An Efficient Method of Birch Ethanol Lignin Sulfation with a Sulfaic Acid-Urea Mixture.

For the first time, the process of birch ethanol lignin sulfation with a sulfamic acid-urea mixture in a 1,4-dioxane medium was optimized experimentally and numerically. The high yield of the sulfated ethanol lignin (more than 96%) and containing 7.1 and 7.9 wt % of sulfur was produced at process temperatures of 80 and 90 °C for 3 h. The sample with the highest sulfur content (8.1 wt %) was obtained at a temperature of 100 °C for 2 h. The structure and molecular weight distribution of the sulfated birch ethanol lignin was established by FTIR, 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The introduction of sulfate groups into the lignin structure was confirmed by FTIR by the appearance of absorption bands characteristic of the vibrations of sulfate group bonds. According to 2D NMR spectroscopy data, both the alcohol and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the ethanol lignin were subjected to sulfation. The sulfated birch ethanol lignin with a weight average molecular weight of 7.6 kDa and a polydispersity index of 1.81 was obtained under the optimum process conditions. Differences in the structure of the phenylpropane units of birch ethanol lignin (syringyl-type predominates) and abies ethanol lignin (guaiacyl-type predominates) was manifested in the fact that the sulfation of the former proceeds more completely at moderate temperatures than the latter. In contrast to sulfated abies ethanol lignin, the sulfated birch ethanol lignin had a bimodal and wider molecular weight distribution, as well as less thermal stability. The introduction of sulfate groups into ethanol lignin reduced its thermal stability.

Trinuclear ReFePt clusters with a µ3-phenylvinylidene ligand: synthetic approaches, rearrangement of vinylidene, and redox-induced transformations.

A series of trinuclear µ3-vinylidene ReFePt clusters were synthesized by the application of two approaches: (i) reactions of the binuclear RePt µ-vinylidene complexes with Fe2(CO)9; (ii) ligand substitution or exchange reactions at the Pt atom in the synthesized ReFePt clusters. The molecular structures of CpReFePt(µ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]L [L = CO; P(OEt)3] were determined by an X-ray diffraction study. The obtained compounds were studied by IR and 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic study revealed that the clusters CpReFePt(µ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]L [L = CO; P(OEt)3] and CpReFePt(µ3-CCHPh)(CO)6[P(OPri)3] undergo isomerization upon dissolution, resulting in three isomers with different positions of the µ3-vinylidene ligand over the ReFePt core. The redox properties of the clusters were studied by electrochemical methods. The relatively stable cation-radicals obtained by chemical oxidation of CpReFePt(µ3-CCHPh)(CO)6[P(OPri)3] and CpReFePt(µ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]2 with ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate were characterized by EPR spectroscopy.

Manganese-gold-manganese complex with vinylidene and acetylide units.

A series of reactions of Cp(CO)2Mn[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHPh with different gold(i) complexes of [Au-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-R]n (R = 4-C5H4N, C6H5) and (tht)AuCl yielded one novel trinuclear MnAuMn cluster. The structure of this cluster can be rationalized as being formed of a vinylidene Mn-Au binuclear and Mn-acetylide fragments, and the binding between those is achieved mainly through the sharing of the electron pair of the single Mn-C σ-bond of an acetylide unit with the gold center.

Catalyzed M-C coupling reactions in the synthesis of σ-(pyridylethynyl)dicarbonylcyclopentadienyliron complexes.

The reactions between terminal ethynylpyridines, (trimethylsilyl)ethynylpyridines and cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl iodide were studied under Pd/Cu-catalyzed conditions to develop a synthetic approach to the σ-alkynyl iron complexes Cp(CO)2Fe-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-R (R = ortho-, meta-, para-pyridyl). Depending on the catalyst and reagents used, the yields of the desired σ-pyridylethynyl complexes varied from 40 to 95%. In some cases the reactions with ortho-ethynylpyridine gave as byproduct the unexpected binuclear FePd µ-pyridylvinylidene complex [Cp(CO)Fe{µ2-η1(Cα):η1(Cα)-κ1(N)-Cα[double bond, length as m-dash]Cß(H)(o-C5H4N)}(µ-CO)PdI]. The conditions, catalysts, and reagents that provide the highest yields of the desired σ-pyridylethynyl iron compounds were determined. The methods developed allowed the synthesis of the corresponding σ-4-benzothiadiazolylethynyl complex Cp(CO)2Fe-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(4-C6H3N2S) as well. Eventually, synthetic approaches to σ-alkynyl iron complexes of the type Cp(CO)2Fe-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-R (R = ortho-, meta-, para-pyridyl, 4-benzothiadiazol-2,1,3-yl) based on the Pd/Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were elaborated.

Preparation of adamantyl derivatives of 1,4-; 1,6- and 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalenes and assignment of their NMR data.

Adamantylation of dihydroxynaphthalenes with the hydroxyl groups on the same or different rings leads to compounds that are convenient starting materials in target-oriented organic synthesis. Here, we report the (1)H and (13)C NMR assignments of eight 1-adamantyl substituted derivatives of 1,4-; 1,6- and 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalenes. The data acquired and peculiarities of their molecular structure are useful for extrapolation for prompt characterization of compounds containing adamantane, dihydroxynaphthalenes or naphthoquinone units.