopsy.

Purpose To develop a prediction model combining both clinical and CT texture analysis radiomics features for predicting pneumothorax complications in patients undergoing CT-guided core needle biopsy. Materials and Methods A total of 424 patients (mean age, 65.6 years ± 12.7 [SD]; 232 male, 192 female) who underwent CT-guided core needle biopsy between January 2021 and October 2022 were retrospectively included as the training data set. Clinical and procedure-related characteristics were documented. Texture analysis radiomics features were extracted from the subpleural lung parenchyma traversed by needle. Moderate pneumothorax was defined as a postprocedure air rim of 2 cm or greater. The prediction model was developed using logistic regression with backward elimination, presented by linear fusion of the selected features weighted by their coefficients. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Validation was conducted in an external cohort (n = 45; mean age, 58.2 years ± 12.7; 19 male, 26 female) from a different hospital. Results Moderate pneumothorax occurred in 12.0% (51 of 424) of the training cohort and 8.9% (four of 45) of the external test cohort. Patients with emphysema (P < .001) or a longer needle path length (P = .01) exhibited a higher incidence of moderate pneumothorax in the training cohort. Texture analysis features, including gray-level co-occurrence matrix cluster shade (P < .001), gray-level run-length matrix low gray-level run emphasis (P = .049), gray-level run-length matrix run entropy (P = .003), gray-level size-zone matrix gray-level variance (P < .001), and neighboring gray-tone difference matrix complexity (P < .001), showed higher values in patients with moderate pneumothorax. The combined clinical-radiomics model demonstrated satisfactory performance in both the training (AUC 0.78, accuracy = 71.9%) and external test cohorts (AUC 0.86, accuracy 73.3%). Conclusion The model integrating both clinical and radiomics features offered practical diagnostic performance and accuracy for predicting moderate pneumothorax in patients undergoing CT-guided core needle biopsy. Keywords: Biopsy/Needle Aspiration, Thorax, CT, Pneumothorax, Core Needle Biopsy, Texture Analysis, Radiomics, CT Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

Hemorrhage risk prediction after computed tomography-guided lung biopsy: Clinical parameters and quantitative pulmonary vascular analysis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: We evaluated the utility of combining quantitative pulmonary vasculature measures with clinical factors for predicting pulmonary hemorrhage after computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy. METHODS: Patients who underwent CT-guided lung biopsy were retrospectively included in this study. Clinical and radiographic vasculature variables were evaluated as predictors of pulmonary hemorrhage. The radiographic pulmonary vascular analysis included vessel count, density, diameter, and area, and also blood volume in small vessels with a cross-sectional area ≤5 mm2 (BV5) and total blood vessel volume (TBV) in the lungs. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify the independent risk factors of higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage and establish the prediction model presented as a nomogram. RESULTS: The study included 126 patients; discovery cohort n = 103, and validation cohort n = 23. All pulmonary hemorrhage, higher-grade (grade ≥2) pulmonary hemorrhage, and hemoptysis occurred in 42.9%, 15.9%, and 3.2% of patients who underwent CT-guided lung biopsies. In the discovery cohort, patients with larger lesion depth (p = 0.013), higher vessel density (p = 0.033), and higher BV5 (p = 0.039) were more likely to experience higher-grade hemorrhage. The nomogram prediction model for higher-grade hemorrhage built by the discovery cohort showed similar performance in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage may occur after CT-guided lung biopsy. Lesion depth, vessel density, and BV5 are independent risk factors for higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage. Nomograms integrating clinical parameters and radiographic pulmonary vasculature measures offer enhanced capability for assessing hemorrhage risk following CT-guided lung biopsy, thereby facilitating improved patient clinical care.

Discrimination of invasive lung adenocarcinoma from Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules through visual assessment: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Invasive adenocarcinomas (IADs) have been identified among nonsolid nodules (NSNs) assigned as Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) category 2. This study used visual assessment for differentiating IADs from noninvasive lesions (NILs) in this category. METHODS: This retrospective study included 222 patients with 242 NSNs, which were resected after preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided dye localization. Visual assessment was performed by using the lung and bone window (BW) settings to classify NSNs into BW-visible (BWV) and BW-invisible (BWI) NSNs. In addition, nodule size, shape, border, CT attenuation, and location were evaluated and correlated with histopathological results. Logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 242 NSNs (mean diameter, 7.6 ± 2.8 mm), including 166 (68.6%) BWV and 76 (31.4%) BWI NSNs, were included. IADs accounted for 31% (75) of the nodules. Only 4 (5.3%) IADs were identified in the BWI group and belonged to the lepidic-predominant (n = 3) and acinar-predominant (n = 1) subtypes. In univariate analysis for differentiating IADs from NILs, the nodule size, shape, CT attenuation, and visual classification exhibited statistical significance. Nodule size and visual classification were the significant predictors for IAD in multivariate analysis with logistic regression (p < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of visual classification in IAD prediction were 94.7%, 43.1%, 42.8%, and 94.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The window-based visual classification of NSNs is a simple and objective method to discriminate IADs from NILs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The present study shows that using the bone window to classify nonsolid nodules helps discriminate invasive adenocarcinoma from noninvasive lesions. KEY POINTS: • Evidence has shown the presence of lung adenocarcinoma in Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules. • Nonsolid nodules are classified into the bone window-visible and the bone window-invisible nonsolid nodules, and this classification differentiates invasive adenocarcinoma from noninvasive lesions. • The Lung-RADS category 2 nonsolid nodules are unlikely invasive adenocarcinoma if they show nonvisualization in the bone window.

Augmented fluoroscopic bronchoscopy (AFB) versus percutaneous computed tomography-guided dye localization for thoracoscopic resection of small lung nodules: a propensity-matched study.

BACKGROUND: Dye localization is a useful method for the resection of unidentifiable small pulmonary lesions. This study compares the transbronchial route with augmented fluoroscopic bronchoscopy (AFB) and conventional transthoracic CT-guided methods for preoperative dye localization in thoracoscopic surgery. METHODS: Between April 2015 and March 2019, a total of 231 patients with small pulmonary lesions who received preoperative dye localization via AFB or percutaneous CT-guided technique were enrolled in the study. A propensity-matched analysis, incorporating preoperative variables, was used to compare localization and surgical outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: After matching, a total of 90 patients in the AFB group (N = 30) and CT-guided group (N = 60) were selected for analysis. No significant difference was noted in the demographic data between both the groups. Dye localization was successfully performed in 29 patients (96.7%) and 57 patients (95%) with AFB and CT-guided method, respectively. The localization duration (24.1 ± 8.3 vs. 21.4 ± 12.5 min, p = 0.297) and equivalent dose of radiation exposure (3.1 ± 1.5 vs. 2.5 ± 2.0 mSv, p = 0.130) were comparable in both the groups. No major procedure-related complications occurred in either group; however, a higher rate of pneumothorax (0 vs. 16.7%, p = 0.029) and focal intrapulmonary hemorrhage (3.3 vs. 26.7%, p = 0.008) was noted in the CT-guided group. CONCLUSION: AFB dye marking is an effective alternative for the preoperative localization of small pulmonary lesions, with a lower risk of procedure-related complications than the conventional CT-guided method.

Computed tomography-guided dual localization with microcoil and patent blue vital dye for deep-seated pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) resection of small lung nodules, preoperative dye marking around the visceral pleura provides surface localization to help initiate resection, while implantation of a fiducial marker such as a microcoil can provide inner localization to aid nodule resection under fluoroscopic guidance. We aimed to determine whether dual localization with microcoil placement and dye marking is safe and useful for guiding the resection of small deep-seated lung nodules. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data pertaining to 39 consecutive patients (40 nodules) managed between January 2016 and December 2017 in our hospital. Dual localization with patent blue V dye and microcoil was performed preoperatively because the pulmonary nodules were expected to be difficult to visualize or palpate intraoperatively. The patients underwent computed tomography-guided dual localization in a single puncture and were then transferred to the operation room. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was used to ensure that the lung tissue resected included the microcoil. RESULTS: All 40 lesions were successfully resected using the dual localization technique followed by fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The median lesion diameter and depth were 0.9 and 1.7 cm, respectively, while the median margin/diameter ratio in the first resected specimen was 1.25. One patient had failure of localization due to partial release of the microcoil into the chest wall. Localization-related pneumothorax was detected in six of 39 patients (15.4%) and was always self-limited. CONCLUSION: Dual localization with microcoil placement and dye marking is safe and supports successful VATS resection of small deep-seated lung nodules.

Single-stage hybrid localization: a combination of bronchoscopic lung mapping followed by post-mapping computed tomographic reconstruction and additional transthoracic needle localization in a cone beam computed tomography room.

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopic lung mapping is a multispot dye-marking technique, which should be performed under real-time fluoroscopic guidance and post-mapping computed tomographic reconstruction. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of lung mapping followed by post-mapping computed tomography (CT) and additional needle localization in a cone bean CT (CBCT) room. METHODS: Between February 1, 2018 and August 31, 2018, 11 consecutive patients presenting with 14 lung lesions underwent bronchoscopic lung mapping in a CBCT room followed by thoracoscopic surgery. The efficacy and safety of the procedure were assessed through a retrospective chart review. RESULTS: The median size of the pulmonary lesions was 8.1 mm [interquartile range (IQR), 7.2-10.8 mm] with a median depth-to-size ratio (D-S) ratio of 2.43 (IQR, 1.56-2.79). Additional needle localizations were performed in 4 patients, of which 3 and 1 patients underwent dual localization with dye and microcoil and localization with dye only, respectively. The median total localization time was 28 min (IQR, 18-69 min), and the median radiation exposure was 345.0 mGy (IQR, 161.8-486.6 mGy). A total of 8 wedge resections, 5 segmentectomies, and 1 lobectomy were performed. The final pathological diagnoses were as follows: primary lung cancer (n=6), lung metastases (n=4), and benign lung lesions (n=4). No adverse events were observed, and the median length of postoperative stay was 4 days (IQR, 3-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bronchoscopic lung mapping followed by post-mapping CT and additional needle localization can be performed together in a single examination room equipped with a C-arm CBCT, and the results of localization are contributory to the surgery.

Response assessment of stereotactic body radiation therapy using dynamic contrast-enhanced integrated MR-PET in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the response in patients undergoing SBRT using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) integrated magnetic resonance positron emission tomography (MR-PET). Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is efficacious as a front-line local treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 19 lung tumors in 17 nonmetastatic NSCLC patients who were receiving SBRT as a primary treatment. They underwent DCE-integrated 3T MR-PET before and 6 weeks after SBRT. The following image parameters were analyzed: tumor size, standardized uptake value (SUV), apparent diffusion coefficient, Ktrans , kep , ve , vp , and iAUC60 . Chest computed tomography (CT) was performed at 3 months after SBRT. RESULTS: SBRT treatment led to tumor changes including significant decreases in the SUVmax (-61%, P < 0.001), Ktrans mean (-72%, P = 0.005), Ktrans standard deviation (SD; -85%, P = 0.046), kep mean (-53%, P = 0.014), kep SD (-63%, P = 0.001), and vp SD (-58%, P = 0.002). The PET SUVmax was correlated with the MR kep mean (P = 0.002) and kep SD (P < 0.001). The percentage reduction in Ktrans mean (P < 0.001) and kep mean (P = 0.034) at 6 weeks post-SBRT were significantly correlated with the percentage reduction in tumor size, as measured using CT at 3 months after SBRT. Univariate analyses revealed a trend toward disease progression when the initial SUVmax > 10 (P = 0.083). CONCLUSION: In patients with NSCLC who are receiving SBRT, DCE-integrated MR-PET can be used to evaluate the response after SBRT and to predict the local treatment outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:191-199.

Computer-aided diagnosis of liver tumors on computed tomography images.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Liver cancer is the tenth most common cancer in the USA, and its incidence has been increasing for several decades. Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease are very important. Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most common and robust imaging techniques for the detection of liver cancer. CT scanners can provide multiple-phase sequential scans of the whole liver. In this study, we proposed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to diagnose liver cancer using the features of tumors obtained from multiphase CT images. METHODS: A total of 71 histologically-proven liver tumors including 49 benign and 22 malignant lesions were evaluated with the proposed CAD system to evaluate its performance. Tumors were identified by the user and then segmented using a region growing algorithm. After tumor segmentation, three kinds of features were obtained for each tumor, including texture, shape, and kinetic curve. The texture was quantified using 3 dimensional (3-D) texture data of the tumor based on the grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Compactness, margin, and an elliptic model were used to describe the 3-D shape of the tumor. The kinetic curve was established from each phase of tumor and represented as variations in density between each phase. Backward elimination was used to select the best combination of features, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to classify the tumors with leave-one-out cross validation. RESULTS: The accuracy and sensitivity for the texture were 71.82% and 68.18%, respectively, which were better than for the shape and kinetic curve under closed specificity. Combining all of the features achieved the highest accuracy (58/71, 81.69%), sensitivity (18/22, 81.82%), and specificity (40/49, 81.63%). The Az value of combining all features was 0.8713. CONCLUSIONS: Combining texture, shape, and kinetic curve features may be able to differentiate benign from malignant tumors in the liver using our proposed CAD system.

High mammographic breast density predicts locoregional recurrence after modified radical mastectomy for invasive breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the influence of mammographic breast density at diagnosis on the risk of cancer recurrence and survival outcomes in patients with invasive breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy. METHODS: This case-control study included 121 case-control pairs of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2004 and 2009, and who had undergone modified radical mastectomy and had mammographic breast density measured before or at diagnosis. Women with known locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis were matched by pathological disease stage, age, and year of diagnosis to women without recurrence. Locoregional recurrence was defined as recurrence in the ipsilateral chest wall, or axillary, internal mammary, or supraclavicular nodes. The median follow-up duration was 84.0 months for case patients and 92.9 months for control patients. RESULTS: Patients with heterogeneously dense (50-75% density) and extremely dense (>75% density) breasts had an increased risk of locoregional recurrence (hazard ratios 3.1 and 5.7, 95% confidence intervals 1.1-9.8 and 1.2-34.9, p = 0.043 and 0.048, respectively) than did women with less dense breasts. Positive margins after surgery also increased the risk of locoregional recurrence (hazard ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3-8.3, p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis that included dense breasts (>50% density), positive margin, no adjuvant radiotherapy, and no adjuvant chemotherapy revealed that dense breasts were significant factors for predicting locoregional recurrence risk (hazard ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2-11.1, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that dense breast tissue (>50% density) increased the risk of locoregional recurrence after modified radical mastectomy in patients with invasive breast cancer. Additional prospective studies are necessary to validate these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02771665 , on May 11, 2016.

Broadband Enhancement of Spontaneous Emission in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors Using Photonic Hypercrystals.

The low quantum yield observed in two-dimensional semiconductors of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has motivated the quest for approaches that can enhance the light emission from these systems. Here, we demonstrate broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission and increase in Raman signature from archetype two-dimensional semiconductors: molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) by placing the monolayers in the near field of a photonic hypercrystal having hyperbolic dispersion. Hypercrystals are characterized by a large broadband photonic density of states due to hyperbolic dispersion while having enhanced light in/out coupling by a subwavelength photonic crystal lattice. This dual advantage is exploited here to enhance the light emission from the 2D TMDs and can be utilized for developing light emitters and solar cells using two-dimensional semiconductors.

Computed tomography-guided patent blue vital dye localization of pulmonary nodules in uniportal thoracoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the limitations of the small single incision, an ideal preoperative localization technique is essential for surgical resection of small pulmonary nodules by uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness and safety of preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided patent blue vital (PBV) dye localization in patients with small indeterminate pulmonary nodules who have undergone uniportal VATS for lung resection. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 177 consecutive patients (196 pulmonary nodules) who underwent preoperative CT-guided PBV dye localization and uniportal VATS from January 2013 to September 2015 were enrolled. RESULTS: The CT-dye localization procedure was performed successfully and correctly for 99.5% (195/196) of the nodules within a mean procedure time of 30 minutes. The mean size of the nodules was 7.8 mm, and their mean depth from the pleural surface was 18.3 mm. Most of the nodules (78.6%, 154/196) were pure ground-glass nodules (GGNs) and part-solid GGN with ground-glass opacity (GGO) of 50% or more. Asymptomatic pneumothorax occurred in 29.4% (52/177) of patients after the localization procedure, but none required invasive treatment. All nodules were successfully resected using uniportal VATS without any conversion to thoracotomy. The postoperative course was smooth, with a short mean hospital stay (3.3 ± 1.2 days) and a low morbidity rate (0.6%, 1/177). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative CT-guided PBV dye localization is a feasible, safe, and accurate procedure. It makes uniportal VATS easy for small, poorly located pulmonary nodules with GGO predominance and synchronous multiple nodules.

The Emerging Roles of Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography: Acute Chest Pain Evaluation and Screening for Asymptomatic Individuals.

UNLABELLED: Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has been widely available since 2004. After that, the diagnostic accuracy of CCTA has been extensively validated with invasive coronary angiography for detection of coronary arterial stenosis. In this paper, we reviewed the updated evidence of the role of CCTA in both scenarios including acute chest pain and screening in asymptomatic adults. Several large-scale studies have been conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of CCTA in the context of acute chest pain patients. CCTA could play a role in delivering more efficient care. For risk stratification of asymptomatic patients using CCTA, latest studies have revealed incremental benefits. Future studies evaluating the totality of plaque characteristics may be useful for determining the role of noncalcified plaque for risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals. KEY WORDS: Acute chest pain • Computed tomography • Coronary artery disease • Health screening • Stable angina.

CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of pulmonary malignant tumors.

BACKGROUND: Microwave ablation (MWA) of lung tumors is a new approach for local tumor control. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the preliminary results of safety and efficacy of MWA with a dynamic frequency range (902-928 MHz) and power (10-32 W) for local tumor control of thoracic malignancies. METHODS: From December 1, 2013 to February 1, 2016, there were total 32 lung tumors among 15 patients (7 men, 8 women, age range 43-82 years, mean 57.8±11.1 years of age) receiving MWA of thoracic neoplasms, including lung adenocarcinoma (n=5), metastatic colorectal cancer (n=7), invasive thymoma (n=1), metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma (n=1), and metastatic ampullary carcinoma (n=1). Mean tumor size was 13.5 mm (range, 3.0-32.0 mm). The mean sequential ablation during each MWA was 2.3±1.1 times (range, 1-5 times). The outcomes of ablation were evaluated by follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans and the complications were assessed by medical records and CT scan after ablation. RESULTS: The mean follow-up interval of each tumor was 446.8 days (range, 196-902 days). Local tumor recurrence was found in 5 of the 32 tumors resulting in a local control rate 84.4%. No MWA-related mortality was noted. After MWA, the incidence of pneumothorax was 37.5% (12/32). Only one patient with pneumothorax required air evacuation. Third-degree skin burn adjacent to the entry site occurred in one patient and required debridement and closure with flap. CONCLUSIONS: After appropriate patient selection, MWA with a dynamic frequency range (902-928 MHz) and power (10-32 W) is an effective and safe procedure for local tumor control of recurrent and metastatic lung tumors.

Preoperative computed tomography-guided dye injection to localize multiple lung nodules for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided localization of small lung nodules is important for accurate and efficient video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Resection of multiple small pulmonary nodules in one VATS procedure can aid in patient management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of CT-guided Patent Blue V (PBV) dye localization in patients with multiple pulmonary nodules who underwent VATS. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. One hundred consecutive patients (59.9±10.5 years of age) with 217 nodules who underwent preoperative CT-guided PBV dye localization for multiple (2 to 4) nodules before VATS were enrolled. RESULTS: The mean nodule size was 0.8±0.4 cm, with a mean depth from the pleura or fissure of 0.7±0.7 cm. The mean procedure duration was 50±20 minutes. The mean amount of injected PBV dye was 0.2±0.1 mL per nodule. The overall success rate was 99% by nodule. Failed localization of two nodules in two patients was due to poor dye visualization (n=1) and significant pneumothorax (n=1). Cases of hemorrhage (24%) were mild and asymptomatic, and none of the patients had hemoptysis. None of the cases of pneumothorax (40%) required chest tube placement before VATS. One (1%) patient developed anaphylaxis. The mean post-operative hospital stay was 6.4±4.4 days. CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided PBV dye localization for multiple small pulmonary nodules before VATS is a safe, feasible, and accurate method with high success rate. This approach makes it easy to perform multiple nodule resections during one VATS operation.

Image-guided thoracoscopic surgery with dye localization in a hybrid operating room.

BACKGROUND: The rate of detection of small pulmonary nodules (SPNs) has increased. Thoracoscopic resection following image-guided localization had been a reliable alternative in their treatment. We present our experience with image-guided dye localization using robotic C-arm computed tomography (CT) followed by immediate video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for SPNs in a hybrid operating room (OR). METHODS: From July 2015 to July 2016, 25 consecutive patients with SPNs smaller than 2 cm underwent robotic C-arm CT-guided blue dye tattooing followed by immediate VATS in a hybrid OR. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this novel procedure. RESULTS: Robotic C-arm CT-guided dye localization was successfully performed in 23 patients (92%). Wound extension was required for nodule identification in the remaining two patients. The median size of the nodules was 1.0 cm (range, 0.6-2.0 cm). The median needle localization time and surgery time were 46 and 109 min, respectively. All 25 patients had successful resection of their lesions. The pathological diagnoses were primary lung adenocarcinoma in 18 (72%), benign tumors in 5 (20%), and metastatic lesions in 2 (8%). There was no operative mortality. The median length of the postoperative stay was 3 days (range, 2-8 days). Complications were noted in two patients (8%). One patient had a penetrating injury of the diaphragm during needle localization. The other had pneumonia postoperatively. Both patients were managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience showed that robotic C-arm CT-guided dye localization followed by immediate thoracoscopic surgery in a hybrid OR is safe and feasible. It may become an effective and attractive alternative in managing SPNs.