Rescue liver transplantation for post-hepatectomy liver failure- single center retrospective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation (LT) is a well-established method applied for the treatment of various liver diseases, including primary and secondary malignancies, as well as acute liver failure triggered by different mechanisms. In turn, liver failure (PHLF) is the most severe complication observed after liver resection (LR). PHLF is an extremely rare indication for LT. The aim of the present study was to assess the results of LT in patients with PHLF. METHODS: Relevant cases were extracted from the prospectively collected database of all LTs performed in our center. All clinical variables, details of the perioperative course of each patient and long-term follow-up data were thoroughly assessed. RESULTS: Between January 2000 and August 2023, 2703 LTs were carried out. Among them, six patients underwent LT for PHLF, which accounted for 0.2% of all patients. The median age of the patients was 38 years (range 24-66 years). All patients underwent major liver resection before listing for LT. The 90-day mortality after LT was 66.7% (4 out of 6 patients), and all patients experienced complications in the posttransplant course. One patient required early retransplantation due to primary non-function (PNF). The last two transplanted patients are alive at 7 years and 12 months after LT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected population of patients with PHLF, LT is a very morbid procedure associated with high mortality but should be considered the only life-saving option in this group.

Antimicrobial glycoprotein 2 (GP2) in gallstones, bile fluid and peribiliary glands of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Glycoprotein-2 (GP2) IgA is a predictor of disease severity in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We examined GP2's occurrence in the biliary tract, the site of inflammation. METHODS: GP2 was analyzed using ELISA, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and immunohistochemistry. The samples included: 20 bile and 30 serum samples from PSC patients, 23 bile and 11 serum samples from patients with gallstone disease (GD), 15 bile samples from healthy individuals undergoing liver-donation surgery (HILD), 20 extracts of gallstones (GE) obtained during cholecystectomy, and 101 blood-donor sera. RESULTS: Biliary GP2 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with PSC and GD than in HILD (p < 0.0001). Serum GP2 levels were similar in PSC and GD patients, and controls, but lower than in bile (p < 0.0001). GP2 was detected in all 20 GEs. Mass spectrometry identified GP2 in the bile of 2 randomly selected GD and 2 PSC patients, and in none of 2 HILD samples. GP2 was found in peribiliary glands in 8 out of 12 PSC patients, showing morphological changes in acinar cells, but not in GD-gallbladders. CONCLUSIONS: GP2 is present in bile of PSC and GD patients. It is synthesized in the peribiliary glands of PSC patients, supporting a pathogenic role for biliary GP2 in PSC.

Routine end-ischemic hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation from donors after brain death: results of two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Data on routine hypothermic machine perfusion of livers procured from donors after brain death (DBD) are scarce, and the benefits of the method have only been demonstrated in extended criteria grafts. The aim of this study was to assess if end-ischemic dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (dHOPE) is superior to static cold storage (SCS) in preservation of livers procured from DBD donors with respect to long-term outcomes. Existing data on short-term outcomes favours dHOPE in patients receiving high-risk grafts. METHODS: This prospective randomized controlled trial included 104 recipients of DBD livers randomly assigned to static cold storage arm (78 patients) and dHOPE arm (26 patients). Endpoints of interest were occurrence of biliary complications (biliary fistula, anastomotic, and nonanastomotic strictures) and overall patient (OS) and graft survival (GS) during two-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients developed biliary complications (at least one event) - 6 events in dHOPE arm and 30 in SCS arm. There was no significant difference in biliary complications between groups (23.7% vs. 43.4% [P=0.11]). No differences were found significant with respect to anastomotic (19.9% vs. 33.7% [P=0.20]) and non-anastomotic strictures (0% vs. 11.1% [P=0.10]) as well as biliary fistulas (11.7% vs. 12.2% [P=0.93]). Survival analysis did not show significantly different result in the study population - OS: 92.3% in dHOPE and 83.9% in SCS (P=0.35), and GS: 92.3% and 81.4% (P=0.23), respectively. However, significant difference in GS was noted in recipients of high-risk grafts - 100% in dHOPE and 73.1% in SCS, respectively (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term outcome data suggest that the routine use of dHOPE may be beneficial for recipients of high-risk grafts from DBD donors. The present study does not provide any evidence for benefits of dHOPE in low-risk grafts.

The ABCG8 polymorphism increases the risk of gallbladder cancer in the general population and gallstones in obese patients from Poland.

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease (GD) is common but remains asymptomatic in most cases. However, gallstones can lead to complications like choledocholithiasis or gallbladder cancer. In this study, we analyse the common genetic risk factor for GD, the p.D19H variant in the sterol transporter ABCG8, in Polish patients with gallstones and gallbladder cancer. METHODS: Three adult cohorts were prospectively recruited: 65 patients with gallbladder cancer, 170 obese individuals scheduled for bariatric surgery and 72 patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography due to recurrent choledocholithiasis. The control cohort consisted of 172 gallstone-free adults. The ABCG8 p.D19H (rs11887534) polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan assays. RESULTS: The minor allele frequency (MAF) of the ABCG8 p.D19H polymorphism was significantly (p = .02) higher among cases with either gallstones or gallbladder cancer (MAF = 8.4%) as compared to controls (MAF = 4.0%). The highest frequency of the risk allele was detected in patients with gallbladder cancer (18.5%) and obese patients with GD (17.5%), followed by individuals with choledocholithiasis (13.9%). Notably, the p.19H variant was associated with an increased risk of developing gallbladder cancer (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.16-6.54, p = .01) and an increased risk of GD in obese individuals scheduled for bariatric surgery (OR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.05-6.49, p = .03), but did not significantly affect the risk of choledocholithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: The ABCG8 p.D19H common risk variant increases the risk of developing gallbladder cancer in Central Europeans and enhances the risk of gallstones in the obese. Carriers of the p.D19H variant might benefit from personalized preventive strategies, particularly regarding gallbladder cancer.

Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes After Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

BACKGROUND Malignant and benign neuroendocrine tumors (NET) share many histopathological features. Liver transplantation (LT) is one of the liver-directed therapies for neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM). The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of patients undergoing LT for NELM. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective study that included 19 patients who underwent LT for unresectable NELM between December 1989 and December 2022 in the Department of General, Transplant, and Liver Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw. Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS The primary tumor was located most frequently in the pancreas. The median follow-up was 72.5 months. The overall survival (OS) was 94.7%, 88.0%, 88.0%, 70.4%, and 49.3% after 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Accordingly, the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 93.8%, 72.9%, 64.8%, 27.8%, and 27.8% after 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Ki-67 index ≥5% was found as a risk factor for both worse OS (hazard ratio (HR) 7.13, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.32-38.63, P=0.023) and RFS (HR 13.68, 95% CI 1.54-121.52, P=0.019). Recipient age ≥55 years was a risk factor for worse RFS (P=0.046, HR 5.47, 95% CI 1.03-29.08). Multivariable analysis revealed Ki-67 ≥5% as the sole independent factor for worse OS (HR 13.78, 95% CI 1.48-128.56, P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Patients with unresectable NELM achieve great OS and satisfying RFS after LT. The risk factors associated with worse outcomes are attributed to primary tumor aggressiveness.

Alpha-Fetoprotein Response after First Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) and Complete Pathologic Response in Patients with Hepatocellular Cancer.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is used as a bridging treatment in liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the main tumor marker used for HCC surveillance. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of using the AFP change after the first TACE in the prediction of complete tumor necrosis. The study comprised 101 patients with HCC who underwent liver transplantation (LT) after TACE in the period between January 2011 and December 2020. The ΔAFP was defined as the difference between the AFP value before the first TACE and AFP either before the second TACE or the LT. The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves were used to identify an optimal cut-off value. Complete tumor necrosis was found in 26.1% (18 of 69) and 6.3% (2 of 32) of patients with an initial AFP level under and over 100 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.020). The optimal cut-off value of ΔAFP for the prediction of complete necrosis was a decline of ≥10.2 ng/mL and ≥340.5 ng/mL in the corresponding subgroups. Complete tumor necrosis rates were: 62.5% (5 of 8) in patients with an initial AFP < 100 ng/mL and decline of ≥10.2 ng/mL; 21.3% (13 of 61) in patients with an initial AFP < 100 ng/mL and decline of <10.2 ng/mL; 16.7% (2 of 12) in patients with an initial AFP > 100 ng/mL and decline of ≥340.5 ng/mL; and null in 20 patients with an initial AFP > 100 ng/mL and decline of <340.5 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.003). The simple scoring system, based on the initial AFP and AFP decline after the first treatment, distinguished between a high, intermediate and low probability of complete necrosis, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.699 (95% confidence intervals 0.577 to 0.821, p = 0.001). Combining the initial AFP with its change after the first treatment enables early identification of the efficacy of TACE.

Free-Circulating Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers in Patients After Solid Organ Transplantation.

A number types of extracellular DNA (eg, cell-free, cfDNA) circulate in human blood, including mitochondrial, transcriptome, and regulatory DNA, usually at low concentrations. Larger amounts of cfDNA appear in any inflammatory condition, including organ damage due to a variety of reasons. The role of cfDNA in solid organ transplantation is discussed in this review as a valuable additional tool in the standard of care of transplant patients. Post-transplant monitoring requires the use of high-quality biomarkers for early detection of graft damage or rejection to be able to apply early therapeutic intervention. CfDNA complements the traditional monitoring strategies, being a risk stratification tool and an important prognostic marker. However, improving the sensitivity and specificity of cfDNA detection is necessary to facilitate personalized patient management, warranting further research in terms of measurement, test standardization, and storage, processing, and shipping. A diagnostic test (Allosure, CareDx, Inc., Brisbane, CA) for kidney, heart and lung transplant patients is now commercially available, and validation for other organs (eg, liver) is pending. To date, donor-derived cfDNA in combination with other biomarkers appears to be a promising tool in graft rejection as it is minimally invasive, time-sensitive, and cost-effective. However, improvement of sensitivity and specificity is required to facilitate personalized patient management. Whether it could be an alternate to graft biopsy remains unclear.

Routine End-ischemic Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation From Donors After Brain Death: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether end-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) is superior to static cold storage (SCS) in preserving livers procured from donors after brain death (DBD). BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence of the benefits of HOPE in liver transplantation, but predominantly in the setting of high-risk donors. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, livers procured from DBDs were randomly assigned to either end-ischemic dual HOPE for at least 2 hours or SCS (1:3 allocation ratio). The Model for Early Allograft Function (MEAF) was the primary outcome measure. The secondary outcome measure was 90-day morbidity (ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT04812054). RESULTS: Of the 104 liver transplantations included in the study, 26 were assigned to HOPE and 78 to SCS. Mean MEAF was 4.94 and 5.49 in the HOPE and SCS groups ( P =0.24), respectively, with the corresponding rates of MEAF >8 of 3.8% (1/26) and 15.4% (12/78; P =0.18). Median Comprehensive Complication Index was 20.9 after transplantations with HOPE and 21.8 after transplantations with SCS ( P =0.19). Transaminase activity, bilirubin concentration, and international normalized ratio were similar in both groups. In the case of donor risk index >1.70, HOPE was associated with significantly lower mean MEAF (4.92 vs 6.31; P =0.037) and lower median Comprehensive Complication Index (4.35 vs 22.6; P =0.050). No significant differences between HOPE and SCS were observed for lower donor risk index values. CONCLUSION: Routine use of HOPE in DBD liver transplantations does not seem justified as the clinical benefits are limited to high-risk donors.

Postoperative Supplemental Oxygen in Liver Transplantation (PSOLT) does not reduce the rate of infections: results of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite inconsistent evidence, international guidelines underline the importance of perioperative hyperoxygenation in prevention of postoperative infections. Further, data on safety and efficacy of this method in liver transplant setting are lacking. The aim was to evaluate efficacy and safety of postoperative hyperoxygenation in prophylaxis of infections after liver transplantation. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, patients undergoing liver transplantation were randomly assigned to either 28% or 80% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) for 6 postoperative hours. Infections occurring during 30-day post-transplant period were the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included 90-day mortality, 90-day severe morbidity, 30-day pulmonary complications, durations of hospital and intensive care unit stay, and 5-day postoperative bilirubin concentration, alanine and aspartate transaminase activity, and international normalized ratio (INR) (clinicatrials.gov NCT02857855). RESULTS: A total of 193 patients were included and randomized to 28% (n = 99) and 80% (n = 94) FiO2. With similar patient, operative, and donor characteristics in both groups, infections occurred in 34.0% (32/94) of patients assigned to 80% FiO2 as compared to 23.2% (23/99) of patients assigned to 28% FiO2 (p = 0.112). Patients randomized to 80% FiO2 more frequently developed severe complications (p = 0.035), stayed longer in the intensive care unit (p = 0.033), and had higher bilirubin concentration over first 5 post-transplant days (p = 0.043). No significant differences were found regarding mortality, duration of hospital stay, pulmonary complications, and 5-day aspartate and alanine transaminase activity and INR. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative hyperoxygenation should not be used for prophylaxis of infections after liver transplantation due to the lack of efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02857855. Registered 7 July 2016.

Skin Autofluorescence Measurement as Initial Assessment of Hepatic Parenchyma Quality in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection.

Skin autofluorescence (SAF) can detect advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that accumulate in tissues over time. AGEs reflect patients' general health, and their pathological accumulation has been associated with various diseases. This study aimed to determine whether its measurements can correlate with the liver parenchyma quality. This prospective study included 186 patients who underwent liver resections. Liver fibrosis and/or steatosis > 10% were found in almost 30% of the patients. ROC analysis for SAF revealed the optimal cutoff point of 2.4 AU as an independent predictor for macrovesicular steatosis ≥ 10% with an AUC of 0.629 (95% CI 0.538−0.721, p = 0.006), 59.9% sensitivity, 62.4% specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of 45.7% and 74.1%, respectively. The optimal cutoff point for liver fibrosis was 2.3 AU with an AUC of 0.613 (95% CI 0.519−0.708, p = 0.018), 67.3% sensitivity, 55.2% specificity, and PPV and NPV of 37.1% and 81.2%, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression model, SAF ≥ 2.4 AU (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.05−4.43; p = 0.036) and BMI (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.10−1.33, p < 0.001) were independent predictors of macrovesicular steatosis ≥ 10%. SAF may enhance the available non-invasive methods of detecting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients prior to liver resection.

Intraoperative dialysis with the use of a mobile dialysis system during liver transplantation.

PURPOSE: Over the last few years, transplant centers have started to use various intraoperative renal replacement therapy (ioRRT) modalities during liver transplantation (LT) in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. Here, we present a study on the safety and clinical outcomes of intraoperative hemodialysis (ioHD) performed using a mobile dialysis system during LT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 102 adult patients undergoing LT with ioHD; pre-existing renal failure and/or intraoperative metabolic derangement were ioHD treatment indications. RESULTS: Our study cohort consisted of three groups: LT with preoperative serum creatinine (sCr) â€‹< â€‹2 â€‹mg/dL (Group 1:n â€‹= â€‹22), LT with preoperative sCr ≥2 â€‹mg/dL (Group 2:n â€‹= â€‹73), and simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (Group 3:n â€‹= â€‹7). Among the procedures, 30% were re-transplantations. The mean calculated Model for End-stage Liver Disease score in Group 2 was 39.2, and 67% of patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Patients in Group 1 were less acutely ill but developed severe intraoperative derangements and, therefore, underwent urgent ioHD intraoperatively. However, it was delayed when compared to Group 2. All groups achieved post-reperfusion potassium levels <4 â€‹mmol/L and a decrease in central venous pressure. No serious procedural complications occurred. Post-reperfusion syndrome occurred in 12.7% of patients. Elevated mortality was likely due to the high illness severity in the cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Performing ioHD with a mobile dialysis system during LT was safe and effective, while being easier to perform than continuous techniques. Its effect on intra- and postoperative outcomes should be addressed in a study with a control group.

Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation and the Use of Intraoperative Dialysis: A Monocenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous liver and kidney transplants (SLKT) represent 1.1% of all liver transplants in Poland. Patients undergoing SLKT experience a longer operation time and concurrent kidney dysfunction may aggravate metabolic derangement associated with the procedure. The benefits of intraoperative dialysis (ioHD) in these patients have not been determined. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of all adult patients undergoing SLKT in our center from January 2009 till December 2016. RESULTS: Study group consisted of 10 patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease (0.9% of all liver transplants): 6 patients treated with ioHD during SLKT (group 1) and 4 patients managed conservatively (group 2). All recipients were on chronic dialysis. The mean calculated Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was 21 ± 0.9 in group 1 and 30 ± 9.5 in group 2 (P = .009). The mean preoperative serum potassium was 4.7 ± 0,6 mmol/L in group 1 and 3.97 ± 1,02 in group 2. Intraoperative serum potassium levels were comparable between the groups, but the maximum lactate and minimum bicarbonate levels were significantly worse in group 2. Postreperfusion syndrome occurred in no patient. Dialysis circuit clotting occurred in 50% of ioHD. Six patients (2 in group 1) required renal replacement therapy after SLKT; no patient was on dialysis on discharge. Three patients died within 1 year after surgery (2 in group 2). CONCLUSIONS: No patient developed intraoperative hyperkalemia or postreperfusion syndrome. We observed a high frequency of circuit system clotting during ioHD. Clinical benefits of intraoperative hemodialysis during SLKT need to be determined in a larger study.

Lymphangioma Cavernosum with a Rare Location.

Lympangioma cavernosum in the abdominal cavity is a rare benign tumour. In most cases, such tumours are diagnosed in the oral cavity and neck. The aim of this paper is to present our clinical observations and review of existing literature to draw attention to this disease. A 25-year-old woman was admitted to our department for a symptomatic tumour in the lesser curvature of the stomach. The patient was first operated on as a three-year-old child because the tumour extended from the back wall of the stomach to the gastro-colonic ligament. The medical records showed that it was a benign tumour; however, no diagnosis was specified. No symptoms were observed for 22 years. Currently, the patient is admitted for epigastric pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an extensive mass located between the left segments of the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach. The patient was operated on, and the tumour was completely removed. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathological examination of the lymphangioma cavernosum was performed. Two months after the operation, the patient did not report any complaints.

Incisional Surgical Site Infections After Mass and Layered Closure of Upper Abdominal Transverse Incisions: First Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the early results of mass and layered closure of upper abdominal transverse incisions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Contrary to midline incisions, data on closure of transverse abdominal incisions are lacking. METHODS: This is the first analysis of a randomized controlled trial primarily designed to compare mass with layered closure of transverse incisions with respect to incisional hernias. Patients undergoing laparotomy through upper abdominal transverse incisions were randomized to either mass or layered closure with continuous sutures. Incisional surgical site infection (incisional-SSI) was the primary end-point. Secondary end-points comprised suture-to-wound length ratio (SWLR), closure duration, and fascial dehiscence (clinicatrials.gov NCT03561727). RESULTS: A total of 268 patients were randomized to either mass (n=134) or layered (n=134) closure. Incisional-SSIs occurred in 24 (17.9%) and 8 (6.0%) patients after mass and layered closure, respectively (P =0.004), with crude odds ratio (OR) of 0.29 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.13-0.67; P =0.004]. Layered technique was independently associated with fewer incisional-SSIs (OR: 0.29; 95% CI 0.12-0.69; P =0.005). The number needed to treat, absolute, and relative risk reduction for layered technique in reducing incisional-SSIs were 8.4 patients, 11.9%, and 66.5%, respectively. Dehiscence occurred in one (0.8%) patient after layered closure and in two (1.5%) patients after mass closure (P >0.999). Median SWLR were 8.1 and 5.6 (P <0.001) with median closure times of 27.5 and 25.0 minutes (P =0.044) for layered and mass closures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Layered closure of upper abdominal transverse incisions should be preferred due to lower risk of incisional-SSIs and higher SWLR, despite clinically irrelevant longer duration.

PEComa-A Rare Liver Tumor.

PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) is a rare liver tumor. Decisions regarding patient management are currently based on a few small case series. The aim of this study was to report the clinicopathological features of PEComa in order to provide guidance for management, complemented by our own experience. This retrospective observational study included all patients with PEComa who underwent surgical treatment in two departments between 2002 and 2020. A total of 20 patients were diagnosed with PEComa following histopathological examination. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 73 years. The majority of patients were women (85%). In most patients, the tumors were incidental. In diagnostic studies, PEComas with high arterial vascularization have been described. Liver resection was the treatment of choice. There was only one postoperative complication. During histopathological evaluation, tumors were composed mostly of epithelioid cells, rarely with spindle cell components, thick-walled vessels, and adipocytes in different proportions. Melanocytic markers (HMB45, MelanA) and at least one smooth muscle marker were expressed in all tumors. Features suggestive of malignancy were found in three cases. In conclusion, PEComa is a rare liver tumor that is usually diagnosed incidentally. In radiological studies, tumors with high arterial vascularization are observed. Liver resection is the treatment of choice.

Cirrhotic Liver of Liver Transplant Recipients Accumulate Silver and Co-Accumulate Copper.

Silver-based materials are widely used in clinical medicine. Furthermore, the usage of silver containing materials and devices is widely recommended and clinically approved. The impact on human health of the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in medical devices remains understudied, even though Ag-containing dressings are known to release silver into the bloodstream. In this study, we detected a widespread and sometimes significant silver accumulation both in healthy and sick liver biopsies, levels being statistically higher in patients with various hepatic pathologies. 28 healthy and 44 cirrhotic liver samples were investigated. The median amount of 0.049 ppm Ag in livers was measured in cirrhotic livers while the median was 0.0016 ppm for healthy livers (a more than 30-fold difference). The mean tissue concentrations of essential metals, Fe and Zn in cirrhotic livers did not differ substantially from healthy livers, while Cu was positively correlated with Ag. The serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) was also positively correlated with Ag in cirrhotic livers. The increased Ag accumulation in cirrhotic livers could be a side effect of wide application of silver in clinical settings. As recent studies indicated a significant toxicity of silver nanoparticles for human cells, the above observation could be of high importance for the public health.

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct - A comprehensive review.

BACKGROUND: Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts is a rare tumor type. Management decisions are currently based upon a small case series. The authors have large own experience with IPNB. OBJECTIVE: The review aims at reporting on clinicopathological features of IPNB in order to provide guidance for management. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Medline, Microsoft Academic and Embase databases to identify studies of relevance. The analysis of own experience was also included. RESULTS: We analyzed 59 retrospective series and 25 cases from authors' clinical experience. The main sign was jaundice and cholangitis, 33% and 48%, respectively. CT's were performed in 63-76% and MR in 40-56%. Intraductal mass was found in 31-32% and duct dilatation in 27-30%. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 48-62%. IPNB with invasive carcinoma was found in 35.7-60% and IPNB with intraepithelial neoplasia in 36-60%. Histopathological confirmation before surgery was rare. The main treatment of IPNB is resection, in our material, both, hepatectomy and hepatectomy plus bile duct resections were performed in 40% of patients. The percentage of postoperative complications was 20%. The 5-year survival rate of all IPNB's patients was 53.6%; in patients with associated invasive carcinoma - 22.2% and without invasive carcinoma - 100% (p â€‹= â€‹0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early surgery is advisable for radiologically suspected IPNB. The results of treatment depend on histopathology. They are worse at intraductal invasive carcinoma than at neoplasm with neoplasia.