Quantification of microbial community assembly processes during degradation on diverse plastispheres based on physicochemical characters and phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis.

To understand the differences in degradation processes depending on the chemical properties of polymers, it is necessary to both quantify the microbiome composition and evaluate the process of microbial turnover (i.e., community assembly processes) in a variety of polymer materials. In this study, using a phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (i.e., iCAMP), we evaluated community assembly processes from original estuary water to 37 types of polymers, which provide overwhelmingly diverse niches for microbes, in 14-day incubation experiments. First, we evaluated the polymer properties related to degradation rates. Polymers with higher adipic acid (AdA) monomer exhibited higher motility, hydrophilicity, and degradation rates, whereas those with higher aromatic monomer exhibited the opposite trends. Second, microbiome composition analysis was performed, and the microbiomes were significantly changed by the AdA or aromatic content. This was consistent with the polymer properties, suggesting that polymer motility and hydrophilicity attributable to the first-order structure modify the accessibility of the enzyme to the reaction site and hence the degradation rate, resulting in differences in microbiome community composition. Finally, we determined community assembly processes from estuary water to plastics using a phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis. The importance of heterogeneous selection was higher in mobile, hydrophilic, and fast-degrading polymers, while that of homogeneous selection was lower. This suggests that the environmental difference between before and after incubation becomes significant under rapid degradation, which select microbes adapted to biofilm environments. In addition, the more stochastic turnover prevailed, the more variation in the communities (i.e., ß-diversity) increased. This suggests that turnover processes not dictated by the environment lead to instability in community compositions.

Cd2+-Specific Fluorescence Response of Methoxy-Substituted N,N-Bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methoxyaniline Derivatives.

The N3O1 tetradentate ligand, TriMeOBQMOA (N,N-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methoxyaniline), was developed as a Cd2+-specific fluorescent sensor. The structure of TriMeOBQMOA is half of TriMeOBAPTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane), which is a tetrakisquinoline derivative of the well-known calcium chelator BAPTA (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid). The fluorescent Cd2+ selectivity of TriMeOBAPTQ (IZn/ICd = 5.3% in the presence of 3 equiv of metal ions in MeOH-HEPES buffer (9:1)) comes from the formation of fluorescent dinuclear cadmium (M2L) and nonfluorescent OH-bridged dizinc ((µ-OH)M2L) complexes. TriMeOBQMOA also exhibits excellent Cd2+ specificity in fluorescence enhancement (IZn/ICd = 2.3% in the presence of 5 equiv of metal ions in DMF-HEPES buffer (1:1, HEPES 50 mM, KCl 0.1 M, pH = 7.5)) via substantial formation of a highly fluorescent bis(µ-chloro)dinuclear cadmium complex ([Cd2(µ-Cl)2L2]2+), which is in equilibrium with the mononuclear Cd2+ complex ([CdLCl]+), and extremely poor stability of the TriMeOBQMOA-Zn2+ complex. The all-nitrogen derivatives of BQMOA and BAPTQ, namely, N,N-BQDMPHEN (N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-N',N'-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine) and BPDTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2,2'-(N,N'-dimethylethylenediamino)dianiline), respectively, and their methoxy-substituted derivatives were also prepared, and the fluorescent metal ion sensing properties are discussed.

Cd2+-Selective Fluorescence Enhancement of Bisquinoline Derivatives with 2-Aminoethanol Skeleton.

The development of fluorescent Cd2+ sensors requires strict selectivity over Zn2+ because of the high availability of Zn2+ in the natural environment. In this paper, bisquinoline-based fluorescent sensors with a 2-aminoethanol backbone were investigated. The weak coordination ability of quinoline compared to well-studied pyridine is suitable for Cd2+ selectivity rather than Zn2+. In the presence of 3 equiv. of metal ions, TriMeO-N,O-BQMAE (N,O-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methylaminoethanol (3)), as well as its N,N-isomer TriMeO-N,N-BQMAE (N,N-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-methoxyethylamine (6)), exhibits Cd2+-selective fluorescence enhancement over Zn2+ in DMF-HEPES buffer (1:1, 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 M KCl, pH = 7.5) (IZn/ICd = 26-34%), which has similar selectivity in comparison to the corresponding ethylenediamine derivative TriMeOBQDMEN (N,N'-bis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine) under the same experimental condition (IZn/ICd = 24%). The fluorescence mechanisms of N,O- and N,N-isomers of BQMAE are quite different, judging from the fluorescence lifetimes of their metal complexes. The Cd2+ complex with TriMeO-N,O-BQMAE (3) exhibits a long fluorescence lifetime similar to that of TriMeOBQDMEN via intramolecular excimer emission, whereas the Cd2+ complex with TriMeO-N,N-BQMAE (6) exhibits a short lifetime from monomer emission.

Effect of methoxy substituents on fluorescent Zn2+/Cd2+ selectivity of bisquinoline derivatives with a N,N'-dimethylalkanediamine skeleton.

BQDMEN (N,N'-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine) and its 6-methoxyquinoline derivative (6-MeOBQDMEN) are fluorescent Zn2+ sensors with minor response to Cd2+ (IZn/ICd = 3.9 for BQDMEN and IZn/ICd = 2.2 for 6-MeOBQDMEN in the presence of 1 equiv. of metal ion). Nevertheless, the introduction of three methoxy substituents at the 5,6,7-position of both quinoline rings of BQDMEN reversed the fluorescent metal ion selectivity to favor Cd2+ (IZn/ICd = 0.22 for TriMeOBQDMEN in the presence of 1 equiv. of metal ion). This reversal of Zn2+/Cd2+ preference in fluorescence enhancement by trimethoxy substitution was also valid for 1,3-propanediamine derivatives. The X-ray crystallography, ESI-MS, fluorescence lifetime and pH profile of the fluorescence intensity suggest that the dinuclear cadmium complex is a key component of the fluorescent Cd2+ selectivity in TriMeOBQDMEN.

Cd2+-selective fluorescence response of TQEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine) derivatives bearing ether oxygen-binding sites.

Moderate Zn2+ selectivity over Cd2+ (IZn/ICd = 1.6) in the fluorescence enhancement of TQEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine) was changed to Cd2+ preference via the introduction of a methoxymethyloxy (MOMO) substituent at the 8-position of one of the four quinoline rings (IZn/ICd = 0.2). Thus, 8-MOMOTQEN (N-(8-methoxymethyloxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-N,N',N'-tris(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine) showed not only high Cd2+-selectivity but also an enhanced fluorescence quantum yield upon Cd2+ binding and high sensitivity for Cd2+ detection as shown by ϕCd = 0.065 and LOD (limit of detection) = 19 nM. The two oxygen atoms of the MOMO group in 8-MOMOTQEN play a crucial role in the fluorescent metal-ion selectivity because the corresponding hydroxy (8-OHTQEN) and methoxy (8-MeOTQEN) derivatives resulted in a poor fluorescent response and metal selectivity, respectively. Another N6O2 ligand, N,N'-bis(8-methoxy-2-quinolylethyl)-N,N'-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine ((8-MeO)2TQEN) exhibited a Zn2+-selective fluorescence enhancement (IZn/ICd = 2.2), indicating the superiority of the MOMO group for the selective sensing of Cd2+.

Switching of Fluorescent Zn/Cd Selectivity in N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(6-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine by One Asymmetric Carbon Atom Inversion.

A quinoline-based hexadentate ligand, (S,S)-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(6-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine ((S,S)-6-MeOTQPh2EN), exhibits fluorescence enhancement at 498 nm upon addition of 1 equiv of Zn2+ (IZn/I0 = 12, φZn = 0.047) in aqueous DMF solution (DMF/H2O = 2:1). Addition of 1 equiv of Cd2+ affords a much smaller fluorescence increase at the same wavelength (ICd/I0 = 2.5, ICd/IZn = 21%). The trivalent metal ions such as Al3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+ also exhibit fluorescence enhancement at 395 nm (IAl/I0 = 22, ICr/I0 = 6 and IFe3+/I0 = 13). In contrast, meso-6-MeOTQPh2EN exhibits a Cd2+-selective fluorescence increase at 405 nm in the presence of 1 equiv of metal ion (ICd/I0 = 11.5, φCd = 0.022), while Zn2+ induces a smaller fluorescent response under the same experimental conditions (IZn/I0 = 3.3, IZn/ICd = 29%). In this case, the fluorescence intensities of meso-6-MeOTQPh2EN in the presence of a large amount of Zn2+ and Cd2+ become similar. This diastereomer-dependent, fluorescent metal ion specificity is derived from the Zn2+-specific intramolecular excimer formation in (S,S)-6-MeOTQPh2EN-Zn2+ complex and higher binding affinity of meso-6-MeOTQPh2EN with Cd2+ in comparison to Zn2+. The more conformationally restricted diastereomeric pair, namely, cis- and trans-TQDACHs (cis- and trans-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes), both exhibit Zn2+-specific fluorescence enhancement because of the high metal binding affinity and intramolecular excimer forming property derived from the rigid DACH backbone.

Titania-Catalyzed H2O2 Thermal Oxidation of Styrenes to Aldehydes.

We investigated the selective oxidation of styrenes to benzaldehydes by using a non-irradiated TiO2-H2O2 catalytic system. The oxidation promotes multi-step reactions from styrenes, including the cleavage of a C=C double bond and the addition of an oxygen atom selectively and stepwise to provide the corresponding benzaldehydes in good yields (up to 72%). These reaction processes were spectroscopically shown by fluorescent measurements under the presence of competitive scavengers. The absence of the signal from OH radicals indicates the participation of other oxidants such as hydroperoxy radicals (•OOH) and superoxide radicals (•O2-) into the selective oxidation from styrene to benzaldehyde.

Methoxy-substituted tetrakisquinoline analogs of EGTA and BAPTA for fluorescence detection of Cd2+ .

EGTA (ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) and BAPTA (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) are well-known Ca2+ chelators that have four carboxylates, two nitrogen atoms and two ether oxygen atoms. In the present study, we prepared EGTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-bis(2-aminoethoxy)ethane) and BAPTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane) as quinoline alternatives of EGTA and BAPTA, respectively. In methanol-HEPES buffer solution (9 : 1, 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 M KCl, pH = 7.5), EGTQ exhibits fluorescence enhancement induced by Zn2+ and Cd2+ with poor selectivity, but BAPTQ did not exhibit a fluorescence response to either metal ion. Introduction of three methoxy substituents at the 5,6,7-positions of each quinoline moiety in BAPTQ specifically enhanced the fluorescence intensity of the Cd2+ complex, establishing the Cd2+-specific probe TriMeOBAPTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane). In contrast, TriMeOEGTQ (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-bis(2-aminoethoxy)ethane) maintains a poor Cd2+/Zn2+ selectivity in its fluorescence response. Although the crystal structures of Cd2+/Zn2+ complexes with EGTQ and BAPTQ derivatives reveal the formation of multiple components including mononuclear and dinuclear complexes, the dinuclear Cd2+ and Zn2+ complexes with a linearly extended structure are regarded as possible fluorescent species in the solution. The conformational restriction of BAPTQ due to the orthophenylene moieties in the molecular skeleton is responsible for the formation of the weakly fluorescent, OH-bridged dizinc complex, which is critical to the strict Cd2+-specificity in the fluorescence response of TriMeOBAPTQ.

Pyrophosphate-Induced Intramolecular Excimer Formation in Dinuclear Zinc(II) Complexes with Tetrakisquinoline Ligands.

Dinuclear Zn2+ complexes with HTQHPN ( N,N,N' ,N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine) derivatives have been prepared, and their pyrophosphate (PPi, P2O74-) sensing properties were examined. The ligand library includes six HTQHPN derivatives with electron-donating/withdrawing substituents, an extended aromatic ring, and six-membered chelates upon zinc binding. Complexation of ligand with 2 equiv of Zn2+ promotes small to moderate fluorescence enhancement around 380 nm, but in the cases of HTQHPN, HT(6-FQ)HPN ( N,N,N' ,N'-tetrakis(6-fluoro-2-quinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine), and HT(8Q)HPN ( N,N,N' ,N'-tetrakis(8-quinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine), subsequent addition of PPi induced a significant fluorescence increase around 450 nm. This fluorescence enhancement in the long-wavelength region is attributed to the conformational change of the bis-(quinolylmethyl)amine moiety which promotes intramolecular excimer formation between adjacent quinolines upon binding with PPi. The structures of PPi- and phosphate-bound dizinc complexes were revealed by X-ray crystallography utilizing phenyl-substituted analogues. The zinc complex with HT(8Q)HPN exhibits the highest signal enhancement ( IPPi/ I0 = 12.5) and selectivity toward PPi sensing ( IATP/ IPPi = 20% and IADP/ IPPi = 25%). The fluorescence enhancement turned to decrease gradually after the addition of more than 1 equiv of PPi due to the removal of zinc ion from the ligand-zinc-PPi ternary complex, allowing the accurate determination of PPi concentrations at the fluorescence maximum composition. The practical application of the present method was demonstrated monitoring the enzymatic activity of pyrophosphatase.

TQOPEN (N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-3-oxa-1,5-pentanediamine) Family as Heptadentate Fluorescent Cd2+ Sensors.

A quinoline-based heptadentate ligand, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-3-oxa-1,5-pentanediamine (TQOPEN), exhibits a fluorescence increase (ICd/I0 = 25, ϕCd = 0.017) at 428 nm upon addition of 1 equiv of Cd2+. In contrast, 1 equiv of Zn2+ induces a negligible fluorescence change due to weak interaction (IZn/I0 = 2.5, IZn/ICd = 10%). In comparison with TQOPEN, the thia and aza derivatives TQSPEN and TQNPEN exhibit improved Cd2+/Zn2+ selectivity and higher Cd2+-binding affinity, respectively. The solid-state structures of mononuclear Cd2+ and hydroxide-bridged dinuclear Zn2+ complexes of TQOPEN were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Although the crystal structure of the TQOPEN-Cd2+ complex exhibits a six-coordinate metal center, in which one quinoline weakly interacts with the Cd center (Cd···Nquinoline = 3.303(3) Å), a 1H NMR study at 233 K suggests that all quinolines interact with the Cd center to form a symmetrical seven-coordinate structure in solution. Theoretical calculations (TDDFT) support the flexible coordination environment around the Cd center, leading to intramolecular excimer formation with two quinoline moieties in the excited state. The importance of a heptadentate structure was further demonstrated by the lack of Cd2+ specificity with hexadentate ligands TriQOPEN (N,N,N'-tris(2-quinolylmethyl)-3-oxa-1,5-pentanediamine) and TQCPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,5-pentanediamine).

Replacement of quinolines with isoquinolines affords target metal ion switching from Zn2+ to Cd2+ in the fluorescent sensor TQLN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2,6-bis(aminomethyl)pyridine).

A quinoline-based heptadentate ligand, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-2,6-bis(aminomethyl)pyridine (TQLN), exhibits a Zn2+-specific fluorescence increase at 428 nm, which is assigned to excimer emission (IZn/I0 = 38, ICd/IZn = 24%, ϕZn = 0.069). In contrast, the isoquinoline counterpart 1-isoTQLN exhibits a Cd2+-specific fluorescence increase at 365 nm attributable to monomer emission (ICd/I0 = 83, IZn/ICd = 19%, ϕCd = 0.015).

Fluorescent Detection of Phosphate Ion via a Tetranuclear Zinc Complex Supported by a Tetrakisquinoline Ligand and µ4-PO4 Core.

The tetrakisquinoline ligand HT(6-MeO8Q)HPN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(6-methoxy-8-quinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine) exhibited Zn2+-induced fluorescence enhancement with high specificity and sensitivity (IZn/I0 = 57 and ICd/IZn = 6% in the presence of 2 equiv of Zn2+; LOD (limit of detection) = 15 nM). This ligand also exhibited fluorescence enhancement specific to inorganic phosphate (PO43-) in DMF-HEPES buffer (50 mM HEPES, 100 mM KCl, pH = 7.5) (1:1) in the presence of 2 equiv of Zn2+. The structure of the unprecedented tetranuclear zinc complex with a µ4-PO4 bridge was elucidated by X-ray crystallography as the key species responsible for fluorescence enhancement.

OFF-ON-OFF fluorescent response of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine (1-isoHTQHPN) toward Zn(2.).

An isoquinoline-based ligand, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediamine (1-isoHTQHPN), exhibits a fluorescence increase at 475 nm upon addition of 1 equiv. of Zn(2+) (IZn/I0 = 12, ϕZn = 0.023). This fluorescence enhancement turns and then decreases sharply after the addition of more than 1 equiv. of Zn(2+) reaching a constant minimum intensity with more than 2 equiv. of Zn(2+). In contrast, the fluorescence intensity at 353 nm continues to increase until the signal saturates at ca. 5 equiv. of Zn(2+). This observation can be explained by the formation of a fluorescent mononuclear complex ([Zn(1-isoHTQHPN)](2+)) followed by a non-fluorescent dinuclear complex ([Zn2(1-isoTQHPN)](3+)) at 475 nm during the titration of 1-isoHTQHPN with Zn(2+). Both the mono- and dinuclear complexes were characterized by UV-vis, fluorescence, (1)H NMR, ESI-MS, X-ray crystallography and TDDFT calculations. The fluorescence enhancement at 475 nm is Zn(2+)-specific; Cd(2+) induces a much smaller emission increase (ICd/I0 = 3.7, ICd/IZn = 31%). The Zn(2+)/Cd(2+) selectivity of the fluorescent response correlates with the difference in excimer-forming ability derived from the Cd-Nisoquinoline and Zn-Nisoquinoline bond distances.

Tris(8-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)amine (8-MeOTQA) as a highly fluorescent Zn(2+) probe prepared by convenient C3-symmetric tripodal amine synthesis.

A convenient synthesis of C3-symmetric tribenzylamine (TBA) derivatives has been investigated. The reaction of benzyl chlorides with acetaldehyde ammonia trimer () in the presence of base afforded tribenzylamines in high yields. This efficient method allows the diverse synthesis of TPA (tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and TQA (tris(2-quinolylmethyl)amine) derivatives. Among the TQA compounds prepared, tris(8-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)amine (8-MeOTQA, ) exhibited superior properties as a fluorescent zinc probe with high quantum yield (ϕZn = 0.51) and high sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) = 3.4 nM). The X-ray crystallographic analysis of [Zn(8-MeOTQA)](2+) revealed that the steric and electronic effect of 8-methoxy substituents kicks out the solvent and counterion molecules from the metal coordination sphere, resulting in short Zn-Nquinoline coordination distances (2.04-2.07 Å). The pseudo hexacoordinate complex of 6-methoxy derivative, [Zn(6-MeOTQA)(DMF)(ClO4)](+), exhibited longer Zn-Nquinoline distances (2.07-2.19 Å) and much smaller fluorescence intensity (ϕZn = 0.027). The replacement of one of the three 8-methoxyquinolines with pyridine also afforded much less fluorescent zinc complex (ϕZn = 0.095) due to the solvent coordination (Zn-Nquinoline = 2.05-2.18 Å for [Zn(8-MeOBQPA)(CH3OH)](2+)).

TQPHEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine) derivatives as highly selective fluorescent probes for Cd2+.

TQPHEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine) and its methoxy-substituted derivatives, 6-MeOTQPHEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(6-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine) and TriMeOTQPHEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-quinolylmethyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine), were examined as fluorescent Cd(2+) sensors. Although the TQPHEN exhibits a negligible fluorescence response toward Zn(2+) due to weak binding affinity in DMF-H2O (1:1), a 6-fold fluorescence enhancement at 392 nm was observed in the presence of 1 equiv. of Cd(2+). Comprehensive X-ray crystallographic analyses of TQPHEN-Zn(2+) and TQPHEN-Cd(2+) complexes reveal that significant distortion in the Zn(2+) complex plays a key role in the Cd(2+) specificity of TQPHEN. The TriMeOTQPHEN exhibits excellent sensitivity and selectivity for Cd(2+) detection (ICd/I0 = 44, ICd/IZn = 20 and LODCd = ∼10 nM (LOD = limit of detection)). On the other hand, the trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine derivative TQDACH (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine) exhibits high Zn(2+) specificity in the fluorescence response and extremely high Zn(2+) binding affinity (Dalton Trans., 2013, 42, 9688). Subtle differences in the PHEN and DACH backbone significantly alter the stability with a specific metal and the fluorescence response of tetrakisquinoline-based fluorescent probes.

Zinc-specific intramolecular excimer formation in TQEN derivatives: fluorescence and zinc binding properties of TPEN-based hexadentate ligands.

Zn(2+)-induced fluorescence enhancement of the TPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)-based ligand, N,N-bis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-N',N'-bis(pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (N,N-1-isoBQBPEN, 1b), has been investigated. Upon Zn(2+) binding, 1b shows a fluorescence increase (ϕZn = 0.028) at 353 and 475 nm. The fluorescence enhancement at longer wavelengths is due to intramolecular excimer formation of two isoquinolines and is specific for Zn(2+); Cd(2+) induces very small fluorescence at 475 nm (ICd/IZn = 10%). The excimer formation of the [Zn(1b)](2+) complex in the excited state is supported by the time-dependent DFT calculation. Neither long-wavelength fluorescence nor excimer formation is observed in the Zn(2+) complex of N,N'-1-isoBQBPEN (2b). The quinoline analog N,N-BQBPEN (1a) exhibits similar but significantly smaller excimer formation. Thermodynamic and kinetic comparisons of Zn(2+) binding properties of ethylenediamine-based hexadentate ligands with pyridines and (iso)quinolines are comprehensively discussed.

Isoquinoline-derivatized tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines as fluorescent zinc sensors with strict Zn²âº/Cd²âº selectivity.

Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-based fluorescent ligands, N,N-bis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)-2-pyridylmethylamine (1-isoBQPA) and N,N-bis(7-methoxy-1-isoquinolylmethyl)-2-pyridylmethylamine (7-MeO-1-isoBQPA), have been prepared and the Zn(2+)-induced fluorescence enhancement has been investigated. Upon excitation at 324 nm, 1-isoBQPA exhibits a very weak emission (ϕ = ~0.010) in DMF-H2O (1 : 1). Upon Zn(2+) addition, the 1-isoBQPA fluorescence increases (ϕ(Zn) = 0.055) at 357 nm and 464 nm. The fluorescence enhancement at longer wavelengths is Zn(2+)-specific, whereas Cd(2+) induces a small emission increase at 464 nm (I(Cd)/I0 = 1.1, I(Cd)/I(Zn) = 14%). The Zn(2+)/Cd(2+) selectivity of the fluorescent response correlates with the Cd-N(isoquinoline) and Zn-N(isoquinoline) bond distances measured in the crystal structures. Introduction of methoxy groups into the 1-isoBQPA chromophore enhances the fluorescence significantly (ϕ(Zn) = 0.213), which affords 7-MeO-1-isoBQPA properties amenable for fluorescence microscopy in living cells.

Bis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediaminediacetic acids (BQENDAs), TQEN-EDTA hybrid molecules as fluorescent zinc sensors.

Molecular hybrids of TQEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine) and EDTA (ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) were examined as fluorescent Zn(2+) sensors. Upon the addition of Zn(2+), N,N-BQENDA (N,N-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine-N',N'-diacetic acid, 1a) exhibits a 30-fold emission enhancement at 456 nm (λex = 315 nm, ϕZn = 0.018) in buffer (HEPES, pH = 7.5, 100 mM KCl). The fluorescence enhancement is Zn(2+)-specific as Cd(2+) induces much smaller increases (ICd/I0 = 5 and ICd/IZn = 16%). These spectroscopic properties, as well as the excellent water-solubility, represent a significant improvement compared to the parent TQEN sensor (ϕZn = 0.007, ICd/IZn = 64%). The isoquinoline analog N,N-1-isoBQENDA (N,N-bis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine-N',N'-diacetic acid, 1b) possesses a similar Zn(2+) fluorescence response to the parent 1-isoTQEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(1-isoquinolylmethyl)ethylenediamine) sensor, but exhibits diminished fluorescence intensity. Apo 1a and 1b extract more than 50% of the Zn(2+) from an equimolar amount of [Zn(TPEN)](2+) (TPEN = N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) or [Zn(EDTA)](2-), whereas TPEN and EDTA cannot effectively remove Zn(2+) from [Zn(1a)] and [Zn(1b)]. The reduction of steric crowding in [Zn(TQEN)](2+) resulting from the substitution of two quinolines with carboxylates enhances the interaction between the metal ion and the remaining quinoline nitrogen atoms. The stronger bonding interaction results in enhanced emission intensity, Zn(2+) selectivity and metal ion affinity. This is in contrast to [Zn(1-isoTQEN)](2+) where the isoquinoline-carboxylate replacement does not relieve any coordination distortion, therefore no significant changes in fluorescence or metal binding properties are observed.

Quinoline-attached triazacyclononane (TACN) derivatives as fluorescent zinc sensors.

TACN (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) derivatives with three 6-methoxy-2-quinolylmethyl or 1-isoquinolylmethyl moieties were examined as fluorescent zinc sensors. Upon the addition of zinc, 6-MeOTQTACN (5) exhibited a 9-fold fluorescence increase at 420 nm (λex = 341 nm, ϕZn = 0.070). Fluorescence enhancement is specific for zinc and cadmium, although cadmium induces smaller increases (ICd/I0 = 3.6 and ICd/IZn = 40%). The isoquinoline analog 1-isoTQTACN (6) exhibits minimal fluorescence enhancement upon zinc binding. TPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene-diamine) does not extract zinc from the 6-MeOTQTACN-Zn complex (5-Zn). The quantum yield, metal ion selectivity and metal binding affinity differences between TACN and ethylenediamine (EN) skeletons in quinoline-based ligands are discussed based on the X-ray crystallographic analysis of zinc and cadmium complexes, demonstrating the superiority of quinoline-TACN conjugates.

Quantitative fluorescent detection of pyrophosphate with quinoline-ligated dinuclear zinc complexes.

Dinuclear zinc complex [Zn2(TQHPN)(AcO)](2+) exhibits characteristic fluorescence response (λex = 317 nm and λem = 455 nm) toward pyrophosphate (PPi) with maximum fluorescence upon 1:1 Zn2(TQHPN)-PPi complex formation. The crystallographic investigation utilizing P(1)P(2)-Ph2PPi revealed that the fluorescent response mechanism is due to intramolecular excimer formation of two quinoline rings.