The effect of the systemic immune-inflammatory index on the no-reflow phenomenon in patients undergoing saphenous vein intervention.

Introduction: The systemic immune inflammation index (SII), based on lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, has been shown to be an independent indicator of no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous intervention. However, the relationship between SII and no-reflow phenomenon (NRP) that develops after the procedure of saphenous vein grafts is unknown. Aim: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between no-reflow phenomenon and SII during percutaneous intervention on saphenous vein grafts. Material and methods: A total of 133 patients who underwent percutaneous intervention for saphenous vein grafts due to acute coronary syndrome between 2019 and 2022 were included in this study. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off value of SII to predict the no-reflow. The multivariate regression was used to analyse the correlation between no-reflow and SII. Results: The median value of SII was significantly higher in patients with no-reflow in comparison with normal reperfusion (543 (447, 717) vs. 861 (642, 1272), p < 0.001). The optimal threshold for SII in predicting the no-reflow phenomenon was 613, with sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 66%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73-0.89, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, SII ≥ 613 showed an independent predictive value for the no-reflow (OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.40-11.57, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results showed that high SII levels were independently associated with the development of no-reflow phenomenon in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and undergoing percutaneous intervention to the SVG.

Increased Cardio-ankle Vascular Index Values in Migraine Patients With Aura.

Patients with migraine with aura are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There are limited data on arterial stiffness in migraine patients with aura. The present study evaluated arterial stiffness in these patients using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). This prospective study included 50 patients with migraine with aura (43 female, mean age 38.9 ± 9.9 years). The patient group was matched for age and gender with 50 healthy individuals with no history of migraine (43 female, mean age 39.3 ± 10.3 years). All patients and control subjects underwent a comprehensive clinical evaluation by an experienced neurologist and were interviewed about their headache histories. There was no significant difference in baseline demographic characteristics and echocardiographic parameters between migraine with aura patients and the control group. Both right and left CAVI values were significantly higher in the patients with migraine with aura (6.5 ± 1.2 vs 6.1 ± 0.7, P = .043 and 6.6 ± 1.2 vs 6.1 ± 0.7, P = .009, respectively). Arterial stiffness is an important mediator of cardiovascular diseases. We found that CAVI, a novel marker of the arterial stiffness, is increased in patients with migraine with aura.

Ongoing Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Adults.

There are limited data on the arterial stiffness changes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The present study evaluated the changes in arterial stiffness in completely healthy patients who had a SARS-CoV-2 infection using the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). The study included 70 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 2020 and June 2021. A cardiac evaluation was carried out, including chest X-ray, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography in all patients. Within the 1st month and 7th month CAVI was measured. Mean age was 37.8 ± 10.0 years, and 41/70 were female. Mean height was 168.6 ± 9.5 cm, mean weight 73.2 ± 15.1 kg, and mean body mass index (BMI) of the group was 25.6 ± 4.2, respectively. CAVI results from the right arm were 6.45 ± .95 at 1-month follow-up and 6.68 ± 1.05 at 7 months follow-up (P = .016) and from the left arm were 6.43 ± 1.0 at 1-month follow-up, 6.70 ± 1.05 at 7-month follow-up (P = .005). Our results showed an ongoing injury in the arterial system after healthy SARS-COV-2 patients during 7 months, as represented by CAVI measurements.

A new method of arterial stiffness measurement in pseudoexfoliation syndrome: cardio-ankle vascular index.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether pseudoexfoliation syndrome affects arterial stiffness by using cardio-ankle vascular index measurement. METHODS: This cross-sectional case-control study included 55 patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and 106 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic exa mination of both eyes and cardio-ankle vascular index measu rements. Echocardiographic and body mass index measurements were performed in all patients, and the results were recorded. A binary regression model was used to determine the relationship between cardio-ankle vascular index and pseudoexfoliation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the pseudoexfoliation and control groups in baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction, and body mass index. The mean cardio-ankle vascular index value was significantly higher in the pseudoexfoliation group than in the controls (9.47 ± 1.23 vs. 8.33 ± 1.50, p<0.001). Intraocular pressure was significantly higher in the pseudoexfoliation group than in the controls (18.31 ± 1.78 vs. 15.24 ± 2.42 mm Hg, p<0.05). Although the logistic regression analysis showed that mean cardio-ankle vascular index and IOP values were positively associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (Odds ratios (OR) = 1.973, 95% CI, 1.051-3.706, p=0.035; OR=3.322, 95% CI = 2.000-5.520, p<0.001, respectively), the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a borderline significant positive correlation between age and mean cardio-ankle vascular index and a significant positive correlation between dyslipidemia and intraocular pressure and mean cardio-ankle vascular index (r=0.265, p=0.050; r=0.337, p=0.012; r=0.433, p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that cardio-ankle vascular index values increased in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Surgical removal of atrial septal defect closure device due to systemic allergic reaction to nickel: A case report.

Systemic hypersensitivity reaction to nickel-containing medical device is a rare complication after percutaneous atrial septal defect closure. The symptoms regress spontaneously or in response to medical treatment in most cases. Surgical device removal is mandatory and effective in patients whose symptoms persist despite optimal medical therapy. Herein, we report a case of systemic allergic contact dermatitis secondary to nickel allergy after atrial septal defect closure and its successful treatment with surgical removal of the device.

Evaluation of cardiac parameters between survivors and nonsurvivors of COVID-19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The present study compares the cardiac parameters of the survivor and nonsurvivor patients with COVID-19 infection. METHODS: This study was conducted in 379 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease. Information of 21 nonsurvivor and 358 survivor patients with COVID-19 was obtained from the hospital information management system and analyzed retrospectively. Relationship between cardiac parameters in patients categorized into the mortal and immortal groups was investigated. RESULTS: Of the total 379 patients involved in this study, 155 (40.9%) were females and 224 (59.1%) were males. No statistically significant difference in mortality was found between females and males (p=0.249). The total median age was 70, the median age in the nonsurvivor group was 74 (35-89), and it was 69.5 (18-96) in the survivor group (p=0.249). The median values of high-sensitivity troponin (hs-Tn), creatine kinase MB form, and especially myoglobin in the survivor and nonsurvivor groups were 25/64.9 (p=0.028), 18/23 (p=0.02), and 105.5/322.4 (p<0.001), and the difference was statistically significant. Comparing mortality, while there was 1 (0.7%) nonsurvivor out of 134 patients in the service unit, there were 20 (8.2%) nonsurvivors out of 245 patients in the intensive care unit. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.003). The cutoff value of myoglobin, which may pose a risk of mortality, was found to be 191.4 µg/L, while it was 45.7 ng/l for hs-Tn and 60.1 U/L for creatine kinase MB. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age and increased levels of high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase MB, and myoglobin were found to be associated with mortality.

Alteration of serum biomarkers in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without atrial fibrillation.

Aim: We sought to determine the relationship between presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and serum biomarkers, including native thiol (antioxidant), disulphide/native thiol ratio, Hs-CRP and high-sensitivity Troponin-I (Hs-TnI) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Materials & methods: We enrolled consecutive 121 HCM outpatients without AF and 40 HCM outpatients with AF. A 12-lead electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography and 24/48-h ambulatory rhythm monitoring were performed for all patients. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from all study patients to measure serum thiol-disulphide homeostasis, Hs-CRP and Hs-TnI. Results: Serum-native thiol was lower and disulphide/native thiol ratio was more oxidized in HCM patients with AF (p < 0.001). Also, HCM patients with AF had higher Hs-TnI and Hs-CRP than no-AF HCM patients. Disulphide/native thiol ratio, serum-native thiol, age, NYHA functional class≥III, and advanced diastolic dysfunction were independently associated with the presence of AF in HCM. Conclusion: In addition to clinical and echocardiographic findings, oxidative stress is also associated with AF in HCM patients.

Characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with covid-19 in Sakarya, Turkey: a single centre cohort study

Background/aim: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Turkey on March 10, 2020 and the number of the patients are increasing day by day. Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has high mortality rates in intensive care units (ICUs). We aimed to describe the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, treatment protocols, and clinical outcomes among the critically ill patients admitted to the ICU of our hospital. Materials and methods: This cohort study included 103 consecutive patients who had laboratory confirmed Covid-19 and admitted to ICU of Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital between March 19 and April 13, 2020. The final date of the follow-up was April 18. Results: The mean age of the patients was 69.6 ± 14.1 years. Most of the patients had increased CRP (99%), serum ferritin (73.8%), d-dimer (82.5%), and hs-troponin levels (38.8%). 34 patients (33%) had lymphocytopenia, 24 patients (23.3%) had thrombocytopenia. 63 patients (61.2%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 31 patients (30.1%) had acute kidney injury, and 52 patients (50.5%) had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) during follow-up. Sixty-two patients (60.2%) received mechanical ventilation. As of April 18, of the 103 patients, 52 (50.5%) had died, 30 (29.1%) had been discharged from the ICU, 21 (20.4%) were still in the ICU. Conclusions: Covid-19 has high mortality rates in ICU. Patients with elevated procalcitonin, hs-troponin, d-dimer, and CRP levels and lower platelet count at admission have higher mortality.

Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the genetic complexity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), there must be other disease-modifying factors that contribute to its highly variable clinical and phenotypic expression. The authors aimed to investigate serum thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a proxy for oxidative stress using a novel automated assay in patients with HCM. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 patients with HCM and 52 without HCM. The methods used to measure dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis as calorimetric and duplex quantities were developed in 2014. RESULTS: Median serum native thiol levels were significantly lower in patients with HCM than in those without (312.5 µmol/L [285-370 µmol/L] vs 421 µmol/L [349-469.5 µmol/L]; p < 0.001). Serum total thiol levels and disulphide levels were considerably lower than those in the control group ([844.68 ± 195.99 µmol/L vs 1158.92 ± 243.97 µmol/L; p < 0.001], [259.13 ± 65.66 µmol/L vs 375.02 ± 79.99 µmol/L; p < 0.001], respectively). Serum disulphide/native thiol ratios and disulphide/total thiol ratios were significantly lower in HCM patients than in controls (0.80 ± 0.09 vs 0.92 ± 0.05; p < 0.001 and 0.31 [0.30-0.32] vs 0.32 [0.32-0.33]; p < 0.001). Finally, reduced thiol ratios were higher and oxidized thiol ratios were significantly lower in patients with HCM than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that antioxidant capacity was impaired, the extracellular environment remained in a reducing state by keeping serum disulphide/native thiol ratios low. Therefore, the authors speculate that HCM may behave similarly to tumours with respect to serum thiol-disulphide levels.

Short and Midterm Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of the Nationwide TURKMI Registry.

This recent Turkish Myocardial Infarction registry reported that guidelines are largely implemented in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) in Turkey. We aimed to obtain up-to-date information for short- and midterm outcomes of acute MI. Fifty centers were selected using probability sampling, and all consecutive patients with acute MI admitted to these centers (between November 1 and 16, 2018) were enrolled. Among 1930 (mean age 62 ± 13 years, 26% female) patients, 1195 (62%) had non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 735 (38%) had ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 94.4% of patients with STEMI and 60.2% of those with NSTEMI. Periprocedural mortality occurred in 4 (0.3%) patients. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in STEMI than in patients with NSTEMI (5.4% vs 2.9%, respectively; P = .006). However, the risk became slightly higher in the NSTEMI group at 1 year. Women with STEMI had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared with men (11.2% vs 3.8%; P < .001); this persisted at follow-up. In conclusion, PCI is performed in Turkey with a low risk of complications in patients with acute MI. Compared with a previous registry, in-hospital mortality decreased by 50% within 20 years; however, the risk remains too high for women with STEMI.

Evaluation of cardiac parameters between survivors and nonsurvivors of COVID-19 patients

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The present study compares the cardiac parameters of the survivor and nonsurvivor patients with COVID-19 infection. METHODS: This study was conducted in 379 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease. Information of 21 nonsurvivor and 358 survivor patients with COVID-19 was obtained from the hospital information management system and analyzed retrospectively. Relationship between cardiac parameters in patients categorized into the mortal and immortal groups was investigated. RESULTS: Of the total 379 patients involved in this study, 155 (40.9%) were females and 224 (59.1%) were males. No statistically significant difference in mortality was found between females and males (p=0.249). The total median age was 70, the median age in the nonsurvivor group was 74 (35-89), and it was 69.5 (18-96) in the survivor group (p=0.249). The median values of high-sensitivity troponin (hs-Tn), creatine kinase MB form, and especially myoglobin in the survivor and nonsurvivor groups were 25/64.9 (p=0.028), 18/23 (p=0.02), and 105.5/322.4 (p<0.001), and the difference was statistically significant. Comparing mortality, while there was 1 (0.7%) nonsurvivor out of 134 patients in the service unit, there were 20 (8.2%) nonsurvivors out of 245 patients in the intensive care unit. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.003). The cutoff value of myoglobin, which may pose a risk of mortality, was found to be 191.4 µg/L, while it was 45.7 ng/l for hs-Tn and 60.1 U/L for creatine kinase MB. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age and increased levels of high-sensitivity troponin, creatine kinase MB, and myoglobin were found to be associated with mortality.

Percutaneous angioplasty in the treatment of thrombosed hemodialysis fistulas: A single-center experience with 1 year of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Thrombosis of a hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a serious complication that needs urgent treatment. Most cases are treated surgically, but recently, endovascular strategies have become a viable alternative. This study is an evaluation of the success and patency rate of percutaneous balloon angioplasty of thrombosed hemodialysis fistulas using a drug-coated balloon (DCB) contrasted with a standard balloon (SB). METHODS: The data of 33 patients with a thrombosed native hemodialysis AVF treated percutaneously in a tertiary care center were analyzed retrospectively. Success of the procedure was defined as restoration of flow with less than 30% residual stenosis and resumption of dialysis through the hemodialysis AVF. The success rate of the procedure and the patency rate at 1, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. The effect on patency of a DCB was compared to that of a SB. RESULTS: Twenty-five radiocephalic and 8 brachiocephalic thrombosed hemodialysis AVFs were treated during the study period. Flow was restored in 23 thrombosed fistulas, a success rate of 69.7%. The patency rate of successfully treated fistulas was 95.6% at 1 month, 76.1% at 6 months, and 57.9% at 12 months. Ten of the 23 re-established AVFs were treated with a DCB and the remainder were treated with a SB. The patency of the fistulas treated with a DCB was similar to that of a SB at 1 month (100% vs 92.3%, respectively; p=0.393). The patency rate of a DCB was greater than that of a SB at 6 months (88.9% vs 66.7%, respectively; p=0.258) and 12 months (75% vs 45.4%, respectively; p=0.219). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous intervention for thrombosed hemodialysis AVFs is a safe, minimally invasive, and effective procedure. There was a positive trend in the patency rate of patients treated with a DCB at 6 and 12 months compared with a SB.

Impact of antihypertensive agents on clinical course and in-hospital mortality: analysis of 169 hypertensive patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging health threat caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Previous studies have noted hypertension is associated with increased mortality due to COVID-19; however, it is not clear whether the increased risk is due to hypertension itself or antihypertensive agents. We aimed to evaluate the impact of antihypertensive agents on the clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Our study included 169 consecutive hypertensive patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between March 20 and April 10, 2020. The demographic characteristics, clinical data, and type of antihypertensive agents being used were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 65.8±11.7 years.30 patients(17.7%) died during hospitalization. A total of 142 patients(84%) were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 91 (53.8%) were using diuretics, 69 (40.8%) were using calcium channel blockers (CCBs), 66 (39.1%) were using beta-blockers, 12 (7.1%) were using alpha-blockers, and 5 (2.9%) were using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There was no significant difference between survivors and non-survivors based on the type of antihypertensive agents being used. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the type of the antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on mortality [OR=0.527 (0.130-2.138), p=0.370 for ACEIs/ARBs; OR=0.731 (0.296-1.808), p=0.498 for CCBs; OR=0.673 (0.254-1.782), p=0.425 for diuretics; OR=1.846 (0.688-4.950), p=0.223 for beta-blockers; OR=0.389 (0.089-1.695), p=0.208 for alpha-blockers; and OR=1.372 (0.107-17.639), p=0.808 for MRAs]. CONCLUSION: The type of antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on the clinical course and mortality in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. The use of these agents should be maintained for the treatment of hypertension during hospitalization.

Hematological biomarkers for predicting carotid artery vasospasm during carotid stenting.

INTRODUCTION: The vasospasm of carotid arteries is important for the progression of neurological sequelae. Many mechanisms have been found to be related to this clinical phenomenon. Predicting this event by using hematological biomarkers may provide opportunities for adopting preventive measures against unfavorable neurovascular complications. The aim of this study is to determine the hematological predictors of carotid artery vasospasm during carotid stenting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients who underwent carotid stenting were divided into two groups: those with and without carotid artery vasospasm. Carotid artery vasospasm was angiographically defined as transient or persistent emergent stenosis or irregularity of the vessel wall without evidence of thrombosis during carotid stenting. The hematological parameters were compared between 21 patients who developed carotid artery vasospasm (17.5%) and 99 patients who did not (82.5%). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with carotid artery vasospasm and without carotid artery vasospasm was 66 ±8 and 70 ±8 years, respectively. Creatinine levels within 0.5-0.9 (OR = 3.704, 95% CI: 1.245-11.019, p = 0.019), each 1000 unit increase in neutrophil count (OR = 1.567, 95% CI: 1.027-2.392, p = 0.037) and presence of diabetes (OR = 3.081, 95% CI: 1.116-8.505, p = 0.030) were the independent predictors of carotid artery vasospasm in carotid arteries during carotid stenting. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction of carotid artery vasospasm during carotid stenting should help clinicians adopt preventive measures against the development of neurological sequelae. This study found that creatinine levels, increased neutrophil count and presence of diabetes are independent predictors of carotid artery vasospasm.

The relationship between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine levels and radial artery spasm.

OBJECTIVE: The use of the radial approach in coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention has increased owing to its advantages over the femoral approach such as rapid patient mobilization and improved patient comfort. However, radial artery spasm (RAS) that occurs during the procedure is a crucial factor in transradial approach failure and access site switch. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a naturally occurring, modified amino acid that inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production. High ADMA levels may reduce arterial elasticity especially in small arteries like the radial artery. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ADMA levels and RAS in radial artery access. METHODS: This study included 155 patients (89 males and 66 females) who underwent transradial coronary angiography between January 2016 and June 2016. The ADMA level in the plasma was determined using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS: RAS was observed in 16 of the 155 patients (10.1%). The RAS was found to be more frequent in female patients (17.9% for women vs. 4.4% for men, p=0.019). The plasma concentration of ADMA in the RAS group was significantly higher than that in the control group [22.1 ng/mL (12.1-37.8) vs. 9.2 ng/mL (5.9-14.8), p<0.001]. Moreover, the plasma concentration of ADMA was significantly higher in patients with RAS among female patients [20.4 ng/mL (12.1-44.9) vs. 9.9 ng/mL (6.2-16.6); p=0.002] and among male patients [25.2 ng/mL (13.7-35.4) vs. 8.2 ng/mL (5.9-12.8); p=0.007]. Binary logistic regression analysis of all patients showed that ADMA concentration was the only predictor for RAS (odds ratio=1.142; 95% confidence interval=1.061-1.228; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: It was found that the ADMA concentration of the patients in the RAS group was elevated compared to that of controls. The findings indicated that elevated ADMA concentrations could predict RAS that may occur.

Increased cardio-ankle vascular index values in patients with acute branch retinal vein occlusion.

Purpose: Patients with retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Our aim is to evaluate the arterial stiffness in patients with acute branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) by using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Methods: This prospective study included 42 patients (18 male, mean age 57.5 ± 11.3) with acute BRVO and a matched control group (by age, sex, and presence of hypertension) with 70 (26 male, mean age 54.4 ± 9.4) patients. All patients and control subjects underwent complete ocular examination and CAVI measurement. BRVO was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Results: There were no significant differences between baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body mass index of the BRVO and control group. Both right and left CAVI values were found significantly higher in BRVO group (7.94 ± 1.53 vs 7.28 ± 1.25, P < 0.05 and 8.06 ± 1.41 vs 7.30 ± 1.26, P < 0.05, respectively). There were no significant difference in right and left ankle-brachial index values between the groups (1.05 ± 0.10 vs 1.06 ± 0.08, P = 0.46 and 1.04 ± 0.12 vs 1.05 ± 0.08, P = 0.46, respectively). Conclusion: Arterial stiffness is an important mediator of cardiovascular diseases. We found that CAVI which is a novel marker of the arterial stiffness is increased in patients with acute BRVO compared to controls.

Does contralateral carotid artery occlusion affect the clinical and long-term outcomes of carotid artery stenting?

INTRODUCTION: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been used with increasing frequency in recent years as an alternative to surgery. Contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO) is present in approximately 2.3% to 25% of cases of revascularised carotid atherosclerotic stenosis. We aimed to compare the outcomes of 30-day, 6-month and 1-year stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), death and myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with and without CCO who underwent CAS in our clinic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted with 288 consecutive patients who underwent CAS between September 2010 and June 2018. Patients with carotid stenting were divided into two groups: with (48 patients) and without CCO (240 patients). RESULTS: Total mortality (2.08% vs. 2.08% p = 1), stroke (2.08% vs. 0.83%, p = 0.43), TIA (0% vs. 0.83%, p = 0.52), MI (0% vs. 0%), and composite outcome (4.17% vs. 3.33%, p = 0.77) at 30 days were not significantly different between CCO and non-CCO groups. Also there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the 6-month and 1-year outcomes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between 30-day, 6-month and 1-year non-fatal MI, TIA, ischaemic stroke and mortality in the comparison of patients with and without CCO who underwent CAS. The outcomes were similar in terms of age and symptoms, and these data should be supported by prospective multicenter studies.

Impact of antihypertensive agents on clinical course and in-hospital mortality: analysis of 169 hypertensive patients hospitalized for COVID-19

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging health threat caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Previous studies have noted hypertension is associated with increased mortality due to COVID-19; however, it is not clear whether the increased risk is due to hypertension itself or antihypertensive agents. We aimed to evaluate the impact of antihypertensive agents on the clinical outcomes of hypertensive patients with COVID-19. METHODS Our study included 169 consecutive hypertensive patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between March 20 and April 10, 2020. The demographic characteristics, clinical data, and type of antihypertensive agents being used were reviewed. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 65.8±11.7 years.30 patients(17.7%) died during hospitalization. A total of 142 patients(84%) were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), 91 (53.8%) were using diuretics, 69 (40.8%) were using calcium channel blockers (CCBs), 66 (39.1%) were using beta-blockers, 12 (7.1%) were using alpha-blockers, and 5 (2.9%) were using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There was no significant difference between survivors and non-survivors based on the type of antihypertensive agents being used. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the type of the antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on mortality [OR=0.527 (0.130-2.138), p=0.370 for ACEIs/ARBs; OR=0.731 (0.296-1.808), p=0.498 for CCBs; OR=0.673 (0.254-1.782), p=0.425 for diuretics; OR=1.846 (0.688-4.950), p=0.223 for beta-blockers; OR=0.389 (0.089-1.695), p=0.208 for alpha-blockers; and OR=1.372 (0.107-17.639), p=0.808 for MRAs]. CONCLUSION The type of antihypertensive agent being used had no effect on the clinical course and mortality in hypertensive patients with COVID-19. The use of these agents should be maintained for the treatment of hypertension during hospitalization.

RESUMO OBJETIVO A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) é uma ameaça emergente à saúde causada por um novo coronavírus denominado síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus 2 (Sars-COV-2). Estudos anteriores observaram que a hipertensão está associada a um aumento da mortalidade devido ao COVID-19, no entanto, não está claro se o aumento do risco pertence à própria hipertensão ou a agentes anti-hipertensivos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o impacto de agentes anti-hipertensivos nos resultados clínicos em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19. MÉTODOS Nosso estudo incluiu 169 hipertensos consecutivos internados por COVID-19 entre 20 de março e 10 de abril de 2020. As características demográficas, dados clínicos e o tipo de anti-hipertensivos em uso foram revistos. RESULTADOS A idade média dos pacientes foi de 65,8±11,7 anos. Trinta pacientes (17,7%) faleceram durante a internação. Cento e quarenta e dois pacientes (84%) usavam inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (ACEIs) ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (ARBs), 91 (53,8%) usavam diuréticos, 69 (40,8%) usavam bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio (CCBs), 66 (39,1%) usavam betabloqueadores, 12 (7,1%) usavam bloqueadores alpha e cinco (2,9%) usavam antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (MRAs). Não houve diferença significativa entre sobreviventes e não sobreviventes com base no tipo de agentes anti-hipertensivos em uso. A análise de regressão logística binária mostrou que o tipo de agente anti-hipertensivo utilizado não teve efeito na mortalidade (OR=0,527 (0,130-2,138), p=0,370 para ACEIs/ARB; OR=0,731 (0,296-1,808), p=0,498 para CCBs; OR=0,673 (0,254-1,782), p=0,425 para diuréticos; OR=1,846 (0,688-4,950), p=0,223 para bloqueadores beta; OR=0,389 (0,089-1,695), p=0,208 para bloqueadores alpha e OR=1,372 (0,107-17,639), p=0,808 para MRAs). CONCLUSÃO O tipo de agente anti-hipertensivo utilizado não teve efeito no curso clínico e na mortalidade em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19. O uso desses agentes deve ser mantido no tratamento da hipertensão durante a hospitalização.