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Higher resting heart rate variability (HRV)-an index of more flexible response to environmental stressors, including noxious stimuli-has been linked to reduced perception of experimentally induced pain. However, as stress responses are adapted to one's chronic environments, we propose that chronic exposure to threats captured by one's subjective socioeconomic status (SSS) may shape different adaptations that produce distinct pain responses linked to higher resting HRV. Specifically, lower SSS individuals with more threat exposures may prioritize threat detection by upregulating sensitivity to stressors, such as acute pain. Therefore, higher HRV would predict greater perceived acute pain among lower SSS individuals. In contrast, higher SSS individuals with less threat exposures may instead prioritize affective regulation by downregulating sensitivity to stressors, producing lower pain perception with higher HRV. We examined this stress response moderation by SSS in 164 healthy young adults exposed to experimental pain via the cold pressor test (CPT). Resting HRV, indexed by the root-mean-square of successive differences in heart rate, and self-reported SSS were measured at rest. Pain perception indexed by self-reported pain and pain tolerance indexed by hand-immersion time during the CPT were assessed. Results revealed that among higher SSS individuals, higher resting HRV predicted lower pain reports and subsequently greater pain tolerance during the CPT. Conversely, among lower SSS individuals, higher resting HRV predicted higher pain reports and subsequently lower pain tolerance. These findings provide preliminary evidence that environmental stress exposures linked to one's SSS may shape unique biological adaptations that predict distinct pain responses. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-023-00234-w.
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Despite a checkered racial history, people in the United States generally believe the nation has made steady, incremental progress toward achieving racial equality. In this article, we investigate whether this U.S. racial progress narrative will extend to how the workforce views the effectiveness of organizational efforts surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion. Across three studies (N = 1,776), we test whether Black and White U.S. workers overestimate organizational racial progress in executive representation. We also examine whether these misperceptions, surrounding organizational progress, drive misunderstandings regarding the relative ineffectiveness of common organizational diversity policies. Overall, we find evidence that U.S. workers largely overestimate organizational racial progress, believe that organizational progress will naturally improve over time, and that these misperceptions of organizational racial progress may drive beliefs in the effectiveness of diversity, equity, and inclusion policies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Diversidade Cultural , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Política Organizacional , Inclusão Social , Estados Unidos , Brancos/psicologia , Diversidade, Equidade, InclusãoRESUMO
Scholars of color remain underrepresented in US institutions in academia. In this paper, we will examine one factor that contributes to their continued marginalization in psychology and management: the scientific method's commitment to traditional notions of objectivity. We argue that objectivity-defined as practices and policies rooted in the heightened value placed on a research process that is ostensibly free from bias-is central to the prominence of primarily White scholarship in psychology and management research and remains central to knowledge production. To investigate this, we employ a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative data to codify how scholars of color experience objectivity interrogations, or written and verbal questioning in academic contexts that implicates their scientific rigor. We also identify how scholars of color engage in objectivity armoring, or self-presentational strategies (toning down and stepping up) to contend with these interrogations. Finally, we reveal these toning down processes in language use within publications on racial scholarship. Overall, these studies reveal the unique challenges scholars of color face to legitimize and validate their work on race and racism within predominantly White institutions and disciplines.
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Racismo , Humanos , Psicologia , Bolsas de Estudo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Although the association between objective markers of low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor health is well established, one underexamined possibility is that over and above objective SES, social class stigma-experiences and anticipation of discrimination based on social class-might undermine people's ability to engage in healthy behaviors. Participants (N = 2022) were recruited between December 2019 and January 2020 via a national Qualtrics panel that was census-matched to the U.S. population in age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, and census region. Participants completed measures of class stigma, alcohol use, disordered eating, comfort eating, sleep disturbance, physical activity, and demographics. Controlling for objective SES and demographics, generalized linear regression models indicated that class stigma was associated with significantly greater alcohol use, disordered eating, greater comfort eating, and sleep disturbance but not less physical activity. Class stigma was not associated with health behaviors after full adjustment for weight/racial discrimination and psychological factors. Results from this investigation suggest that beyond one's objective SES, the stigma associated with having low class may also contribute to poorer health behaviors.
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Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Estigma Social , Humanos , Classe Social , Etnicidade , Comportamentos Relacionados com a SaúdeRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00234-w.].
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Diálise Peritoneal , Humanos , Diálise Peritoneal/tendências , Diálise Peritoneal/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos , Prescrições/estatística & dados numéricos , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Automação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , MasculinoRESUMO
Endocytosis is an essential eukaryotic process that maintains the homeostasis of the plasma membrane proteome by vesicle-mediated internalization. Its predominant mode of operation utilizes the polymerization of the scaffold protein clathrin forming a coat around the vesicle; therefore, it is termed clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Throughout evolution, the machinery that mediates CME is marked by losses, multiplications, and innovations. CME employs a limited number of conserved structural domains and folds, whose assembly and connections are species dependent. In plants, many of the domains are grouped into an ancient multimeric complex, the TPLATE complex, which occupies a central position as an interaction hub for the endocytic machinery. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the structural aspects of plant CME, and we draw comparisons to other model systems. To do so, we have taken advantage of recent developments with respect to artificial intelligence-based protein structure prediction.
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Clatrina , Endocitose , Plantas , Endocitose/fisiologia , Clatrina/metabolismo , Clatrina/química , Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Evolução Biológica , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Evolução MolecularRESUMO
A case study explores patterns of kidney function decline using unsupervised learning methods first and then associating patterns with clinical outcomes using supervised learning methods. Predicting short-term risk of hospitalization and death prior to renal dialysis initiation may help target high-risk patients for more aggressive management. This study combined clinical data from patients presenting for renal dialysis at Fresenius Medical Care with laboratory data from Quest Diagnostics to identify disease trajectory patterns associated with the 90-day risk of hospitalization and death after beginning renal dialysis. Patients were clustered into 4 groups with varying rates of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline during the 2-year period prior to dialysis. Overall rates of hospitalization and death were 24.9% (582/2341) and 4.6% (108/2341), respectively. Groups with the steepest declines had the highest rates of hospitalization and death within 90 days of dialysis initiation. The rate of eGFR decline is a valuable and readily available tool to stratify short-term (90 days) risk of hospitalization and death after the initiation of renal dialysis. More intense approaches are needed that apply models that identify high risks to potentially avert or reduce short-term hospitalization and death of patients with a severe and rapidly progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Hospitalização , RimRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Inadequate predialysis care and education impacts the selection of a dialysis modality and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Transitional care units (TCUs) aim to meet the unmet educational needs of incident dialysis patients, but their impact beyond increasing home dialysis utilization has been incompletely characterized. METHODS: This retrospective study included adults initiating in-center hemodialysis at a TCU, matched to controls (1:4) with no TCU history initiating in-center hemodialysis. Patients were followed for up to 14 months. TCUs are dedicated spaces where staff provide personalized education and as-needed adjustments to dialysis prescriptions. For many patients, therapy was initiated with four to five weekly dialysis sessions, with at least some sessions delivered by home dialysis machines. Outcomes included survival, first hospitalization, transplant waiting-list status, post-TCU dialysis modality, and vascular access type. FINDINGS: The study included 724 patients initiating dialysis across 48 TCUs, with 2892 well-matched controls. At the end of 14 months, patients initiating dialysis in a TCU were significantly more likely to be referred and/or wait-listed for a kidney transplant than controls (57% vs. 42%; p < 0.0001). Initiation of dialysis at a TCU was also associated with significantly lower rates of receiving in-center hemodialysis at 14 months (74% vs. 90%; p < 0.0001) and higher rates of arteriovenous access (70% vs. 63%; p = 0.003). Although not statistically significant, TCU patients were more likely to survive and less likely to be hospitalized during follow-up than controls. DISCUSSION: Although TCUs are sometimes viewed as only a means for enhancing utilization of home dialysis, patients attending TCUs exhibited more favorable outcomes across all endpoints. In addition to being 2.5-fold more likely to receive home dialysis, TCU patients were 42% more likely to be referred for transplantation. Our results support expanding utilization of TCUs for patients with inadequate predialysis support.
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Falência Renal Crônica , Cuidado Transicional , Adulto , Humanos , Diálise Renal/métodos , Pontuação de Propensão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hemodiálise no Domicílio , Falência Renal Crônica/terapiaRESUMO
Endocytosis controls the perception of stimuli by modulating protein abundance at the plasma membrane. In plants, clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the most prominent internalization pathway and relies on two multimeric adaptor complexes, the AP-2 and the TPLATE complex (TPC). Ubiquitination is a well-established modification triggering endocytosis of cargo proteins, but how this modification is recognized to initiate the endocytic event remains elusive. Here we show that TASH3, one of the large subunits of TPC, recognizes ubiquitinated cargo at the plasma membrane via its SH3 domain-containing appendage. TASH3 lacking this evolutionary specific appendage modification allows TPC formation but the plants show severely reduced endocytic densities, which correlates with reduced endocytic flux. Moreover, comparative plasma membrane proteomics identified differential accumulation of multiple ubiquitinated cargo proteins for which we confirm altered trafficking. Our findings position TPC as a key player for ubiquitinated cargo internalization, allowing future identification of target proteins under specific stress conditions.
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Clatrina , Endocitose , Clatrina/genética , Clatrina/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We developed machine learning models to understand the predictors of shorter-, intermediate-, and longer-term mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients affected by COVID-19 in four countries in the Americas. METHODS: We used data from adult HD patients treated at regional institutions of a global provider in Latin America (LatAm) and North America who contracted COVID-19 in 2020 before SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were available. Using 93 commonly captured variables, we developed machine learning models that predicted the likelihood of death overall, as well as during 0-14, 15-30, > 30 days after COVID-19 presentation and identified the importance of predictors. XGBoost models were built in parallel using the same programming with a 60%:20%:20% random split for training, validation, & testing data for the datasets from LatAm (Argentina, Columbia, Ecuador) and North America (United States) countries. RESULTS: Among HD patients with COVID-19, 28.8% (1,001/3,473) died in LatAm and 20.5% (4,426/21,624) died in North America. Mortality occurred earlier in LatAm versus North America; 15.0% and 7.3% of patients died within 0-14 days, 7.9% and 4.6% of patients died within 15-30 days, and 5.9% and 8.6% of patients died > 30 days after COVID-19 presentation, respectively. Area under curve ranged from 0.73 to 0.83 across prediction models in both regions. Top predictors of death after COVID-19 consistently included older age, longer vintage, markers of poor nutrition and more inflammation in both regions at all timepoints. Unique patient attributes (higher BMI, male sex) were top predictors of mortality during 0-14 and 15-30 days after COVID-19, yet not mortality > 30 days after presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed distinct profiles of mortality in COVID-19 in LatAm and North America throughout 2020. Mortality rate was higher within 0-14 and 15-30 days after COVID-19 in LatAm, while mortality rate was higher in North America > 30 days after presentation. Nonetheless, a remarkable proportion of HD patients died > 30 days after COVID-19 presentation in both regions. We were able to develop a series of suitable prognostic prediction models and establish the top predictors of death in COVID-19 during shorter-, intermediate-, and longer-term follow up periods.
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COVID-19 , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Aprendizado de Máquina , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Diálise Renal , SARS-CoV-2 , FemininoRESUMO
A field experiment (N = 4,536) examined how signs of social class influence compassionate responses to those in need. Pedestrians in two major cities in the United States were exposed to a confederate wearing symbols of relatively high or low social class who was requesting money to help the homeless. Compassionate responding was assessed by measuring the donation amount of the pedestrians walking past the target. Pedestrians gave more than twice (2.55 times) as much money to the confederate wearing higher-class symbols than they did to the one wearing lower-class symbols. A follow-up study (N = 504) exposed participants to images of the target wearing the same higher- or lower-class symbols and examined the antecedents of compassionate responding. Consistent with theorizing, higher-class symbols elicited perceptions of elevated competence, trustworthiness, similarity to the self, and perceived humanity compared to lower-class symbols. These results indicate that visible signs of social class influence judgments of others' traits and attributes, as well as in decisions to respond compassionately to the needs of those who are suffering.
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Cognitive impairment is a common and pervasive feature of etiologically diverse disorders of the central nervous system, and a target indication for a growing number of symptomatic and disease modifying drugs. Remotely acquired digital endpoints have been recognized for their potential in providing frequent, real-time monitoring of cognition, but their ultimate value will be determined by the reliability and sensitivity of measurement in the populations of interest. To this end, we describe initial validation of remote self-administration of cognitive tests within a regulatorily compliant tablet-based platform. Participants were 61 older adults (age 55+), including 20 individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). To allow comparison between remote (in-home) and site-based testing, participants completed 2 testing sessions 1 week apart. Results for three of four cognitive domains assessed demonstrated equivalence between remote and site-based tests, with high cross-modality ICCs (absolute agreement) for Symbol Coding (ICC = 0.75), Visuospatial Working Memory (ICC = 0.70) and Verbal Fluency (ICC > 0.73). Group differences in these domains were significant and reflected sensitivity to objective cognitive impairment in the SCD group for both remote and site-based testing (p < 0.05). In contrast, performance on tests of verbal episodic memory suggested inflated performance during unmonitored testing and indicate reliable use of remote cognitive assessments may depend on the construct, as well as the population being tested.
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Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) advances the principles of minimally invasive surgery, including minor collateral tissue damage, reduced blood loss, and faster recovery times. ESS allows for direct access to the spine through small incisions and direct visualization of spinal pathology via an endoscope. While this technique has many applications, there is a steep learning curve when adopting ESS into a surgeon's practice. Two types of navigation, optical and electromagnetic, may allow for widespread utilization of ESS by engendering improved orientation to surgical anatomy and reduced complication rates. The present review discusses these two available navigation technologies and their application in endoscopic procedures by providing case examples. Furthermore, we report on the future directions of navigation within the discipline of ESS.
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Endoscopia , Coluna Vertebral , Endoscópios , Endoscopia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Coluna Vertebral/cirurgiaRESUMO
Despite statements in support of racial justice, many organizations fail to make good on their commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). In this review, we describe the role of the narrative of racial progress-which conceives of society as rapidly and automatically ascending toward racial equity-in these failures. Specifically, the narrative (1) envisions organizations as race neutral, (2) creates barriers to complex cross-race discussions about equity, (3) creates momentum for less effective policy change, and (4) reduces urgency around DEI goals. Thus, an effective DEI strategy will involve organizational leaders overcoming this narrative by acknowledging past DEI failures and, most critically, implementing immediate and evidence-based structural changes that are essential for creating a more just and equitable workplace.
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Justiça Social , Local de Trabalho , HumanosRESUMO
In their analysis in a previous issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, Roberts and colleagues argued that the editors, authors, and participants throughout subfields of psychological science are overwhelmingly White. In this commentary, we consider some of the drivers and consequences of this racial inequality. Drawing on race scholarship from within and outside the field, we highlight three phenomena that create and maintain racial inequality in psychology: (a) racial ignorance, (b) threats to belonging, and (c) racial-progress narratives. We close by exploring steps that journals and authors can take to reduce racial inequality in our field, ending with an appeal to consider the experience of scholars of color in race scholarship and in psychological science more broadly.
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Americans remain unaware of the magnitude of economic inequality in the nation and the degree to which it is patterned by race. We exposed a community sample of respondents to one of three interventions designed to promote a more realistic understanding of the Black-White wealth gap. The interventions conformed to recommendations in messaging about racial inequality drawn from the social sciences yet differed in how they highlighted data-based trends in Black-White wealth inequality, a single personal narrative, or both. Data interventions were more effective than the narrative in both shifting how people talk about racial wealth inequality-eliciting less speech about personal achievement-and, critically, lowering estimates of Black-White wealth equality for at least 18 mo following baseline, which aligned more with federal estimates of the Black-White wealth gap. Findings from this study highlight how data, along with current recommendations in the social sciences, can be leveraged to promote more accurate understandings of the magnitude of racial inequality in society, laying the necessary groundwork for messaging about equity-enhancing policy.
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Racismo/economia , Logro , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos , População BrancaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 may cause severe pneumonitis and trigger a massive inflammatory response that requires ventilatory support. The intensive care unit (ICU)-mortality has been reported to be as high as 62%. Dexamethasone is the only of all anti-inflammatory drugs that have been tested to date that has shown a positive effect on mortality. We aim to explore if treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is safe and effective for patients with severe COVID-19. Our hypothesis is that HBO can prevent ICU admission, morbidity and mortality by attenuating the inflammatory response. The primary objective is to evaluate if HBO reduces the number of ICU admissions compared with best practice treatment for COVID-19, main secondary objectives are to evaluate if HBO reduces the load on ICU resources, morbidity and mortality and to evaluate if HBO mitigates the inflammatory reaction in COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A randomised, controlled, phase II, open label, multicentre trial. 200 subjects with severe COVID-19 and at least two risk factors for mortality will be included. Baseline clinical data and blood samples will be collected before randomisation and repeated daily for 7 days, at days 14 and 30. Subjects will be randomised with a computer-based system to HBO, maximum five times during the first 7 days plus best practice treatment or only best practice treatment. The primary endpoint, ICU admission, is defined by criteria for selection for ICU. We will evaluate if HBO mitigates the inflammatory reaction in COVID-19 using molecular analyses. All parameters are recorded in an electronic case report form. An independent Data Safety Monitoring Board will review the safety parameters. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The trial is approved by The National Institutional Review Board in Sweden (2020-01705) and the Swedish Medical Product Agency (5.1-2020-36673). Positive, negative and any inconclusive results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals with open access. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04327505. EudraCT number: 2020-001349-37.