RESUMO
It is unknown if the type of general anaesthetic used for maintenance of anaesthesia affects the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of POCD in patients administered either sevoflurane or propofol for maintenance of anaesthesia during total hip replacement surgery. Following administration of a spinal anaesthetic, patients received either sevoflurane (n=121) or propofol (n=171) at the discretion of the anaesthetist for maintenance of general anaesthesia to maintain the processed electroencephalogram (bispectral index, BIS) under 60. POCD was assessed postoperatively at day 7, three months, and 12 months using a neurocognitive test battery. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of POCD at any timepoint with sevoflurane compared to propofol. The mean BIS was significantly lower in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group (mean BIS 44.3 [standard deviation, SD 7.5] in the sevoflurane group versus 53.7 [SD 8.1] in the propofol group, P=0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant association between intraoperative BIS level and the incidence of POCD at any timepoint. Our results suggest that the incidence of POCD is not strongly influenced by the type of anaesthesia used in elderly patients.
Assuntos
Anestesia Geral/métodos , Raquianestesia/métodos , Artroplastia de Quadril , Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Propofol/efeitos adversos , Sevoflurano/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Anestésicos Inalatórios/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Inalatórios/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Intravenosos/efeitos adversos , Disfunção Cognitiva/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/induzido quimicamente , Propofol/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Sevoflurano/administração & dosagem , Vitória/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effect of surgery on the gamma loop of the quadriceps on the side with an intact knee in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. We compared longitudinally the response of alpha motor neurons to vibration stimulation of the quadriceps on the side with an intact knee before and after ACL reconstruction. To evaluate alpha motor neuron response, we measured the maximal knee extension strength and integrated electromyography of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris. After obtaining pre-vibration data from each subject, vibration stimulation was applied to the infrapatellar tendon, and the same measurements were performed immediately after stimulation. The results of this study showed that the response to prolonged vibration stimulation on the intact side of the quadriceps did not differ pre- and post-surgery. As vibration stimuli normally elicit a decrease in alpha motor neuron activity in normal individuals, abnormal responses to prolonged vibration stimulation of the quadriceps on the side with an intact knee might be observed in patients with ACL injuries. The abnormality of the gamma loop of the quadriceps on the side with an intact knee was probably induced by the rupture. Based on these results, we conclude that surgery does not induce further gamma loop abnormalities on the intact side of the quadriceps.
Assuntos
Reconstrução do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Músculo Quadríceps/inervação , Músculo Quadríceps/cirurgia , Vibração , Adolescente , Adulto , Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/cirurgia , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to differences in the volume of certain areas of the brain and to variants in the piccolo presynaptic cytomatrix protein (PCLO), but the relationship between PCLO and brain morphology has not been studied. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PCLO, rs2522833, is thought to affect protein stability and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We investigated the relationship between cortical volume and this SNP in first-episode, drug-naive patients with MDD or healthy control subjects. Seventy-eight participants, including 30 patients with MDD and 48 healthy control subjects, were recruited via interview. PCLO rs2522833 genotyping and plasma cortisol assays were performed, and gray matter volume was estimated using structural magnetic resonance images. Among the individuals carrying the C-allele of PCLO rs2522833, the volume of the left temporal pole was significantly smaller in those with MDD than in healthy controls (family-wise error-corrected, P=0.003). No differences were detected in other brain regions. In addition, the C-carriers showed a larger volume reduction in the left temporal pole than those in the individuals with A/A genotype (P=0.0099). Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in MDD-affected C-carriers than in the healthy control C-carriers (12.76±6.10 vs 9.31±3.60 nm, P=0.045). We conclude that PCLO SNP rs2522833 is associated with a gray matter volume reduction in the left temporal pole in drug-naive, first-episode patients with MDD carrying the C-allele.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genética , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/metabolismo , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuropeptídeos/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Encéfalo/patologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Japão/epidemiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Testes de Estado Mental e Demência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Quadriceps weakness is a notable problem following knee damage. Research has shown effectiveness of TENS in improving Quadriceps weakness associated with arthrogenic muscle inhibition. However, these studies were not focused upon short term delivery of TENS, nor did they examine the potential mechanism(s). The present study examined the effect of 25-30 s of TENS upon weakness induced temporarily by a prolonged vibration. Subjects performed eccentric MVCs under 2 conditions (TENS and no-TENS). First, MVC was measured at baseline. For the TENS condition, TENS was applied to each subject's knee joint during a second MVC measurement after vibration. For no-TENS condition, TENS was not applied during the 2nd MVC measurement. MVC between pre-and post-vibration stimulation were compared across the 2 conditions. The results showed that MVC and EMG of TENS-condition was larger than that of no-TENS condition. Our results suggest that TENS could partially restore α-motoneuron activation, despite the induced dysfunctional γ-loop. These results suggest that mechanisms independent of the γ-loop such as a direct facilitation of the QF α-motoneuron pool by a long latency spinal-reflex and/or supraspinal mechanisms appear more likely to be responsible. The findings provide further support for utilizing TENS, even when γ-loop dysfunction is present following joint damage.
Assuntos
Contração Muscular , Debilidade Muscular/terapia , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiologia , Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho , Masculino , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Vibração , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the activities of residual enzymes in dried shiitake mushrooms, which are a traditional foodstuff in Japanese cuisine, for possible applications in food processing. RESULTS: Polysaccharide-degrading enzymes remained intact in dried shiitake mushrooms and the activities of amylase, ß-glucosidase and pectinase were high. A potato digestion was tested using dried shiitake powder. The enzymes reacted with potato tuber specimens to solubilize sugars even under a heterogeneous solid-state condition and that their reaction modes were different at 38 and 50 °C. CONCLUSION: Dried shiitake mushrooms have a potential use in food processing as an enzyme preparation.
Assuntos
Polissacarídeos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Cogumelos Shiitake/enzimologia , Amilases/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Poligalacturonase/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismo , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by raw olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) parasitized with Kudoa septempunctata have been reported in Japan. Origins of olive flounders consumed in Japan vary, being either domestic or imported, and aquaculture-raised or natural. Although it is unknown whether different sources are associated with different outcomes, it is desirable to identify whether this is the case by determining whether unique K. septempunctata strains occur and if so, whether some are associated with foodborne illness. We here developed an intraspecific genotyping method, using the sequence variation of mitochondrial genes. We collected olive flounder samples from foodborne disease outbreaks, domestic fish farms or quarantine offices and investigated whether K. septempunctata genotype is associated with pathogenicity or geographic origin. The 104 samples were classified into three genotypes, ST1, ST2 and ST3. Frequency of symptomatic cases differed by genotypes, but the association was not statistically significant. Whereas K. septempunctata detected from aquaculture-raised and natural fish from Japan were either ST1 or ST2, those from fish inspected at quarantine from Korea to Japan were ST3. Our method can be applied to phylogeographic analysis of K. septempunctata and contribute to containing the foodborne disease. The genotype database is hosted in the PubMLST website (http://pubmlst.org/kseptempunctata/).
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Myxozoa/genética , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Alimentos Marinhos/intoxicação , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Linguados , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/parasitologia , Variação Genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Geografia , Humanos , Incidência , Japão/epidemiologia , Myxozoa/classificação , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , República da Coreia/epidemiologia , Estações do Ano , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicokinetic characteristics of melamine in broilers due to the limited information available for livestock. Melamine was then administered to broiler chickens at an intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) dosage of 5.5 mg/kg of body weight, and plasma samples were collected up to 48 h. The concentration of melamine in each plasma sample was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Melamine was measurable up to 24 h after i.v. and p.o. administration. A one-compartment model was developed to describe the toxicokinetics of melamine in broilers. Following i.v. administration, the values for the elimination half-life (t(1/2ß)), the volume of distribution (Vd ), and the clearance (CL) were 4.42 ± 1.02 h, 00.52 ± 0.18 L/kg, and 0.08 ± 0.01 L/h/kg, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability (F) was 95.63 ± 3.54%. The results suggest that most of the administered melamine is favorably absorbed from the alimentary tract and rapidly cleared by the kidneys in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Galinhas/sangue , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Administração Oral , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Disponibilidade Biológica , Meia-Vida , Triazinas/administração & dosagem , Triazinas/sangue , Triazinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
AIM: Ectopic eruption (EE) of a first permanent molar occurs during mixed dentition. However, treatment of first permanent mandibular molar EE has been seldom reported. CASE REPORT: The cases of an 8-year-old girl and a 7-year-old boy are described, whose EE first permanent mandibular molars were correctly positioned after treatment with a dental appliance comprising a lingual arch, sectional arch, crimpable hook, and power chain or a simple molar controller, respectively. Both dental appliances are technically easy to construct, require short chair time, induce little discomfort on the patient, and ensure high-level treatment efficiency.
Assuntos
Dente Molar , Aparelhos Ortodônticos , Erupção Ectópica de Dente/terapia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The myoelectric signal (EMG) recorded on the skin surface is a time-related and spatial aggregate of the action potentials of motor units of skeletal muscle, and it indicates the input information for muscle contraction. The mechano-myographic signal (MMG) is a vibration of skin/muscle surface caused by muscle contraction and it directly reflects the activity of muscle contraction. The two-dimensional generation mechanism of MMG is still n ot clarified in detail. In this study, the displacement MMGs were recorded at 25 measuring points using 5 × 5 displacement MMG array transducer within 50× 50 mm, while the motor point of the biceps brachii was electro-stimulated. The spatial propagation map of twitch waveform of displacement MMG was drawn.
Assuntos
Miografia/instrumentação , Transdutores , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cotovelo/fisiologia , Eletrodos , Humanos , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Análise de Ondaletas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A male neonate presented a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) at the confluence with paralysis of the orbicularis oris muscle. The interesting features in our case were the clinical symptoms (orbicularis oris muscle paralysis at birth), angioarchitecture (high-flow arteriovenous shunts at the confluence) and the size and hemodynamic flow (mid-sized venous pouch) of the fistula. Additionally, the embolization technique (i.e., occipital artery approach, closing shunts with pure glue) automatically resulted in the immediate and complete closure of accessory feeders without any additional treatment, and the midterm clinical outcome was good. We succeeded improving the symptoms of a neonate with a congenital high-flow DAVF by closing a fistula using a small amount of glue.
Assuntos
Malformações Vasculares do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicações , Músculos/fisiopatologia , Paralisia/etiologia , Paralisia/patologia , Adulto , Angiografia Cerebral , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , GravidezAssuntos
Neurologia/tendências , Pediatria , Criança , Educação , Educação Médica/normas , Humanos , Japão , Neurologia/ética , Médicos , Sociedades CientíficasRESUMO
Species of the genus Fusarium are well-known plant pathogens and mycotoxigenic fusaria are associated with health hazards to humans and animals. There is a need to understand the mechanisms of mycotoxin production by Fusarium species and to predict which produce mycotoxins. In this study, the Fusarium phylogenetic tree was first inferred among trichothecene producers and related species. We reconstructed the maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on the combined data from nucleotide sequences of rDNA cluster regions, the ß-tubulin gene (ß-tub) and the elongation factor 1α gene (EF-1α). Second, based on this tree topology, the ancestral states of the producing potential of type A and B trichothecenes (TriA and TriB), zearalenone (ZEN), moniliformin (MON), beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENN) were reconstructed using the maximum parsimony (MP) method based on the observed production by extant species as reported in the literature. Finally, the species having the potential to produce each of these six mycotoxins was predicted on the basis of the parsimonious analysis. The ML tree indicated that the Fusarium species analysed in this study could be divided into two major clades. Clade I was divided into four distinct subclades: I-a, I-b, I-c and I-d. Furthermore, the parsimony reconstruction suggested that the potential for producing MON and ZEN was gained or lost only once, and that the producing potential for TriA and TriB, BEA and ENN was repeatedly gained and lost during the evolutionary history of the Fusarium species analysed in this study. Interestingly, the results showed the possibility that several species, about which reports were scarce with regard to mycotoxin production, have the potential to produce one or more of the six evaluated in this study. The phylogenetic information therefore helps one to predict the mycotoxin-producing potential by Fusarium species, and these "phylotoxigenic relationships" may be useful for predicting the pathogenicity of fungi.
Assuntos
Fusarium/genética , Fusarium/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Tricotecenos/metabolismo , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Micotoxinas/genética , Tricotecenos/química , Tricotecenos/genéticaRESUMO
The National Food Surveillance System in Japan was formed in 1998 to monitor the contamination of retail foods with bacterial pathogens. Approximately 2000-3000 samples were tested annually, and the data from food categories that had more than 400 samples collected during 1998-2008 were analysed. With regard to meat, the frequency of positive samples for Salmonella in chicken for raw consumption and ground chicken was 12.7% and 33.5%, respectively. Moreover, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 was found in ground meat, organ meat and processed meat, although at a low frequency (0.1%). The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni/coli was 13.3% and 20.9% in chicken for raw consumption and ground chicken, respectively. In vegetables and fruit, Salmonella was detected in cucumber, lettuce, sprout and tomato samples at a frequency of around 0.1-0.2%. With regard to seafood, Salmonella was found in 0.5% of oysters for raw consumption. Seafood was not contaminated with STEC O157 or Shigella. Serotype Infantis was the most frequently detected serotype of Salmonella in seafood, followed by the serotypes Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund and Manhattan. In ground chicken, 72.2% of the strains were identified as the serotype Infantis. E. coli, as an indicator of food hygiene, was detected in all food categories. The results show the prevalence of the above-mentioned pathogens in the retail food supplied in Japan; further, they indicate that consumption of raw food carries the risk of contracting food-borne infections.
Assuntos
Comércio , Microbiologia de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia de Alimentos/normas , Frutas/microbiologia , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Verduras/microbiologiaRESUMO
The authors performed exposure and risk assessments based on surveillance studies of retail foods in Japan that were undertaken during the past six years (2004-2010). The exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FBs) in different age groups, including toddlers and young children (1-6 years old), older children (7-14 years old), adolescents (15-19 years old) and adults (over 20 years old) was simulated, and the risk of these mycotoxins was evaluated by comparing the provisional maximum tolerated daily intake (PMTDI) for FBs and the provisional maximum tolerated weekly intake (PMTWI) for OTA established by the FAO/WHO Joint Export Committee on Food Additives. The exposure assessment for both mycotoxins in each age group in Japan indicated that the highest exposure occurred in toddlers and children, but in all cases the percentage of the PMTWI and PMTDI at the 99th percentile of exposure was less than 35% for OTA and 10% for FBs.
Assuntos
Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumonisinas/química , Ocratoxinas/química , Adolescente , Envelhecimento , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Exposição Ambiental , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Modelos Biológicos , Medição de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Panic disorder (PD) is a moderately heritable anxiety disorder whose pathogenesis is not well understood. Due to the lack of power in previous association studies, genes that are truly associated with PD might not be detected. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in two independent data sets using the Affymetrix Mapping 500K Array or Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. We obtained imputed genotypes for each GWAS and performed a meta-analysis of two GWAS data sets (718 cases and 1717 controls). For follow-up, 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in 329 cases and 861 controls. Gene ontology enrichment and candidate gene analyses were conducted using the GWAS or meta-analysis results. We also applied the polygenic score analysis to our two GWAS samples to test the hypothesis of polygenic components contributing to PD. Although genome-wide significant SNPs were not detected in either of the GWAS nor the meta-analysis, suggestive associations were observed in several loci such as BDKRB2 (P=1.3 × 10(-5), odds ratio=1.31). Among previous candidate genes, supportive evidence for association of NPY5R with PD was obtained (gene-wise corrected P=6.4 × 10(-4)). Polygenic scores calculated from weakly associated SNPs (P<0.3 and 0.4) in the discovery sample were significantly associated with PD status in the target sample in both directions (sample I to sample II and vice versa) (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that large sets of common variants of small effects collectively account for risk of PD.
Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Transtorno de Pânico/genética , Adulto , Povo Asiático/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Herança Multifatorial , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
Exposure to aflatoxins in the adult Malaysian diet was estimated by analysing aflatoxins in 236 food composites prepared as "ready for consumption". Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranged from 24.3 to 34.00 ng/kg b.w./day (lower to upper bound), with peanuts being the main contributor. Estimated liver cancer risk from this exposure was 0.61-0.85 cancers/100,000 population/year, contributing 12.4%-17.3% of the liver cancer cases. Excluding AFB1 occurrence data higher than 15 µg/kg reduced exposure by 65%-91% to 2.27-11.99 ng/kg b.w./day, reducing the cancer risk to 0.06-0.30 cancers/100,000 population/year (contributing 1.2%-6.1% liver cancer cases). Reducing further the ML of AFB1 from 15 to 5 µg/kg yielded 3%-7% greater drop in the exposure to 0.47-10.26 ng/kg b.w./day with an estimated risk of 0.01-0.26 cancers/100,000 population/year (0.2%-5.1% liver cancer cases attributed to dietary AFB1). These findings indicate that current MLs are adequate in protecting Malaysians' health.
Assuntos
Aflatoxina B1/análise , Arachis , Dieta , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Nozes , Adulto , Aflatoxina B1/efeitos adversos , Arachis/microbiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Fungos , Humanos , Malásia , Nozes/microbiologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate motor unit recruitment in the quadriceps femoris (QF) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and repair. Subjects included 24 patients at ≥ 18 months after ACL reconstruction and 22 control subjects with no history of knee injury. A series of cross-sectional magnetic resonance images were obtained to compare the QF of patients' injured side with that of their uninjured sides and that of uninjured control subjects. Muscle torque per muscle volume was calculated as isokinetic peak torque divided by QF muscle volume (cm(3)). The mean muscle torque per unit volume of the injured side of patients was not significantly different from that of the uninjured side or control subjects (one-way ANOVA) Results of the present study were contrary to the results of a previous study that evaluated patients at ≤ 12 months after ACL reconstruction. The present study found that high-threshold motor unit recruitment was restored at ≥ 18 months after ACL reconstruction. Thus, clinicians must develop techniques that increase the recruitment of high-threshold motor units in the QF from the period immediately after the injury until approximately 18 months after ACL reconstruction.