Monitoring of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) along the Gulf of Mannar, India using in-situ and satellite observations and its impact on wild and maricultured finfishes.

In the Gulf of Mannar, Noctiluca scintillans blooms have been observed three times in September 2019, September and October 2020, and October 2021. It was determined and measured how the bloom period affects ichthyo-diversity. Noctiluca cell density varied slightly from year to year, ranging from1.8433 × 103 cells/L to 1.3824 x 106cells/L. In surface and sea bottom waters, high ammonia levels and low dissolved oxygen levels were noted. During the bloom period a significant increase in chlorophyll concentration was found. The amount of chlorophyll in GOM was extremely high, according to remote sensing photos made using MODIS-Aqua 4 km data. Acute hypoxia caused the death of wild fish near coral reefs and also in fish reared in sea cages. The decay of the bloom resulted in significant ammonia production, a dramatic drop in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, and ultimately stress, shock, and mass mortality of fishes.

Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene and polypropylene by microbes isolated from Vaigai River, Madurai, India.

The present study aimed to evaluate the microplastic degradation efficiency of bacterial isolates collected from Vaigai River, Madurai, India. The isolates were processed with proper methods and incorporated in to the UV-treated polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) degradation. Based on preliminary screening, four bacterial isolates such as Bacillus sp. (BS-1), Bacillus cereus (BC), Bacillus sp. (BS-2), and Bacillus paramycoides (BP) were proceed to further degradation experiment for 21 days. The microplastics were filled with bacterial isolates which is use microplastic (PE, PP) as carbon source for their growth and proceed for shake flask experiment were carried out by two approaches with control. The microplastic degradation was confirmed through their weight loss, increasing fragmentations and changes of surface area against control experiments (microplastic without isolates) also confirms degrading efficiency of isolated bacterial strains through non-changes in their weight and surface area. The highest degradation of PP and PE were observed in BP (78.99 ± 0.005%), and BC (63.08 ± 0.009%) in single approach, while in combined approach BC & BP recorded the highest degradation in both PP (78.62 ± 2.16%), and PE (72.50 ± 20.53%). The formation of new functional groups is confirming the biofilm formation in the surface area of microplastics by isolates and proving their efficiency in degrade the microplastics. The degradation of microplastic experiments should be cost effective and zero waste which is helpful to save the environment and the present findings could reveal the way to degrade the microplastics and prevent the microplastic pollution in aquatic environment.

Gibberellic acids promote growth and exopolysaccharide production in Tetraselmis suecica under reciprocal nitrogen concentration: an assessment on antioxidant properties and nutrient removal efficacy of immobilized iron-magnetic nanoparticles.

The present study was aimed to assess the effect of gibberellic acids to enhance the growth, biomass, pigment, and exopolysaccharides production in Tetraselmis suecica under reciprocal nitrogen concentrations. For this study, the seven types of experimental media (N-P, NL-P/2GA3, N0-P/2GA3, NL-P/4GA3, N0-P/4GA3, NL-P/6GA3, and N0-P/6GA3) were prepared with the addition of gibberellic acids under various nitrogen concentrations. The experiment lasted for 15 days and the cell density, biomass, chlorophyll 'a', and exopolysaccharides (EPS) concentration of T. suecica were estimated for every 3 days. Then the EPS was subjected to the analyses of chemical (carbohydrate, protein, sulfate, and uronic acid), and antioxidant activity. In addition, nutrient removal efficiency was evaluated using different concentration of EPS. The highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (86.7 ± 0.95%) and hydroxyl radical activity (85.7 ± 2.48%) were observed at the EPS concentrations 2.5 and 1.2 mg/mL, respectively. The immobilized magnetic Fe3O4-EPS (ferric oxide-exopolysaccharides) nanoparticles (5.0 and 10.0 g/L) have efficiently removed the excessive phosphate (89.5 ± 1.65%) and nitrate (73.5 ± 1.72%) from the Litopenaeus vannamei cultured wastewater. Thus, the application of gibberellic acids combined with limited nitrogen concentration could produce higher EPS that could exhibit excellent antioxidant activity, and nutrient removal efficacy in the form of Fe3O4-EPS magnetic nanoparticles.

Baseline assessment of water quality and ecological indicators in Penaeus vannamei farm wastewater along the Southeast coast of India.

The present study aimed to investigate the water quality characteristics and the ecological indicators of wastewater of white legged shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds along the Southeast coast of India. The wastewater samples were collected from 15 shrimp farms covering 11 districts located along the coastal line of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. By adopting standard methods, the collected samples were subjected to analyses of physico-chemical and biological characteristics, especially the microbial load and metal and plankton composition. The nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, THB, TCB, and Cu concentrations of the samples were found to exceed the permissible limit as recommended by WHO, USEPA, CPCB, and CAA. Principal component analysis and canonical correspondence analysis have suggested that the phosphate, nitrate, silicate, ammonia, and total phosphorus are the important chemical factors. The generated data would be of interest to farmers for their shrimp crop management vis-à-vis culture pond wastewater treatment.

Impact of untreated and Sargassum wightii-treated brilliant green dye exposure on Indian major carp, Labeo rohita Ham.: hematology, biochemistry, enzymology and histopathology.

Water pollution due to agricultural and industrial processes may cause adverse biological effects in aquatic organisms such as fishes. The removal of brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous solution using seaweed Sargassum wightii was carried out. Further, it aimed to evaluate the exposure of BG dye activity on hematological, plasma biochemical, enzymological activities and histopathology of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita as a biomarker. High mortality rate (T2 65%) in the fishes exposed to untreated BG dye shows the toxic nature of the dye. Whereas fishes grown in treated BG dye showed less mortality rate (T3 25%) and (T1 30%) which depicts the less toxicity. The observed behavioral, biochemical, hematological and enzymological parameters were showed a significant increase in the treated BG dye. Extensive histopathological lesions in gill, liver and kidney tissues were observed in untreated BG dye compared to fishes grown in S. wightii-treated BG dye might be due to the stress caused by the toxic presence in the dye. The results concluded that S. wightii-treated BG dye does not have any inhibitory effect which reveals the nontoxic nature.

A Comparative Study of Postoperative Analgesia Provided by Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Using Two Concentrations of Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Repair.

BACKGROUND: Pain after open inguinal hernia surgery can be moderate to severe and is known to prolong hospital stay and delay return to normal daily activities. SETTINGS: A randomized controlled trial conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology in a tertiary care hospital. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of postoperative analgesia provided by equal volumes of 0.125% and 0.25% bupivacaine administered in an ultrasound (US)-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, sixty patients posted for inguinal hernia repair were recruited. Randomization was done using a sealed envelope technique. Patients were divided into two groups; Group 0.125 received 20 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine and Group 0.25 received 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine through US-guided TAP block at the end of surgery. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores and duration of analgesia were recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the VAS scores among both groups. The duration of analgesia provided by 0.25% bupivacaine was significantly longer than that provided by 0.125% (Group 0.125 - 355.67 ± 118.88 min and Group 0.25 - 635.73 ± 195.58 min; P < 0.05). No complications were noted in both groups. CONCLUSION: The duration of analgesia provided by 0.25% bupivacaine was significantly longer than that provided by 0.125% bupivacaine through US-guided TAP block in inguinal hernia repair.

Efficacy of Tramadol or Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Supraclavicular Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgery: A Randomized Double-blinded Controlled Study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of tramadol or dexamethasone as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block in terms of onset time of complete sensory and motor blockade, duration of motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and any complication. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology, a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Class I and II who were posted for upper limb surgeries were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups of thirty patients each. Group T (tramadol) received 20 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 100 mg tramadol, and Group D (dexamethasone) received 20 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 8 mg dexamethasone under ultrasound guidance. Sensory and motor block assessment was done every 2 min until the development of complete sensory and motor block till 45 min. Verbal numerical rating scale score was assessed in postoperative ward at regular intervals. Patients were followed up to check for any residual neurological deficits. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in demographic data between the two groups. The onset time of sensory and motor blockade shows no significant difference between groups. The mean time duration of motor blockade in Group T was 764.63 min and for Group D was 1150.27 min which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The duration of analgesia in Group D was 1300.83 min and in Group T was 820.47 min which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, pruritis, hypoxemia, and long-term neurological deficits were not reported in any of the patients in either group. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone 8 mg as an adjuvant to 0.5% levobupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block using ultrasound guidance increases the duration of analgesia in comparison to 100 mg tramadol and provides excellent postoperative pain-free period without any neurological deficits.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Tramadol as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal Isobaric Levobupivacaine for Elective Infraumbilical Surgeries.

BACKGROUND: Long-acting local anesthetics are used in subarachnoid block to increase the duration of anesthesia. Adjuvants are added to improve the duration of analgesia. SETTINGS: Randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology in a tertiary care hospital. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose tramadol as an intrathecal adjuvant to levobupivacaine in terms of duration of analgesia, onset of sensory blockade, onset of motor blockade, and duration of motor blockade. METHODOLOGY: After obtaining the Institutional Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, sixty patients posted for infraumbilical surgeries were recruited. Randomization was done using a sealed envelope technique. Patients were divided into two groups: LT received 3 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with tramadol 10 mg (0.2 ml) and LS received 3 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine with 0.2 ml of normal saline. Duration of analgesia, onset of sensory blockade, and onset and duration of motor blockade were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in demographic data between the two groups. The mean onset time of sensory blockade in Group LS was 12.7 ± 9.81 min and for Group LT was 12.9 ± 0.81 min, which was not statistically significant between two groups (P = 0.93). The mean onset time of motor blockade in Group LS was 13.4 ± 10 min and for Group LT was 14.4 ± 10 min, which was no statistically significant between the two groups (P = 0.71). The mean time duration of analgesia in Group LS was 170.3 ± 59 min and for LT was 198.9 ± 57.33 min. There was mild prolongation of analgesia in Group LT, but it was not statistically significant (P = 0.0615). The mean duration of motor blockade in Group LS was 170.23 ± 58 min and Group LT was 190.76 ± 4 min, which was not statistically significant between the two groups (P = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Low-dose tramadol as an adjuvant to isobaric intrathecal levobupivacaine does not prolong analgesia significantly.

Relative Efficacy of Ultrasound-guided Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric Nerve Block versus Transverse Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia following Lower Segment Cesarean Section: A Prospective, Randomized Observer-blinded Trial.

BACKGROUND: Quality of postoperative analgesia after cesarean section makes difference to mother in child bonding, early ambulation, and discharge. Ilioinguinal iliohypogastric (ILIH) and transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block had been tried to reduce the opioid analgesics, but the relative efficacy is unknown. Hence, this study was designed to compare the efficacy of these two regional analgesic techniques in sparing postoperative rescue analgesic requirement following lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent LSCS were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either US-guided TAP block or ILIH nerve block using sealed envelope technique at the end of the surgery. In the postoperative ward, whenever patient complained of pain, pain nurse in-charge administered the rescue analgesics as per the study protocol. A blinded observer visited the patient at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h postoperative intervals and recorded the quality of pain relief and the amount of rescue analgesic consumed. RESULTS: All patients in both the study groups required one dose of rescue analgesics in the form of injection diclofenac sodium 50 mg intravenously but subsequently 57% of patients did not require any further analgesics till 24 h in the TAP block group whereas in ILIH group, only 13% did not require further analgesics (P = 0.00), correspondingly the cumulative tramadol dose was significantly higher at all the time interval in the ILIH group when compared to the TAP group. CONCLUSION: Quality of postoperative analgesia provided by TAP block was superior to ILIH block following LSCS.

Surgical management of extensive oral tumors by bilateral rostral mandibulectomy in two dogs.

Two dogs of different age groups were presented with the history of oral growth, bleeding, excessive salivation, bad breath, inappetance and dysphagia. Physical examination revealed cauliflower like reddish growth in the gingiva enclosing the mandibular incisiors and canine tooth. Haematology and serum biochemical profiles were within the normal range. Plain radiography revealed extensive growth involving the lower mandible and gingiva. Hence rostral mandibulectomy was performed to excise the tumor mass. The dogs recovered uneventfully after surgery with no difficulty in feeding liquid and semisolid diet. The post operative prognosis for dogs with oral neoplasia depends on type of tumor and extent of disease at the time of surgery. In the above two cases the tumors were benign and rostral mandibulectomy provided excellent prognosis and recovery with no recurrence of tumor.

Anesthetic management of intestinal obstruction: A postgraduate educational review.

Intestinal obstruction is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Scientific assessment of the cause, site of obstruction, appropriate correction of the fluid deficit and electrolyte imbalance with preoperative stabilization of blood gases is ideal as a preoperative workup. Placement of a preoperative epidural catheter especially in the thoracic interspace takes care of perioperative pain and stress reduction. Intraoperative management by controlled general anesthesia administering a relative high inspired fraction of oxygen with invasive monitoring in selected sick cases is mandatory. Preoperative monitoring and stabilizing raised intra-abdominal pressure reduces morbidity. Caution should be exercised during opening and closure of abdomen to avoid cardiorespiratory ill effects. There should be an emphasis on avoiding hypothermia. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may worsen sick, fragile patients. The use of sugammadex rather than neostigmine will obscure certain controversies in the healing of intestinal anastomotic site. Replacement of blood loss continued correction of fluids and electrolytes with possible postoperative mechanical ventilation in sick cases may improve outcomes in these patients.

Coconut shell powder as cost effective filler in copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene rubber.

Filler is one of the major additives in rubber compounds to enhance the physical properties. Even though numerous benefits obtained from agricultural by products like coconut shell, rice husk etc., still they constitute a large source of environmental pollution. In this investigation, one of the agricultural bye product coconut shell powder (CSP) is used as filler in the compounding KNB rubber. It shows the positive and satisfied result was achieved only by the use of filler Fast Extrusion Furnace (FEF) and coconut shell powder (CSP) which was used 50% in each. The effect of these fillers on the mechanical properties of a rubber material at various loading raging from 0 to 60PHP was studied. Mercaptodibanzothiazole disulphide (MBTS) was used as an accelerator. The result shows that presence of 25% and 50% of the composites has better mechanical properties like Hardness, Tensile strength, Elongation at break and Specific gravity when compared with other two combinations. Even though both 25% and 50% of composites shows good mechanical properties, 50% of CSP have more efficient than 25% of CSP.

Comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries.

BACKGROUND: The quality and duration of analgesia is improved when a local anesthetic is combined with alpha 2 adrenergic agonist. Though, the effects of clonidine on local anesthetics have been extensively studied, there are limited studies demonstrating the effects of epidural dexmedetomidine on local anesthetics. The aim of our study is to compare the effect of clonidine and dexmedetomidine when used as an adjuvant to epidural ropivacaine in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups-group ropivacaine with clonidine (RC) received 15 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine with 1 µg/kg clonidine and group ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine (RD) received 15 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine with 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine epidurally. Onset of sensory analgesia using cold swab, onset of motor blockade using Bromage scale, time to 2 dermatome regression of sensory level, time to first demand for analgesia, sedation using Ramsay sedation scale, intra operative hemodynamic parameters and complications were assessed. RESULTS: The onset (RD-8.53 ± 1.81, RC-11.93 ± 1.96) and duration of sensory blockade (RD-316 ± 31.5, RC-281 ± 37, sedation were found to be significantly better in the dexmedetomidine group. No significant difference was found in terms of onset of motor blockade and hemodynamic changes. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine at doses of 1 µg/kg is an effective adjuvant to ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia, which is comparable to clonidine.

A comparative study between Truview(PCD) laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in viewing glottic opening and ease of intubation: A crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Truview(PCD) laryngoscope is specially designed to aid positioning of the endotracheal tube as well as to record entry of the tube into glottis. Aim of the study is to compare the view of glottic opening and ease of intubation between Truview(PCD) laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in patients undergoing general anesthesia (GA). METHODOLOGY: Two hundred patients undergoing elective surgery, under GA were randomized into two groups, Group TV and Group ML. In Group TV, Trueview(PCD) laryngoscope was used initially to visualize the vocal cords for Cormack and Lehane grading (CLG) and to spray the vocal cords with 10% lignocaine. Then the patient was ventilated for 1 min and Macintosh laryngoscope was used to visualize the vocal cords for CLG and proceed with intubation. In Group ML, Macintosh laryngoscope was used initially and later Truview(PCD) laryngoscope. Time to intubation, CLG, number of attempts and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. RESULTS: Ninety-six and 89 patients had CLG1 visualization when Truview(PCD) laryngoscope was used as 1(st) and 2(nd) device respectively compared to 41 and 68 with Macintosh laryngoscope (P = 0.00). Four patients had CLG 4 visualization with Macintosh laryngoscope that turned out to be grade II visualization with Truview(PCD) laryngoscope (P = 0.00). Mean time taken for intubation with Truview(PCD) and Macintosh laryngoscope was 21.10 ± 5.64 s and 15.79 ± 2.76 s respectively (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: Better visualization with lesser CLG was found with Truview(PCD) laryngoscope but it took longer time for intubation than Macintosh laryngoscope. The hemodynamic response to intubation was significantly less with the use of Truview(PCD) laryngoscope when compared to that of Macintosh laryngoscope.

Bioavailability study of calcium sandoz-250 by atomic absorption spectroscopy in albino rats.

BACKGROUND: Calcium sandoz-250 is an Ayurvedic calcium supplement, containing Khatika Churna. Bioavailability study of the formulation is essential for estimation of peak plasma concentration (C max), time to C max and rate of absorption. AIM: To evaluate the absorption parameters of calcium sandoz-250 in albino rats by atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was carried out as a single dose, open-label, randomized study. Estimation of calcium was carried out by AAS, after validating the method for a few parameters for the estimation. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as C max, time to peak concentration (T max), area under the plasma concentration - time curve were calculated for calcium on administration of calcium sandoz-250. RESULTS: Linearity curve was plotted for 0.5-2.5 ppm, given R (2) value 0.9975. The C max, i.e. C max after administration of calcium sandoz-250 was 0.793 mg/ml at 90 min (T max). Measurable calcium-blood levels were noticed in all subjects up to 3.0 h after administration of calcium sandoz-250. CONCLUSION: Calcium sandoz-250, consisting of Khatika Churna, increases the blood calcium level in albino rats.

Tapentadol hydrochloride: A novel analgesic.

Tapentadol is a novel, centrally acting analgesic with dual mechanism of action, combining mu-opioid receptor agonism with noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in the same molecule. It has an improved side effect profile when compared to opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The dual mechanism of action makes Tapentadol a useful analgesic to treat acute, chronic, and neuropathic pain.

A comparative study of nerve stimulator versus ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.

INTRODUCTION: With the advent of ultrasound (US) guidance, this technique saw resurgence in the late 1990s. As US guidance provides real-time view of the block needle, the brachial plexus, and its spatial relationship to the surrounding vital structures; it not only increased the success rates, but also brought down the complication rates. Most of the studies show use of US guidance for performing brachial plexus block, results in near 100% success with or without complications. This study has been designed to examine the technique and usefulness of state-of-the-art US technology-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block and compare it with routine nerve stimulator (NS)-guided technique. AIM: To note block execution time, time of onset of sensory and motor block, quality of block and success rates. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients were enrolled in this prospective randomized study and were randomly divided into two groups: US (Group US) and NS (Group NS). Both groups received 1:1 mixture of 0.5% bupivacaine and 2% lignocaine with 1:200000 adrenaline. The amount of local anaesthetic injected calculated according to the body weight and not crossing the toxic dosage (Inj. bupivacaine 2 mg/kg, Inj. lignocaine with adrenaline 7 mg/kg). The parameters compared between the two groups are block execution time, time of onset of sensory and motor block, quality of sensory and motor block, success rates are noted. The failed blocks are supplemented with general anesthesia. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 19) software. The parametric data were analyzed with student "t" test and the nonparametric data were analyzed with Chi-square test A P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between patient groups with regard to demographic data, the time of onset of sensory and motor block. Comparing the two groups, we found that the difference in the block execution time and success rates is not statistically significant. A failure rate of 10% in US and 20% in NS group observed and is statistically insignificant (P = 0.278). No complication observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: US and NS group guidance for performing supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks ensures a high success rate and a decreased incidence of complications that are associated with the blind technique. However, our study did not prove the superiority of one technique over the other. The US-guided technique seemed to have an edge over the NS-guided technique. A larger study may be required to analyze the advantages of using US in performing supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks, which could help justify the cost of purchase of the US machine.

Incidence of subclinical mastitis and prevalence of major mastitis pathogens in organized farms and unorganized sectors.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) represents a major proportion of the burden of mastitis. Determining somatic cell count (SCC) and electrical conductivity (EC) of milk are useful approaches to detect SCM. In order to correlate grades of SCM with the load of five major mastitis pathogens, 246 milk samples from a handful of organized and unorganized sectors were screened. SCC (>5 × 10(5)/mL) and EC (>6.5 mS/cm) identified 110 (45 %) and 153 (62 %) samples, respectively, to be from SCM cases. Randomly selected SCM-negative samples as well as 186 samples positive by either SCC or EC were then evaluated for isolation of five major mastitis-associated bacteria. Of the 323 isolates obtained, 95 each were S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 48 were E. coli and 85 were streptococci. There was no association between the distribution of organisms and (a) the different groups of SCC, or (b) organised farms and unorganised sectors. By contrast, there was a significant difference in the distribution of CoNS, and not other species, between organized farms and unorganized sectors. In summary, bacteria were isolated irrespective of the density of somatic cells or the type of farm setting, and the frequency of isolation of CoNS was higher with organized farms. These results suggest the requirement for fine tuning SCC and EC limits and the higher probability for CoNS to be associated with SCM in organized diary sectors, and have implications for the identification, management and control of mastitis in India.

Synthesis of beta-hydroxysulfides from alkenes under supramolecular catalysis in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin in water.

An environmentally benign and highly efficient procedure has been developed for the direct one-pot synthesis of beta-hydroxysulfides in good yields under neutral conditions from alkenes and thiophenols in the presence of aerial oxygen using beta-cyclodextrin in water. This protocol tolerates a wide variety of functional groups or substrates and does not require the use of either acid or base catalysts. beta-Cyclodextrin can be recovered and reused for a number of runs without any loss of activity.