Fiber-Reinforced Equibiaxial Dielectric Elastomer Actuator for Out-of-Plane Displacement.

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have gained significant attention due to their potential in soft robotics and adaptive structures. However, their performance is often limited by their in-plane strain distribution and limited mechanical stability. We introduce a novel design utilizing fiber reinforcement to address these challenges. The fiber reinforcement provides enhanced mechanical integrity and improved strain distribution, enabling efficient energy conversion and out-of-plane displacement. We discuss an analytical model and the fabrication process, including material selection, to realize fiber-reinforced DEAs. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate the performance of the fiber-reinforced equibiaxial DEAs and characterize their displacement and force capabilities. Actuators with four and eight fibers are fabricated with 100 µm and 200 µm dielectric thicknesses. A maximal out-of-plane displacement of 500 µm is reached, with a force of 0.18 N, showing promise for the development of haptic devices.

Influence of Active-to-Passive Ratio on the Deformation in Circular Dielectric Elastomer Actuators.

To further improve the performance of dielectric elastomer actuaotrs (DEAs), the development of novel elastomers with enhanced electro-mechanical properties is focal for the advancement of the technology. Hence, reliable techniques to assess their electro-mechanical performance are necessary. Characterization of the actuator materials is often achieved by fabricating circular DEAs with the pre-stretch of the membrane fixed by a stiff frame. Because of this set-up, the electrode size relative to the carrier frame's dimension has an impact on actuator strain and displacement. To allow for comparable results across different studies, the influence of this effect needs to be quantified and taken into account. This paper presents an in-depth study of the active-to-passive ratio by proposing two simplified analytical models for circular DEA and comparing them. The first model is taking the hyperelastic material properties of the dielectric film into account while the second model is a linear elastic lumped parameter model based on the electro-mechanical analogy. Both models lie in good agreement and show a significant linear impact of the radial active-to-passive ratio on the electro-active strain and a resulting maximum of displacement around 50% radial coverage ratio. These findings are validated by experiments with actuators fabricated using silicone membranes. It is shown that the electrode size is not only an important parameter in the experimental design, but in some cases of higher significance for the accuracy of analytical models than the hyperelastic properties of the material. Furthermore, it could be shown that a radial coverage ratio of around 50% is desirable when measuring displacement as it maximizes the displacement and lowers the impact of deviations in electrode sizes due to fabrication errors.

Understanding the Impact of Active-to-Passive Area Ratio on Deformation in One-Dimensional Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Uniaxial Strain State.

There is increasing interest in the use of novel elastomers with inherent or modified advanced dielectric and mechanical properties, as components of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA). This requires corresponding techniques to assess their electro-mechanical performance. A common way to test dielectric materials is the fabrication of actuators with pre-stretch fixed by a stiff frame. This results in the problem that the electrode size has an influence on the achievable actuator displacement and strain, which is detrimental to the comparability of experiments. This paper presents an in-depth study of the active-to-passive ratio with the aim of investigating the influence of the coverage ratio on uniaxial actuator displacement and strain. To model the effect, a simple lumped-parameter model is proposed. The model shows that the coverage ratio for maximal displacement is 50%. To validate the model results, experiments are carried out. For this, a rectangular, fiber-reinforced DEA is used to assess the relation of the coverage ratio and deformation. Due to the stiffness of the fibers, highly anisotropic mechanical properties are achieved, leading to the uniaxial strain behavior of the actuator, which allows the validation of the one-dimensional model. To consider the influence of the simplifications in the lumped-parameter model, the results are compared to a hyperelastic model. In summary, it is shown that the ratio of the active-to-passive area has a significant influence on the actuator deformation. Both the model and experiments confirm that an active-to-passive ratio of 50% is particularly advantageous in most cases.