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Joint action theorizing implies that any coordinated behaviour that induces co-representation with a partner should increase social identification, especially when the associated actions require a high degree of coordination and are experienced as being performed effectively. The current research provides a first test of this new theoretical prediction for complementary (rather than synchronous) joint actions. In each of two pre-registered experiments establishing a novel paradigm, participants performed a digital joystick task with a joint performance goal with three different partners. The task varied in coordination requirements across partners. In Experiment 1, results showed that when task segments were discrete between partners, they identified less as a group than when they had to coordinate their behaviour. Surprisingly, although constant coordination increased co-representation relative to intermittent coordination, it did not correspondingly increase social identification. However, performance correlated positively with identification; as performance was worse when participants had to coordinate, this may explain the results. Experiment 2 showed that performance is causally linked to identification when coordination is necessary. Taken together, our results suggest that experiencing effective coordination leads to greater social identification. In general, paradigms capable of examining the perceptual and motor aspects of collective behaviour may offer a new perspective on social identification in general and the performance-identification link in particular.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in-situ physicochemical interaction of Rifampicin and Ritonavir - Lopinavir Solid dispersion administered for the treatment of comorbid conditions i.e. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. METHODS: pH-shift dissolution of Rifampicin (RIF) in presence of Ritonavir-Lopinavir solid dispersion (RL-SD) was carried out in USP phosphate buffer 6.8 and FaSSIF. Equilibrium and amorphous solubility were determined for the drugs. Pure drugs, their physical mixtures, and pH-shifted co-precipitated samples were characterized using DSC, PXRD, and FTIR. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate drug-rich and drug-lean phases. In-vitro and ex-vivo flux studies were also carried out. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in the solubility and dissolution profiles of RTV and LOP in the presence of RIF, while RIF profile remained unchanged. Amorphicity, intermolecular interaction and aggregate formation in pH-shifted samples were revealed in DSC, XRD and FTIR analysis. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed the formation of drug-rich phase upon pH-shift. In-vitro and ex-vivo flux studies revealed significant reduction in the flux of all the drugs when studied in presence of second drug. CONCLUSION: RIF, RTV and LOP in presence of each other on pH-shift, results in co-precipitation in the amorphous form (miscible) which leads to reduction in the highest attainable degree of supersaturation. This reduction corresponds to the mole fraction of the RIF, RTV and LOP within the studied system. These findings suggest that the concomitant administration of these drugs may lead to physicochemical interactions and possible ineffective therapy.
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Rifampina , Ritonavir , Ritonavir/química , Lopinavir/química , SolubilidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Palbociclib and ribociclib are substrates of efflux transporter P-glycoprotein which plays a key role in absorption and transport of these drugs. Proton pump inhibitors, when co-administered with them are known to show inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of proton pump inhibitors in inhibition of P-glycoprotein mediated efflux of palbociclib and ribociclib. METHOD: A combined approach of molecular docking and ex vivo everted gut sac model was implemented to predict the potential of proton pump inhibitors i.e., omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole to inhibit the P-glycoprotein mediated intestinal transport of palbociclib and ribociclib and study the molecular basis of interaction taking place. RESULTS: Molecular docking studies revealed that omeprazole, rabeprazole and pantoprazole bound to the ATP site of nucleotide binding domain with binding energies of -27.53, -29.56 and -38.44 Kcal/mol respectively. In ex vivo studies, rabeprazole and omeprazole, affected the absorptive permeability of palbociclib by 3.04 and 1.26 and ribociclib by 1.76 and 2.54 folds, respectively. Results of molecular docking studies and ex vivo studies highlighted that proton pump inhibitors bound to the ATP binding site to block its hydrolysis thereby inhibiting the P-glycoprotein mediated efflux of palbociclib and ribociclib. CONCLUSION: The experimental evidence presented highlights the fact that proton pump inhibitors have potential to inhibit P-glycoprotein, giving rise to drug interactions with palbociclib and ribociclib. Hence, monitoring is required while proton pump inhibitors and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are being co-administered to avoid adverse events.
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Introduction: Osteochondroma of the scapula constitutes only 3-5% of all osteochondromas; osteochondroma on dorsal aspect of scapula is a rare entity. Diagnosis is almost always clinicoradiologically. Additional computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging may be required for osteochondroma of flat bones such as scapula. Indications for surgery include pain, deformity, dysfunction, neural or vascular compromise, failure of conservative management, or in clinical settings with the high suspicion of malignant transformation and occasionally cosmesis. Outcome of a surgery should be assessed by Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) which appraises what "matters to the patient." Case Report: A 10-year-old boy presented to us with painless swelling over the right upper back since 3 years of age and discomfort over the area while sleeping on his back for 6 months. Diagnosis confirmed it to be a pedunculated osteochondroma arising from the dorsal scapula. Here, we report the diagnosis, treatment, and successful Patient-Reported Outcome using QuickDASH© score for an osteochondroma of dorsal scapula using CARE© case reporting guidelines. Conclusion: We report a rare site of osteochondroma, review the relevant literature, and also stress upon the necessity of analyzing PROMs after surgical treatment of benign tumors of bone which would enable us to evaluate the result of surgery on symptoms, functioning, and health-related quality of life from the patient's perspective.
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The current study aimed to investigate drug carrier miscibility in pharmaceutical solid dispersions (SD) and include the effervescent system, i.e. Effervescence-induced amorphous solid dispersions (ESD), to enhance the solubility of a poorly water-soluble Glibenclamide (GLB). Kollidon VA 64, PEG-3350, and Gelucire-50/13 were selected as the water-soluble carriers. The miscibility of the drug-carrier was predicted by molecular dynamics simulation, Hansen solubility parameters, Flory-Huggins theory, and Gibb's free energy. Solid dispersions were prepared by microwave, solvent evaporation, lyophilization, and Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) methods. The prepared solid dispersions were subjected to solubility, in-vitro dissolution, and other characterization studies. The in-silico and theoretical approach suggested that the selected polymers exhibited better miscibility with GLB. Solid-state characterizations like FTIR and 1H NMR proved the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the drug and carriers, which was comparatively higher in ESDs than SDs. DSC, PXRD, and microscopic examination of GLB and SDs confirmed the amorphization of GLB, which was higher in ESDs than SDs. Gibb's free energy concept suggested that the prepared solid dispersions will be stable at room temperature. Ex-vivo intestinal absorption study on optimized ESDs prepared with Kollidon VA64 using the HME technique exhibited a higher flux and permeability coefficient than the pure drug suggesting a better drug delivery. The drug-carrier miscibility was successfully studied in SDs of GLB. The addition of the effervescent agent further enhanced the solubility and dissolution of GLB. Additionally, this might exhibit a better bioavailability, confirmed by ex-vivo intestinal absorption study.
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Polímeros , Água , Solubilidade , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Polímeros/química , Portadores de Fármacos/químicaRESUMO
How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self-generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self-reported high-income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self-reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self-reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non-significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors.
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Renda , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Autorrelato , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Low- and middle-income countries account for over 90% of burns worldwide. Though mission trips, public health interventions and educational strategies have been introduced in recent years, a disparity remains in treatment provided between high- and low -income countries. This analysis aims to review available literature pertaining to strategies for training in burns management, with a focus on those applicable to low-income countries. METHODOLOGY: Mesh terms including "burns", "burns care", "burns management", "training", "teaching" and "education" were inputted into Medline and EMBase. Studies were included on the basis that they include an educational intervention to train doctors to provide surgical burns care in low-income countries. Included literature was analysed using scoring tools then a critical appraisal was performed. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in this analysis. These describe e-learning (n = 1), video-based teaching (n = 1), lecture-based teaching (n = 1), simulation training (n = 8) and hospital-based training achieved through collaborative efforts between high and low-income countries such as mission trips and fellowship programmes (n = 3). The strategies described have been summarised and presented. CONCLUSION: Burns care training should be accessible at a global scale and so, involve training methods including simulation, courses and fellowship programmes that are affordable and accessible to surgeons in low-income countries.
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Queimaduras , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Queimaduras/cirurgia , Pobreza , RendaRESUMO
Previous research suggested that people prefer to administer unpleasant electric shocks to themselves rather than being left alone with their thoughts because engagement in thinking is an unpleasant activity. The present research examined this negative reinforcement hypothesis by giving participants a choice of distracting themselves with the generation of electric shock causing no to intense pain. Four experiments (N = 254) replicated the result that a large proportion of participants opted to administer painful shocks to themselves during the thinking period. However, they administered strong electric shocks to themselves even when an innocuous response option generating no or a mild shock was available. Furthermore, participants inflicted pain to themselves when they were assisted in the generation of pleasant thoughts during the waiting period, with no difference between pleasant versus unpleasant thought conditions. Overall, these results question that the primary motivation for the self-administration of painful shocks is avoidance of thinking. Instead, it seems that the self-infliction of pain was attractive for many participants, because they were curious about the shocks, their intensities, and the effects they would have on them.
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Motivação , Prazer , Emoções , Humanos , Dor , Medição da Dor/métodosRESUMO
Facial masks have become and may remain ubiquitous. Though important for preventing infection, they may also serve as a reminder of the risks of disease. Thus, they may either act as cues for threat, priming avoidance-related behavior, or as cues for a safe interaction, priming social approach. To distinguish between these possibilities, we assessed implicit and explicit evaluations of masked individuals as well as avoidance bias toward relatively unsafe interactions with unmasked individuals in an approach-avoidance task in an online study. We further assessed Covid19 anxiety and specific attitudes toward mask-wearing, including mask effectiveness and desirability, hindrance of communication from masks, aesthetic appeal of masks, and mask-related worrying. Across one sample of younger (18-35 years, N = 147) and one of older adults (60+ years, N = 150), we found neither an average approach nor avoidance bias toward mask-wearing compared to unmasked individuals in the indirect behavior measurement task. However, across the combined sample, self-reported mask-related worrying correlated with reduced avoidance tendencies toward unmasked individuals when Covid19 anxiety was low, but not when it was high. This relationship was specific to avoidance tendencies and was not observed in respect to explicit or implicit preference for mask-wearing individuals. We conclude that unsafe interaction styles may be reduced by targeting mask-related worrying with public interventions, in particular for populations that otherwise have low generalized Covid19 anxiety.
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COVID-19 , Idoso , Ansiedade , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , AutorrelatoRESUMO
The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of solid-state and the impact of composite drug-rich phase generated as a consequence of pH shift on the maximum achievable supersaturation of co-amorphous formulations. The co-amorphous phases of weak base-weak base-pair i.e. Ritonavir and Darunavir were prepared in anticipation of studying the effect of drug-rich phase consequent to pH shift. While the co-amorphous phases of weak base-Weak acid pair i.e. Darunavir and Indomethacin were studied to understand the manifestation of the solid-state drug: co-former miscibility in the absence of drug rich phase. Thermodynamically, the lowering of the supersaturation was found commensurate with the mole fraction of the respective component (Drug/Co-former) within the co-amorphous materials for both Darunavir: Ritonavir and Darunavir: Indomethacin pair. Kinetically, for Darunavir: Ritonavir co-amorphous materials, the shift in the pH from acidic to the neutral side led to the generation of drug-rich phase and subsequent LLPS. The free drug concentration achieved in the bulk of the solution was found dependent upon the mole fraction of the respective component within the drug-rich phase. The relative mole fraction of each component within the composite drug-rich phase is dictated by pH-dependent solubility and molecular weight of the individual components.
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Preparações Farmacêuticas , Ritonavir , Darunavir , Indometacina , SolubilidadeRESUMO
Little research has focused on motivational state-trait interactions to explain impulse buying. Although the trait chronic regulatory focus has been linked to impulse buying, no evidence yet exists for an effect of situational regulatory focus and no research has examined whether the fit of chronic and situational regulatory focus can influence impulse buying with actual consumptive consequences rather than purchase intentions. Two laboratory experiments (total N = 250) manipulated situational regulatory focus before providing opportunities for impulse buying. In addition, cognitive constraint was manipulated as a potential boundary condition for regulatory focus effects. Situational promotion focus increased impulse buying relative to situational prevention focus in participants with strong chronic promotion, consistent with regulatory fit theory and independently of cognitive constraint. Surprisingly, situational promotion focus also increased impulse buying in participants with strong chronic prevention, but only under low cognitive constraint. These results may be explained by diverging mediating cognitive processes for promotion vs. prevention focus' effect on impulse buying. Future research must focus more on combining relevant states and traits in predicting consumer behavior. Marketing implications are discussed.
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Comportamento do Consumidor , Comportamento Impulsivo , Motivação , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autocontrole , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are evolving as a credible alternative to amorphous solid dispersions technology. In Co-amorphous systems (CAMs), a drug is stabilized in amorphous form using small molecular weight compounds called as co-formers. A wide variety of small molecular weight co-formers have been leveraged in the preparation of CAMs. The stability and supersaturation potential of prepared co-amorphous phases largely depend on the type of co-former employed in the CAMs. However, the rationality behind the co-former selection in co-amorphous systems is poorly understood and scarcely compiled in the literature. There are various facets to the rational selection of co-former for CAMs. In this context, the present review compiles various factors affecting the co-former selection. The factors have been broadly classified under Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacologically relevant parameters. In particular, the importance of Glass transition, Miscibility, Liquid-Liquid phase separation (LLPS), Crystallization inhibition has been deliberated in detail.
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Preparações Farmacêuticas , Cristalização , Composição de Medicamentos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
With the advent of microvascular surgery, the choice of reconstruction following resection of the primary has an important bearing on the final functional and cosmetic outcome in surgical oncology. The vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap is arguably the most widely used and versatile flap in reconstructive surgery. All patients undergoing a VRAM flap reconstruction following resection of their tumor in the Surgical Oncology Department of a tertiary cancer center from 2012 to 2019 were included in the study. Defects ranged from the breast (40), head and neck (10), groin (3), and perineum (5). The primary outcome measure was incidence of complete and partial flap necrosis, while incidence of hematoma, seroma, incisional hernia, wound dehiscence, and infection were secondary outcomes measured. The patients were followed up for a minimum period of 1 year. The incidence of complete flap necrosis was 5.1% (3) and partial loss 12% (7). Incidence of minor complications such as seroma was 13.7% (8), hematoma 6.8% (4), wound dehiscence 10.3% (6), and wound infection 5.1% (3). Incisional hernia and donor site wound-related complications were not seen in any. On binary regression analysis, the presence of diabetes mellitus, smoking, and the use of adjuvant treatment were associated significantly with increased odds of flap loss. This study demonstrates the versatility and reliability of the VRAM flap in primary reconstruction of defects in surgical oncology. Optimization of risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, and weight gain can reduce flap loss and improve outcomes.
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Two experiments investigated an evaluative transfer from actions producing pleasant and unpleasant outcomes to novel stimuli that were assigned to those actions in a subsequent stimulus-response task. Results showed that a fictitious social group was liked more when this group was assigned to the action previously associated with pleasant outcomes relative to the other action. This evaluative transfer from operant contingencies was observed although the actions did not generate outcomes during the stimulus-action pairing. It is concluded that operant contingencies can be used for preference construction because they specify the existence of a relation between specific actions and particular valenced events. Implications for mental process theories of preference formation and motivated perception are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Percepção Social , Transferência de Experiência/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Approach-avoidance training (AAT) has been shown to be effective in both clinical and laboratory research. However, some studies have failed to show the effects of AAT. Therefore, finding moderators of the AAT effect is a priority for further research. We investigate the moderating effect of pre-training evaluative responses towards familiar AAT targets. In particular, we test predictions: (a) that congruent responses (i.e. approach to positive targets and avoidance of negative targets) increase liking, whereas incongruent responses decrease liking; (b) that training is more effective when it can strengthen existing positivity or negativity; and (c) that ambivalence increases AAT effects. Two experiments (total N = 132) implemented an AAT with local soft-drink brands after measuring initial positive/negative explicit evaluative components and implicit liking towards the brands. Results show no reliable evidence for training effects on consumption or rating of drinks, but participants showed more implicit liking of approached drinks than avoided drinks. Furthermore, the magnitude of implicit liking measured pre-training was positively related to the size of the training effect. Ambivalence had no direct effect on the training outcomes. These results partially support the congruency prediction and underline the importance of implicit liking prior to AAT as a moderator for AAT effects.
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Afeto/fisiologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Adulto , Emoções/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Although questionable research practices (QRPs) and p-hacking have received attention in recent years, little research has focused on their prevalence and acceptance in students. Students are the researchers of the future and will represent the field in the future. Therefore, they should not be learning to use and accept QRPs, which would reduce their ability to produce and evaluate meaningful research. 207 psychology students and fresh graduates provided self-report data on the prevalence and predictors of QRPs. Attitudes towards QRPs, belief that significant results constitute better science or lead to better grades, motivation, and stress levels were predictors. Furthermore, we assessed perceived supervisor attitudes towards QRPs as an important predictive factor. The results were in line with estimates of QRP prevalence from academia. The best predictor of QRP use was students' QRP attitudes. Perceived supervisor attitudes exerted both a direct and indirect effect via student attitudes. Motivation to write a good thesis was a protective factor, whereas stress had no effect. Students in this sample did not subscribe to beliefs that significant results were better for science or their grades. Such beliefs further did not impact QRP attitudes or use in this sample. Finally, students engaged in more QRPs pertaining to reporting and analysis than those pertaining to study design. We conclude that supervisors have an important function in shaping students' attitudes towards QRPs and can improve their research practices by motivating them well. Furthermore, this research provides some impetus towards identifying predictors of QRP use in academia.
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Atitude , Docentes/estatística & dados numéricos , Má Conduta Científica/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Docentes/psicologia , Humanos , Prevalência , Psicologia/educação , Má Conduta Científica/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Universidades/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Four experiments (nâ¯=â¯300) examined motivational effects of approach-avoiding training (AAT) procedures on consumption of sugary soft drinks, implicit preferences and explicit preferences. Experiments varied in the number of training trials, the implementation of approach-avoidance goals during the training, and the frequency and timing of the consumption measure. AAT had no effects on any measure, and Bayesian analyses provided substantial evidence for a null model of AAT effects. A manipulation check showed that AAT affected behavioral tendencies towards the drinks in line with the training procedure (Experiment 3). It is concluded that explicit training of approach and avoidance reactions to soft drinks is not an effective procedure to modify immediate consumption of that drinks. Possible reasons and differences to previous AAT studies are discussed.
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Aprendizagem da Esquiva , Bebidas Gaseificadas , Comportamento de Escolha , Comportamento Alimentar , Adolescente , Adulto , Teorema de Bayes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ritonavir and Lopinavir have previously been demonstrated to decrease the maximum solubility advantage and flux in the presence of each other. The present study investigated the ability of Ritonavir and Lopinavir co-amorphous materials to generate a supersaturated state. Further, it explored the precipitation and flux behavior of co-amorphous materials. The co-amorphous materials of Ritonavir and Lopinavir were prepared by quench cool method and characterized in the solid state using XRPD, DSC, FTIR. The solubility studies were conducted in USP phosphate buffer (pHâ¯6.8) for 12â¯h. The supersaturation potential and precipitation behavior were studied employing pH shift method. Further, the diffusion behavior was explored in vitro and ex-vivo using a semipermeable membrane and intestinal everted sac method, respectively. The results showed that the co-amorphous materials have the potential to generate a supersaturated state. However, the reduction in the amorphous solubility was observed for both the drug(s) and the degree of reduction was found proportionate with the mole fraction of the compound in the co-amorphous material. Interestingly, the flux of both the drugs from co-amorphous material of 2:1â¯M ratio (Ritonavir 2: Lopinavir 1) was found exceeding the flux of the individual drugs in the amorphous form. The significant increase in the flux was attributed to the improved drug release properties due to precipitation of drug rich phase of nano/micro dimensions.
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Composição de Medicamentos , Lopinavir/química , Ritonavir/química , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Transição de Fase , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The primary question was whether part-list cuing decrements would occur in a speeded yes/no recognition task and free recall. After studying category exemplars, participants were tested either after re-presentation of a subset of the exemplars (cues) or without re-presentation. Free recall of all study items followed the recognition task in each trial. Across two experiments, results demonstrated part-list cuing impairment in two ways: significant slowing of target recognition and lower free recall of target items in cued than in uncued trials. These findings extend the limited research on part-list cuing in recognition and support retrieval inhibition and retrieval competition interpretations of the phenomenon. Moreover, despite arguments for the necessity of the presence of cues for part-list inhibition, the present experiments demonstrate that the negative effects of cues can persist in their absence.