Photoprotective efficacy of Sunset Yellow via inhibition of type-I and type-II pathway under exposure of sunlight.

Exposure to phototoxicants and photosensitizers can result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and various skin-related issues such as aging, allergies, and cancer. While several photo-protectants offer defense against ultraviolet radiation (UV-R), their effectiveness is often limited by photo-instability. Sunset Yellow (SY), an FDA-approved food dye, possesses significant UV-R and visible light absorption properties. However, its photoprotective potential has remained unexplored. Our investigation reveals that SY exhibits remarkable photostability for up to 8 h under both UV-R and sunlight. Notably, SY demonstrates the ability to quench ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals ( O 2 · - $$ {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\cdotp -} $$ ), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) induced by rose bengal, riboflavin and levofloxacin, respectively. Moreover, SY proves effective in protecting against the apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by the phototoxicant chlorpromazine (CPZ) in HaCaT cells. Further, it was observed that SY imparts photoprotection by inhibiting intracellular ROS generation and calcium release. Genotoxicity evaluation provides additional evidence supporting SY's photoprotective effects against CPZ-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of SY as a promising photoprotective agent against the toxic hazards induced by phototoxicants, suggesting its prospective application in the formulation of broad-spectrum sunscreens.

Toxic potential assessment of hair dye developer 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine sulfate exposed under ambient UVB radiation.

Synthetic cosmetics, particularly hair dyes, are becoming increasingly popular among people of all ages and genders. 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine sulfate (TAPS) is a key component of oxidative hair dyes and is used as a developer in several hair dyes. TAPS has previously been shown to absorb UVB strongly and degrade in a time-dependent manner, causing phototoxicity in human skin cells. However, the toxic effects of UVB-degraded TAPS are not explored in comparison to parent TAPS. Therefore, this research work aims to assess the toxicity of UVB-degraded TAPS than TAPS on two different test systems, that is, HaCaT (mammalian cell) and Staphylococcus aureus (a bacterial cell). Our result on HaCaT has illustrated that UVB-degraded TAPS is less toxic than parent TAPS. Additionally, UVB-exposed TAPS and parent TAPS were given to S. aureus, and the bacterial growth and their metabolic activity were assessed via CFU and phenotype microarray. The findings demonstrated that parent TAPS reduced bacterial growth via decreased metabolic activity; however, bacteria easily utilized the degraded TAPS. Thus, this study suggests that the products generated after UVB irradiation of TAPS is considered to be safer than their parent TAPS.

Benzo(ghi)perylene (BgP) a black tattoo ingredient induced skin toxicity via direct and indirect mode of DNA damage under UVA irradiation.

Tattooing is a very common fashion trend across all the ages and gender of the society worldwide. Although skin inflammatory diseases are very frequent among tattoo users because of the active chemical ingredients used in tattoo ink, yet no ingredient-specific toxicity study has been performed. Benzo(ghi)perylene (BgP) is one of the PAHs and an important ingredient of black tattoo ink that shows strong absorption in UVA and UVB radiation of sunlight. Therefore, understanding the hazardous potential of BgP especially under UVA exposure is important for the safety of skin of tattoo users by considering the fact that penetration of UVA is in the dermis region where tattoo ingredients reside. To evaluate the hazardous potential of BgP on human skin under UVA exposure, different experimental tools i.e., in-chemico, in-silico and in-vitro were utilized. Our results illustrated that BgP photosensitized under UVA (1.5 mW/cm2) irradiation shows a degradation pattern till 4 h exposure. Photosensitized BgP reduced significant cell viability (%) at 1 µg/ml concentration. However, the pretreatment of singlet and hydroxyl radical quenchers, restoration of cell viability observed, confirmed the role of type-I and type-II photodynamic reactions in phototoxicity of BgP. Further, intracellular uptake of BgP in HaCaT cells was estimated and confirmed by UHPLC analysis. Molecular docking of BgP with DNA and formation of γ-H2AX foci demonstrated the DNA intercalation and double-stranded DNA damaging potential of BgP. Furthermore, acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining showed apoptotic cell death via photosensitized BgP under UVA irradiation. The above findings suggest that BgP reached the human skin cell and induced dermal toxicity via direct and indirect mode of DNA damage under UVA exposure finally promoting the skin cell death. Thus, BgP-containing tattoo ink may be hazardous and may induce skin damage and diseases, especially in presence of UVA radiation of sunlight. To minimize the risk of skin diseases from synthetic ingredients in tattoo ink, the study highlights the importance of developing eco-friendly and skin-friendly tattoo ingredients by companies.

Valorization of Ginger Waste-Derived Biochar for Simultaneous Multiclass Antibiotics Remediation in Aqueous Medium.

The presence of antibiotics in the aqueous environment has been a serious concern primarily due to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in diverse microbial populations. To overcome the rising AMR concerns, antibiotic decontamination of the environmental matrices may play a vital role. The present study investigates the use of zinc-activated ginger-waste derived biochar for the removal of six antibiotics belonging to three different classes, viz., ß-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines from the water matrix. The adsorption capacities of activated ginger biochar (AGB) for the concurrent removal of the tested antibiotics were investigated at different contact times, temperatures, pH values, and initial concentrations of the adsorbate and adsorbent doses. AGB demonstrated high adsorption capacities of 5.00, 17.42, 9.66, 9.24, 7.15, and 5.40 mg/g for amoxicillin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline, respectively. Further, among the employed isotherm models, the Langmuir model fitted well for all the antibiotics except oxacillin. The kinetic data of the adsorption experiments followed the pseudo-second order kinetics suggesting chemisorption as the preferred adsorption mechanism. Adsorption studies at different temperatures were conducted to obtain the thermodynamic characteristics suggesting a spontaneous exothermic adsorption phenomenon. AGB being a waste-derived cost-effective material shows promising antibiotic decontamination from the water environment.

Synthesis and Screening of Pro-apoptotic and Angio-inhibitory Activity of Novel Benzisoxazole Derivatives both In Vitro and In Vivo.

BACKGROUND: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) tends to be more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. Resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle hence there is a significant need for new antineoplastic drugs with multi-target potency. Numerous Benzoisoxazole moieties have been found to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In the present study, we have synthesized 9 novel derivatives of Benzisoxazole 7(a-i) and screened them for their biological potential. METHODS: Chemical synthesis, Mass spectrometry (HRMS), cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay, wound healing assay, flow cytometry and nuclear staining. Angio-inhibitory activity assessed by corneal micropocket assay and in vivo peritoneal angiogenesis assay. RESULTS: The Benzisoxazole derivatives 7(a-i) were synthesized and screened for their biological potency by both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Among the series, compound 3-(1-((3-(3(Benzyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)- 4,5-dihydroisoxazole-5-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-yl)6-fluorobenzo[d] isoxazole (7e) was found to be most promising, with an average IC50 value of 50.36 ± 1.7 µM in MTT assay and showed 81.3% cell death. The compound 7e also showed 60-70% inhibition on a recombinant Metastasis-Associated protein (MTA1) induced proliferation and cell migration in MDAMB-231 cells, which is known to play a major role in angiogenesis. The anti-tumour studies inferred the regression of tumour activity. This was due to inhibition of neovascularization and evoking apoptosis process as assessed by corneal vascularization, peritoneal angiogenesis and apoptotic hallmarks in 7e treated cells. CONCLUSION: These findings not only show the biological efficacy of compound 7e but it is also an effective beginning to explore the mechanism of metastasis and cancer therapy strategy targeting MTA1. The observed biological activity makes compound 7e an attractive drug candidate.