Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare waste generation: Correlations and trends from a tertiary hospital of a developed country.

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic has represented an emergency not only from a clinical point of view, but also for the environment due to the largely increased waste disposal. This study aimed at estimating, in the context of current trends, the increase in healthcare waste (HW) generation during the outbreak, based on data from a tertiary hospital. From the purveying office statements of 'SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo' Hospital of Alessandria (Italy), monthly HW generation data from January 2015 to March 2021 were retrospectively retrieved. Trends and COVID's impact were evaluated by Interrupted Time Series (ITS) design with linear regression models. Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing was used to model the relation between infectious HW generation and proportion of COVID-related bed days. HW generation rose from 35.9 ± 3.8 tonnes month-1 (2.4 ± 0.2 kg per patient-day, kg PD-1) in 2015-2019, to 46.3 ± 6.0 tonnes month-1 (3.3 ± 0.7 kg PD-1) during the outbreak. The increasing trend was not appreciably modified as for its slope (p = 0.363), while a significant level change was found between baseline and outbreak (+ 0.72 kg PD-1, p < 0.001). The proportion of COVID-related bed days non-linearly affected the infectious HW generated per patient-day, with steeper increases for proportions above 20%. The study showed a significant rise in HW generation in 2020-2021, reasonably due to the COVID outbreak; in addition, the generally increasing trend was not affected. Therefore, urgent measures are needed to conciliate safety requirements with HW generation issues.

Invasive strategy for COVID patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: The first multicenter Italian experience.

OBJECTIVE: To report our initial experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing standard of care invasive management. BACKGROUND: The rapid diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 together with the need for isolation for infected patients might be responsible for a suboptimal treatment for SARS-CoV-2 ACS patients. Recently, the group of Sichuan published a protocol for COVID/ACS infected patients that see the thrombolysis as the gold standard of care. METHODS: We enrolled 31 consecutive patients affected by SARS-COV-2 admitted to our emergencies room for suspected ACS. RESULTS: All patients underwent urgent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) when required except two patients with severe hypoxemia and unstable hemodynamic condition that were conservatively treated. Twenty-one cases presented diffuse ST-segment depression while in the remaining cases anterior and inferior ST-elevation was present in four and six cases, respectively. PCI was performed in all cases expect two that were diagnosed as suspected myocarditis because of the absence of severe coronary disease and three with apical ballooning at ventriculography diagnostic for Tako-Tsubo syndromes. Two patients conservatively treated died. The remaining patients undergoing PCI survived except one that required endotracheal intubation (ETI) and died at Day 6. ETI was required in five more patients while in the remaining cases CPAP was used for respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent PCI for ACS is often required in SARS-CoV-2 patients improving the prognosis in all but the most advanced patients. Complete patient history and examination, routine ECG monitoring, echocardiography, and careful evaluation of changes in cardiac enzymes should be part of the regular assessment procedures also in dedicated COVID positive units.

Gut Alterations in Septic Patients: A Biochemical Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction with high mortality and morbidity rate and with the disease progression many alterations are observed in different organs. The gastrointestinal tract is often damaged during sepsis and septic shock and main symptoms are related to increased permeability, bacterial translocation and malabsorption. These intestinal alterations can be both cause and effect of sepsis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to analyze different pathways that lead to intestinal alteration in sepsis and to explore the most common methods for intestinal permeability measurement and, at the same time to evaluate if their use permit to identify patients at high risk of sepsis and eventually to estimate the prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The peer-reviewed articles analyzed were selected from PubMed databases using the keywords "sepsis" "gut alteration", "bowel permeability", "gut alteration", "bacterial translocation", "gut permeability tests", "gut inflammation". Among the 321 papers identified, 190 articles were selected, after title - abstract examination and removing the duplicates and studies on pediatric population,only 105 articles relating to sepsis and gut alterations were analyzed. RESULTS: Integrity of the intestinal barrier plays a key role in the preventing of bacterial translocation and gut alteration related to sepsis. It is obvious that this dysfunction of the small intestine can have serious consequences and the early identification of patients at risk - to develop malabsorption or already malnourished - is very recommended to increase the survivor rate. Until now, in critical patients, the dosage of citrullinemia is easily applied test in clinical setting, in fact, it is relatively easy to administer and allows to accurately assess the functionality of enterocytes. CONCLUSION: The sepsis can have an important impact on the gastrointestinal function. In addition, the alteration of the permeability can become a source of systemic infection. At the moment, biological damage markers are not specific, but the dosage of LPS, citrulline, lactulose/mannitol test, FABP and fecal calprotectin are becoming an excellent alternative with high specificity and sensitivity.

Decrease and Delay in Hospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndromes During the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

The diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) forced the Italian population to restrictive measures that modified patients' responses to non-SARS-CoV-2 medical conditions. We evaluated all patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted in 3 high-volume hospitals during the first month of SARS-CoV-2 Italian-outbreak and compared them with patients with ACS admitted during the same period 1 year before. Hospitalization for ACS decreased from 162 patients in 2019 to 84 patients in 2020. In 2020, both door-to-balloon and symptoms-to-percutaneous coronary intervention were longer, and admission levels of high-sensitive cardiac troponin I were higher. They had a lower discharged residual left-ventricular function and an increased predicted late cardiovascular mortality based on their Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores.

Organizational determinants of hospital stay: establishing the basis of a widespread action on more efficient pathways in medical units.

Given the high hospital costs, the increasing clinical complexity and the overcrowding of emergency departments, it is crucial to improve the efficiency of medical admissions. We aimed at isolating organizational drivers potentially targetable through a widespread improvement action. We studied all medical admissions in a large tertiary referral hospital from January 1st to December 31st, 2018. Data were retrieved from the administrative database. Available information included age, sex, type (urgent or elective) and Unit of admission, number of internal transfers, main ICD-9 diagnosis, presence of cancer among diagnoses, surgical or medical code, type of discharge, month, day and hour of admission and discharge. National Ministry of Health database was used for comparisons. 8099 admissions were analyzed. Urgent admissions (80.5% of the total) were responsible for longer stays and were the object of the multivariate analysis. The variables most influencing length-of-stay (LOS) were internal transfers and assisted discharge: they contributed, respectively, to 62% and 40% prolongation of LOS. Also, the daily and weekly kinetics of admission accounted for a significant amount of variation in LOS. Long admissions (≥ 30 days) accounted for the 15.5% of total bed availability. Type of discharge and internal transfers were again among the major determinants. A few factors involved in LOS strictly depend on the organizational environment and are potentially modifiable. Re-engineering should be focused on making more efficient internal and external transitions and at ensuring continuity of the clinical process throughout the day and the week.

Role of echocardiographic dyssynchrony parameters in predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: In the present study, we compare different echocardiographic cardiac dyssynchrony parameters, both of intraventricular and interventricular dyssynchrony, in order to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a population of 77 heart failure patients scheduled for CRT, we measured the interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD) and we analyzed six different parameters of intraventricular dyssynchony: the tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) septum-lateral wall delay, the systolic dyssynchrony index; the three-dimensional SD of the time to reach minimum systolic volume for 16 left ventricular segments (3D-SDI); the speckle-tracking radial, circumferential and longitudinal dyssynchrony. At 6 months of follow-up, 61 (79%) patients were responders (≤15% in left ventricular end-systolic volume). On baseline analysis, 3D-SDI, radial strain, longitudinal strain and circumferential strain and IVMD were significantly higher in responder group (10.8 ±â€Š3.9 vs. 7.6 ±â€Š1.8% for 3D-SDI; P = 0.003; 212 ±â€Š91 vs. 125 ±â€Š36 ms for radial strain, P = 0.0003; 185 ±â€Š83 vs. 134 ±â€Š53 ms for longitudinal strain, P = 0.02; 190 ±â€Š80 vs. 130 ±â€Š54 ms for circumferential strain, P = 0.006; 45 ±â€Š21 vs. 30 ±â€Š20 ms for IVMD; P = 0.01). On univariate and multivariate analysis, only IVMD was significantly associated with a complete echocardiographic response to CRT. 3D-SDI and radial strain present the better values of sensitivity and specificity, overall if associated to an evaluation of IVMD (sensitivity 76%, specificity 88%, for 3D-SDI + IVMD; sensitivity 80% and specificity 85% for radial strain + IVMD). CONCLUSION: The novel parameters, such as 3D-SDI and speckle-tracking (particularly radial strain), offer better diagnostic accuracy in identifying patients who are responders to CRT. The addition of the contemporary parameter of IVMD improves the diagnostic accuracy.

Transthoracic second harmonic two- and three-dimensional echocardiography for detection of patent foramen ovale.

AIMS: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with contrast administration is still considered as the reference method for the detection of patent foramen ovale (PFO) with interatrial shunt, but it is a semi-invasive exam. The aim of the present study is to evaluate a role of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE and R3DTE) as a diagnostic alternative to transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and TEE for detection of atrial right-to-left shunt. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with history of cerebrovascular events were subjected to four diagnostic examinations: TCD, TTE, R3DTE, and TEE, with bubble contrast. Bubbles in the left atrium within three cardiac cycles were considered diagnostic for PFO and later as a pulmonary shunt. Greater than 20 bubbles in the left atrium were considered a large shunt and <20 a small shunt. Every exam was read blinded to the results of the others. From the 75 enrolled patients, 62 (82.6%) patients showed right-to-left shunt with TEE; the results were also positive in 53 patients using TCD (70.6%), in 53 using R3DTE (70.6%), and in 55 using TTE (73.3%) (P = NS). There is a statistically significant superiority for TEE in the capacity of detecting shunts compared with TCD (P < 0.024), TTE (P < 0.018), and R3DTE (P < 0.018). The TEE presents a superior ability to recognize mild/moderate interatrial shunts respect to other exams (P = 0.003), without differences for shunts of high degree. In comparison to the TEE, the sensitivity is 89% for TTE, 88% for R3DTE, and 85% for TCD; the specificity is 100% for TTE and R3DTE, and 90% for TCD; the positive predictive value is 100% for TTE and R3DTE, and 98% for TCD; and the negative predictive value is 65% for TTE, 65% for R3DTE, and 53% for TCD. Considering only for mild/moderate shunts, the diagnostic accuracy is clearly inferior (sensitivity 63% for TTE, 58% for R3DTE, and 53% for TCD). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients, TEE confirms the role of 'gold standard' exam for the detection of PFO; the non-invasive methods, and the TTE in particular, present a good diagnostic accuracy, but are inferior to the TEE because of the low negative predictive value and the non-optimal detection of small shunts. If the only purpose of TEE is the detection of significative interatrial shunt, TEE can be replaced by TTE. The R3DTE presents a good diagnostic accuracy, provides a better anatomical definition of the interatrial septum, and may have a role in this setting of patients, but does not add a lot to the TTE for the diagnosis.