Functional and Structural Properties of Type V Collagen from the Skin of the Shortbill Spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris).

Type V collagen is considered to be a crucial minor collagen in fish skin with unique physiological functions. In this research, the cDNAs of three procollagens (Tacol5a1, Tacol5a2, and Tacol5a3) in type V collagen were cloned from the skin of shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris). The open reading frames (ORFs) of Tacol5a1, Tacol5a2, and Tacol5a3 contained 5991, 4485, and 5607 bps, respectively, encoding 1997, 1495, and 1869 amino acid residues. Each of the deduced amino acid sequences of procollagens contained a signal peptide and a fibrillar collagen C-terminal domain (COLFI). A conserved thrombospondin-like N-terminal domain (TSPN) was found at the N-terminus of Tacol5a1 and 5a3 procollagens, whereas a von Willebrand factor (VWC) was found at the N-terminus of Tacol5a2 procollagen. Tacol5a1, Tacol5a2, and Tacol5a3 had their theoretical isoelectric points of 5.06, 6.75, and 5.76, respectively, and predicted molecular weights of 198,435.60, 145,058.48, and 189,171.18, respectively. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Tacol5a1 of shortbill spearfish clustered with that of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) instead of broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius). In addition, type V collagen was extracted from the shortbill spearfish skin. The in silico method demonstrated that shortbill spearfish type V collagen has a high potential for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity (79.50%), dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition (74.91%) activity, and antithrombotic activity (46.83%). The structural clarification and possible functional investigation in this study provide the foundation for the applications of exogenous type V collagen derived from fish sources.

Enzyme from Padina arborescens Holmes Synthesizes Parinaric Acid, a Conjugated Tetraenoic Fatty Acid, from α-Linolenic Acid.

Conjugated fatty acids have anticancer effects. Therefore, the establishment of a synthetic method for conjugated fatty acids is important for overcoming cancer. Here, we attempted to synthesize conjugated fatty acids using enzymes extracted from seaweeds containing these fatty acids. Lipids from 12 species of seaweeds from the seas around Japan were analyzed, and Padina arborescens Holmes was found to contain conjugated fatty acids. Then, we synthesized parinaric acid, a conjugated tetraenoic acid, from α-linolenic acid using the enzyme of P. arborescens. This method is expected to have a variety of potential applications for overcoming cancer.

Small Molecules with Thiourea Skeleton Induce Ethylene Response in Arabidopsis.

Ethylene is the only gaseous plant hormone that regulates several aspects of plant growth, from seedling morphogenesis to fruit ripening and organ senescence. Ethylene also stimulates the germination of Striga hermonthica, a root parasitic weed that severely damages crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, ethylene response stimulants can be used as weed and crop control agents. Ethylene and ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, are currently used as ethylene response inducers. However, since ethylene is a gas, which limits its practical application, we targeted the development of a solid ethylene response inducer that could overcome this disadvantage. We performed chemical screening using Arabidopsis thaliana "triple response" as an indicator of ethylene response. After screening, we selected a compound with a thiourea skeleton and named it ZKT1. We then synthesized various derivatives of ZKT1 and evaluated their ethylene-like activities in Arabidopsis. Some derivatives showed considerably higher activity than ZKT1, and their activity was comparable to that of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Mode of action analysis using chemical inhibitors and ethylene signaling mutants revealed that ZKT1 derivatives activate the ethylene signaling pathway through interactions with its upstream components. These thiourea derivatives can potentially be potent crop-controlling chemicals.

D-Pinitol Ameliorated Osteoporosis via Elevating D-chiro-Inositol Level in Ovariectomized Mice.

A natural sugar alcohol, D-pinitol, has been reported to be a potential compound for osteoporosis treatment via inhibiting osteoclastgenesis. However, research on the effects of pinitol on osteoporosis in vivo is still limited. The present study investigated the protective effects of pinitol on ovariectomized mice and attempted to elucidate this mechanism in vivo. Four-week-old female ovariectomized ICR mice were employed as a postmenopausal osteoporosis model and treated with pinitol or estradiol (E2) for 7 wk. Thereafter, serum calcium content, phosphorus content, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity (BALP) were measured. Bilateral femurs were isolated, and bone marrow protein was collected through centrifuge. Dry femurs were weighed, while femur length, cellular bones, and bone mineral content were measured. D-chiro-Inositol (DCI) and myo-inositol (MI) content in serum and bone marrow was measured by GC-MS. At the end of experiment, the serum BALP and TRAcP activities of the OVX mice were suppressed significantly by treatment with either pinitol or E2. Femur weight, cellular bone rate, Ca and P content were improved by pinitol or E2. The DCI content of the serum of OVX decreased significantly, although it recovered to some extent after pinitol treatment. Pinitol significantly increased the ratio of DCI to MI in serum or bone marrow protein in the observed OVX mice. Besides, pinitol had no significant effects on osteoblast viability and differentiation. The present results showed that continuous pinitol intake exerts potent anti-osteoporosis activity via elevating DCI content in serum and bone marrow in OVX mice.

Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Zonarol, a Marine Algal Hydroquinone, in Mice Using HPLC with Fluorescence Detection.

Zonarol, which was discovered in the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata, has antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective hydroquinone properties. Additionally, a daily treatment of zonarol taken orally has been proven to prevent ulcerative colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in experimentally induced mice models. In this study, to elucidate the physiological behavior of zonarol in vivo, the establishment of quantitative methods for the determination of zonarol in biological samples and basic pharmacokinetics parameters after oral or intravenous administration with purified zonarol to mice were investigated. The zonarol (20-600 ng/mL) in this study was dose-dependently detected using an HPLC-FI system as a single peak on the ODS column with 80% aqueous methanol at 332 nm with an excitation of 293 nm. The pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from a non-compartment analysis of the plasma concentration of zonarol following oral or intravenous treatment in mice. The absolute bioavailability of zonarol was calculated as 25.0%. Interestingly, the maximal distribution of zonarol in the brain (2.525 ± 1.334 µg/g tissue) at 30 min was observed to be higher and slower than that in the liver and kidney at 15 min after bolus intravenous administrations to the mice (10 mg/kg BW). Based on these results, zonarol might be a candidate for a potential drug, an effective tool for drug delivery, or enhancing the treatment of cerebral disease.

Cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylates: Potential chemical biology tools in the early growth stage of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Cyclopropene derivatives have been used as extremely reactive units in organic chemistry owing to their high ring-strain energy. They have become popular reagents both for bioorthogonal chemistry and for chemical biology because of their small size and ability to be genetically encoded. In this context, we conducted an exploratory study to identify the biologically active cyclopropenes that affect normal plant growth. We synthesized several cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid derivatives and evaluated their effects on the early growth stage of Arabidopsis thaliana. Eventually, we identified the chemicals that affect apical hook development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Their mode of action is different from those of ethylene receptor inhibition and gibberellin biosynthesis inhibition. We expect that some of the chemicals reported here can be new tools in chemical biology to determine useful molecular targets for herbicides or plant growth regulators.

D-Pinitol Improved Glucose Metabolism and Inhibited Bone Loss in Mice with Diabetic Osteoporosis.

Diabetic osteoporosis (DO) has been increasingly recognized as an important complication of diabetes. D-pinitol, a natural compound found in various legumes, is known for its anti-diabetic function, but its effect on DO has not been investigated. Two doses of pinitol (50 and 100 mg/kg Bw/d) were administered orally to experimentally induce the DO mouse model for 5 weeks. The results indicated that pinitol suppressed fasting blood glucose levels and tended to enhance impaired pancreatic function. Pinitol also suppressed serum bone turnover biomarkers, and improved dry femur weight, cancellous bone rate, and bone mineral content in the DO mice. Based on the inositol quantification using GC-MS in serum, liver, kidney, and bone marrow, the pinitol treatment significantly recovered the depleted D-chiro-inositol (DCI) content or the decreased the ratio of DCI to myo-inositol caused by DO. In short, our results suggested that pinitol improved glucose metabolism and inhibited bone loss in DO mice via elevating the DCI levels in tissues.

Isolation and Characterization of Collagen and Collagen Peptides with Hyaluronidase Inhibition Activity Derived from the Skin of Marlin (Istiophoridae).

Type I and V collagens are the major components of fibrillogenic proteins in fish skin, and their hydrolysis products possess hyaluronidase inhibitory activity. In this study, for the first time, type I and V collagens were isolated from the skin of shortbill spearfish and striped marlin. Type I (2α1[I]α2[I]) and type V (α1[V]α3[V]α2[V]) collagens composed of distinct α-peptide chains with comparable structures were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and UV spectrophotometric chromatography. After enzymatic digestion, the collagen peptides were purified by using ultrafiltration (30 KDa) and high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to yield CPI-F3 and CPV-F4 fractions with strong hyaluronidase inhibition rates (42.17% and 30.09%, respectively). Based on the results of simulated gastrointestinal fluid, temperature, and pH stability assays, CPI-F3 and CPV-F4 exhibited stability in gastric fluid and showed no significant changes under the temperature range from 50 to 70 °C (p > 0.05). The results of this first research on the bioactivity of type V collagen peptides provide valuable information for the biomedical industry and show the potential for future bioactivity investigations of type V collagen and its peptides.

Preparation, Purification and Characterization of Antibacterial and ACE Inhibitory Peptides from Head Protein Hydrolysate of Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus.

Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) heads, as the main by-product of the seafood processing industry, are rich in underutilized high-quality protein. After papain hydrolysis at 50 °C for 4 h, the protein hydrolysate of shrimp heads was found to show notable antibacterial and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. After purification using two stages of revered-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), the antibacterial peptide VTVP and the ACE inhibitory peptide ARL/I were successfully identified from most active fractions by LC-MS/MS. Peptide VTVP was a desirable hydrophobic peptide, with a MIC value in the range from 1.62 to 8.03 mM against all tested pathogens. Peptide ARL/I exhibited potent ACE inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 125.58 µM, and was found to be a competitive inhibitor based on the Lineweaver-Burk plot. Moreover, the result of the molecular docking simulation indicated that the interaction binding between ARL/I and ACE was mainly stabilized by hydrogen bonds, as well as forming a coordinate bond with the Zn2+ site. The purified peptides did not show hemolytic activity toward rabbit erythrocytes. To sum up, the bioactive peptides isolated from shrimp heads could be applicable for food or pharmaceutical areas as promising ingredients.

Emerging technologies for the chemical control of root parasitic weeds.

Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family include devastating weed species, such as Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche, which parasitize major crops, drastically reduces crop yields and cause economic losses of over a billion US dollars worldwide. Advances in basic research on molecular and cellular processes responsible for parasitic relationships has now achieved steady progress through advances in genome analysis, biochemical analysis and structural biology. On the basis of these advances it is now possible to develop chemicals that control parasitism and reduce agricultural damage. In this review we summarized the recent development of chemicals that can control each step of parasitism from strigolactone biosynthesis in host plants to haustorium formation.

Zonarol Protected Liver from Methionine- and Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Mouse Model.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases with no approved treatment. Zonarol, an extract from brown algae, has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the role of zonarol in the progression of methionine- and choline-deficiency (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD in mice. After oral treatment with zonarol, a lighter body weight was observed in zonarol group (ZG) mice in comparison to control group (CG) mice. The NAFLD scores of ZG mice were lower than those of CG mice. Hepatic and serum lipid levels were also lower in ZG mice with the reduced expression of lipid metabolism-related factors. Furthermore, ZG mice showed less lipid deposition, less inflammatory cell infiltration and lower inflammatory cytokine levels in comparison to CG mice. Moreover, the numbers of 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive hepatocytes and levels of hepatic and serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly lower in comparison to CG mice. The expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as its upstream and downstream molecules, changed in ZG mice. Zonarol could prevent the progression of NAFLD by decreasing inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and improving lipid metabolism. Meanwhile the Nrf2 pathway may play an important role in these effects.

Correction: Inhibition and interactions of alpha-amylase by daucosterol from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis).

Correction for 'Inhibition and interactions of alpha-amylase by daucosterol from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)' by Yipeng Gu et al., Food Funct., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1FO00887K.

Inhibition and interactions of alpha-amylase by daucosterol from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis).

The alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of daucosterol purified from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (CWC), a common Chinese vegetable, was assessed. The alpha-amylase inhibitory properties were elucidated by enzyme inhibition, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking experiments. It was found that three saponins from CWC peel exhibited potent inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase and daucosterol was found to be the main inhibitory factor against alpha-amylase with a mixed-type mode. Strong fluorescence quenching of alpha-amylase was observed under static fluorescence quenching with hydrophobic interactions with daucosterol. Molecular docking revealed that the conformation of daucosterol in the high-affinity sites I and II of alpha-amylase was optimum, and hydrophobic interactions were produced by daucosterol aglycone, and hydrogen bonding by the ß-D-glucopyranosyl residue. Ingested daucosterol suppressed the elevation of blood glucose levels through inhibition of alpha-amylase in the small intestine in starch-loaded mice. This study provides data supporting the potential benefit of daucosterol from CWC peel in the treatment of diabetes.

Cholesterol-binding ability of saponin from Japanese starfish.

Steroidal gylcosides are the predominant metabolites of starfish and are responsible for various biological activities. Some of these activities are recognized as a part of self-defense mechanism of starfish. Cholesterol-binding ability was evaluated with seven starfish crude extracts, where significantly (p < 0.05) highest ability (34%) was observed in Asterias amurensis and the lowest (16%) was attributed in Distolasterias nippon. To characterize the active compound exists in crude saponin from A. amurensis, the extract was subjected to thin layer chromatography following silica gel column chromatography. As the results, seven fractions (fr. A-G) were separated and frs. D and F demonstrated the highest cholesterol-binding ability (32% and 33%, respectively), equivalent to that of the A. amurensis extract. The isolated component (fr. F) was further separated (fr. F1-F3) for structural analysis. Based on cholesterol-binding ability result (29%), fr. F2 was analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) and then nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The compound was identified as thornasteroside A, one of the major bioactive compounds already found in A. amurensis. The discovery of a saponin with cholesterol-binding ability has important implications not only for the utilization of starfish but also for food and pharmaceutical research.

Functional identification of ergothioneine transporter in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

(2S)-3-(2-sulfanylidene-1,3-dihydroimidazol-4-yl)-2-(trimethylazaniumyl)propanoate (ergothioneine, ET) is hydrophilic antioxidant produced only by certain low-level organisms, but has been reported in the organs of some animals upon dietary intake, facilitated by the ergothioneine transporter (ETT). In this study, it was hypothesised that ETT is involved in the uptake of ET from diet in salmonids. The mechanism of ET uptake was evaluated through knockdown of candidate gene encoding ETT in a cell line (RTG-2) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ETT gene expression in blood cells and certain tissues from rainbow trout was also investigated as ET from the diet is expected to be carried over to the muscle. Knockdown of an ETT candidate (E1) in RTG-2 cells resulted in a remarkable decrease in E1 mRNA expression; uptake of ET was lower in the knocked group than in the control group suggesting that E1 functions as an ETT for rainbow trout. Furthermore, the expression of ETT gene in different tissues including the muscle points to ET uptake from the diet to the muscle of salmonids. In conclusion, this study partly reveals the possible pathway underlying ET uptake from the diet and its deposition in the muscle of edible fish species.

Inhibitory properties of saponin from Eleocharis dulcis peel against α-glucosidase.

The inhibitory properties towards α-glucosidase in vitro and elevation of postprandial glycemia in mice by the saponin constituent from Eleocharis dulcis peel were evaluated for the first time. Three saponins were isolated by silica gel and HPLC, identified as stigmasterol glucoside, campesterol glucoside and daucosterol by NMR spectroscopy. Daucosterol presented the highest content and showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with competitive inhibition. Static fluorescence quenching of α-glucosidase was caused by the formation of the daucosterol-α-glucosidase complex, which was mainly derived from hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Daucosterol formed 7 hydrogen bonds with 4 residues of the active site and produced hydrophobic interactions with 3 residues located at the exterior part of the binding pocket. The maltose-loading test results showed that daucosterol inhibited elevation of postprandial glycemia in ddY mice. This suggests that daucosterol from Eleocharis dulcis peel can potentially be used as a food supplement for anti-hyperglycemia.

Strength and Microstructure of Class-C Fly Ash and GGBS Blend Geopolymer Activated in NaOH & NaOH + Na2SiO3.

In this paper, class-C fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer activated in NaOH and NaOH + Na2SiO3 was studied regarding setting time, compressive strength, porosity, microstructure, and formation of crystalline phases. When comparing the effects of alkali type on the FA and GGBS geopolymer composites, results revealed that NaOH has a lesser effect in developing strength and denser microstructure than does NaOH + Na2SiO3, since the addition of Na2SiO3 provides the silica source to develop more compact structure. Incorporation of Na2SiO3 reduced the crystallinity and the paste was more amorphous compared to NaOH activated pastes. The class-C FA and GGBS blends resulted in prolonged setting time, reduced strength, and loose matrix with the increase in fly ash content. The un-reactivity of calcium in blends was observed with increasing fly ash content, leading to strength loss. It is evident from XRD patterns that calcium in fly ash did not contribute in forming C-S-H bond, but formation of crystalline calcite was observed. Furthermore, XRD analyses revealed that the reduction in fly ash leads to the reduction in crystallinity, and SEM micrographs showed the unreactive fly ash particles, which hinder the formation of a denser matrix.

Influence of α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate on Setting, Compressive Strength, and Shrinkage Strain of Cement Mortar.

This study focused on the quick initial setting time and the expansion strain that occurs during the early aging of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (αHH) and examined the setting, compressive strength, and shrinkage strain of αHH-replaced cement mortar. The results show that the initial setting time significantly decreased with an increase in the αHH replacement ratio. Drastic occurrence of ettringite was observed early in the aging of cement mortar when αHH was substituted into the cement; however, the ettringite was not converted to monosulfate with increasing age and thus was not favorable for the development of the compressive strength. When αHH was substituted into cement, using Portland blast-furnace slag cement (PSC) was more advantageous than using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for the development of the compressive strength. Meanwhile, the expansion of early age αHH can decrease the shrinkage strain of cement mortar. The generation of ettringite is more effective when αHH is substituted into PSC than into OPC and is thus more effective in suppressing the shrinkage strain.

Total Syntheses of Lepadiformine Marine Alkaloids with Enantiodivergency, Utilizing Hg(OTf)2 -Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reaction and their Cytotoxic Activities.

The enantioselective total syntheses of lepadiformine marine alkaloids, azatricyclic natural products isolated from marine tunicates, were completed. These alkaloids have a unique chemical structure characterized by the trans-1-azadecalin (AB ring system) fused with the spirocyclic ring (AC ring system). Here we found that a cycloisomerization reaction from functionalized linear substrates to a 1-azaspiro[4.5]decane framework corresponding to the AC ring in lepadiformines is promoted by a catalytic amount of mercury(II) triflate (Hg(OTf)2 ). The total syntheses of (-)-lepadiformines A and B were achieved in 28 % and 21 % overall yields, respectively, through the novel cycloisomerization reaction. The syntheses of (+)- and (-)-lepadiformine C hydrochloride salts also enabled us to determine the absolute configuration of natural lepadiformine C. It has been found that a phenomenon of enantiodivergence occurs in lepadiformine alkaloids from a single species of marine tunicate, Clavelina moluccensis. The cytotoxic activities of synthesized lepadiformine hydrochloride salts and their synthetic intermediates were evaluated.

Effects of ergothioneine-rich mushroom extracts on lipid oxidation and discoloration in salmon muscle stored at low temperatures.

The effects of supplementing ergothioneine-rich mushroom extracts (ME) on discoloration and lipid oxidation in astaxanthin-pigmented salmon muscles were evaluated. ME (Flammulina velutipes) were added (in vitro) to minced Oncorhynchus mykiss muscles and stored at -10°C. During several weeks of storage, the ME-treated group showed lower lipid hydroperoxide (HPO) accumulation and higher retained astaxanthin levels than in the control group. The effects of adding concentrated ME (Pleurotus cornucopiae) to Oncorhynchus kisutch diets were also tested over a 2-month feeding trial. No adverse effects on fish growth or pigmentation were observed. Muscle samples were collected, stored (-2 or -18°C), and evaluated. At the end of the storage period, the ME-treated group had lower HPO and higher retained astaxanthin levels in the muscle samples than the levels in the control group. Thus, the addition of ergothioneine from MEs successfully controlled lipid oxidation and stabilized astaxanthin during post-harvest storage at low temperatures.