Bone Remodeling of Maxilla after Retraction of Incisors during Orthodontic Treatment with Extraction of Premolars Based on CBCT Study: A Systematic Review.

Background: Incisor retraction is often a crucial phase in ongoing orthodontic treatment, with significant implications for alveolar remodeling mechanisms. There are two prevailing theories which seek to explain this. According to the first, teeth move with the bone, while according to the second, teeth move within the bone. This systematic review seeks to assess morphometric changes in the maxillary alveolar process resulting from incisor retraction following premolar extraction and to evaluate the potential for bone remodeling associated with orthodontic movement. Methods: The study was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The databases were searched using the following keywords: "Bone remodeling and retraction of incisors", "Alveolar bone and incisor retraction", "Bone thickness and incisor retraction", and "Bone changes and orthodontic treatment". Search filters were utilized to identify relevant papers and articles written in English and published during the last 10 years. Based on the information provided in their abstracts, papers and articles were selected according to the following criteria: randomized clinical trials (RCTs), controlled clinical prospective trials (CCTs), and retrospective studies. Articles unrelated to the study's scope or failing to meet inclusion criteria were excluded. These generally comprised individual case reports, case series reports, literature reviews, experimental studies, studies with limited data (including conference abstracts and journal writings), studies involving an unrepresentative group of patients (less than 10 patients), studies concerning patients with syndromes, and animal experiments. The remaining articles which were deemed relevant underwent comprehensive reference review and such journals as the American Journal of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics, International Orthodontics, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, and Angle Orthodontist were manually searched. Results: Seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria articles were selected for final evaluation, with a total of 284 participants, including 233 women and 51 men. During the analysis of the results included in the publications, a lack of homogeneity was observed, rendering a reliable statistical analysis and heterogeneity assessment unobtainable. Noteworthy disparities in methodologies and measurements posed a risk of drawing inappropriate conclusions. Consequently, emphasis was placed on qualitative analysis, emphasizing the need for standardization in future studies of a similar nature, to enable valid and comparable analyses. Conclusions: The research findings incorporated in this review demonstrate that significant bone loss occurs because of incisor retraction, which diminishes distance between the bone surface and the root surface on the palatal aspect. The magnitude of this change may vary, contingent upon both the extent of incisor displacement and alterations in their inclination, thereby affecting the positioning of the root tips. This change is significantly higher in adults than in growing adolescents. The rationale behind this assertion lies in the widely recognized phenomenon of declining cellular activity with advancing age. The decrease in the speed and intensity of cellular changes may explain the diminished capacity for remodeling as patient age increases. There is ongoing discourse regarding alterations in the volume of bone on the labial aspect of the alveolar process. Further research is necessary to measure whether bone remodeling during orthodontic movement is contingent upon other factors, such as the speed and biomechanics of retraction, the level of applied orthodontic force, and the patient age.

The Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution in the Periodontal Ligament and the Risk of Root Resorption-A Finite Element Method (FEM) Study on the Nonlinear Innovative Model.

Excessive orthodontic force can induce inflammatory tooth root resorption due to sustained high stresses within the periodontal ligament (PDL). This study aimed to analyze the PDL pressures during upper incisor retraction using the en masse method with TISAD. The finite element method (FEM) ensured consistent conditions across cases. The models included bone geometry, adjacent teeth, PDL, and orthodontic hardware, analyzed with LS-Dyna. The pressure ranged from 0.37 to 2.5 kPa across the dental arch, with the central incisors bearing 55% of the load. The pressure distribution remained consistent regardless of the force or hook height. The critical pressure (4.7 kPa) was exceeded at 600-650 g force, with notable pressure (3.88 kPa) on the palatal root wall of the right central incisor. Utilizing 0.017 × 0.025 SS archwires in MBT 0.018 brackets provided good torque control and reduced the root resorption risk when forces of 180-200 g per side were applied, maintaining light to moderate stress. Triple forces may initiate resorption, highlighting the importance of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) for accurate oral cavity simulations.

Comparison of Diagnostic Validity of Cephalometric Analyses of the ANB Angle and Tau Angle for Assessment of the Sagittal Relationship of Jaw and Mandible.

BACKGROUND: Cephalometric analysis is an essential tool used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and repeatability of new cephalometric points introduced in Tau angle analysis, in contrast to the gold standard, which is the analysis of the ANB angle. For this purpose, an attempt was made to assess the repeatability and reliability of the introduction of anthropometric points by evaluating both inter- and intraobserver parameters, as well as the agreement among the orthodontists participating in the study. METHODS: Repeatability and reliability assessments for all six anthropometric points (N, A, B, T, M, G) used in the analysis of the ANB and Tau angles were conducted individually by 29 orthodontists. This assessment was performed in triplicate on the day of the study, on the day following the first study, and on the seventh day after the second study. Measurement errors for the ANB and Tau angles were evaluated using the Dahlberg formula and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: The orthodontists in the study measured sagittal discrepancy significantly more accurately using the ANB angle compared to the Tau angle (p < 0.001). The Dahlberg error for measuring the Tau angle was three times greater than that for the ANB angle (p < 0.001). Additionally, the ICC for the Tau angle was more than 3.5 times smaller than that for the ANB angle, while the R&R error for Tau measurement was more than three times greater than that for the ANB angle (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of ANB angle measurements exhibit fewer errors in comparison to Tau angle measurements.

The Assessment of the Rank of Torque Control during Incisor Retraction and Its Impact on the Resorption of Maxillary Central Incisor Roots According to Incisive Canal Anatomy-Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Root resorption is one of the complications of orthodontic treatment, and has a varied and unclear aetiology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between upper incisor resorption and contact with the incisive canal and the risk of resorption during orthodontic treatment associated with upper incisor retraction and torque control. SEARCH METHODS: According to PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in PICO. Scientific databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for linking keywords: Resorption of roots incisive canal, Resorption of roots nasopalatine canal, Incisive canal retraction and Nasopalatine canal retraction. SELECTION CRITERIA: No time filters were applied due to the significantly limited number of studies. Publications in the English language were selected. Based on the information provided in the abstracts, articles were selected according to the following criteria: controlled clinical prospective trials and case reports. No randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical prospective trials (CCTs) were found. Articles unrelated to the topic of the planned study were excluded. The literature was reviewed, and the following journals were searched: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, International Orthodontics, Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, Angle Orthodontist, Progress in Orthodontics, Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics, European Journal of Orthodontics and Korean Journal of Orthodontics. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality assessment using the ROBINS-I tool. RESULTS: Four articles with a total of 164 participants were selected. In all studies, differences in root length were observed after contact with the incisive canal, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The contact of incisor roots with the incisive canal increases the risk of resorption of these roots. IC anatomy should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis using 3D imaging. The risk of resorption complications can be reduced by appropriate planning of the movement and extent of the incisor roots (torque control) and the possible use of incisor brackets with built-in greater angulation. Registration CRD42022354125.

Pediatric Patient and Caregiver Satisfaction With the Use of Transabdominal Bowel Ultrasound in the Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Transabdominal bowel ultrasound (TABUS) is emerging as an attractive, noninvasive tool in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patient and caregiver experience with TABUS is not well described. We aimed to determine pediatric patient and caregiver satisfaction with TABUS and the impact of IBD severity, gender, age, and a history of anxiety on satisfaction. METHODS: Pediatric patients (0-18 years old) with suspected IBD prospectively underwent baseline TABUS, magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), blood work, stool studies, and endoscopy. Patients and their caregiver each completed a cross-sectional satisfaction questionnaire (5-point Likert scale) after the baseline investigations. RESULTS: There were 54 patients included (67% male). The majority were completely satisfied and strongly agree TABUS was better tolerated than other investigations, regardless of disease severity ( P > 0.05). Patients with higher Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn Disease (SES-CD) scores felt that TABUS increased their understanding of their IBD ( P < 0.05) and disease location ( P < 0.05). Patients with Crohn disease had similar responses to those with ulcerative colitis, but more strongly agreed that TABUS was better than MRE and endoscopy ( P < 0.05). Those with anxiety did not have an increased level of worry about potential ultrasound findings ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients and their caregivers were highly satisfied with TABUS, preferring it to other modalities. It did not lead to increased worry, and was particularly important in those with severe IBD. These findings support wider implementation of this well tolerated and preferred monitoring tool in pediatrics.

Methods of Anterior Torque Control during Retraction: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: There are various methods of controlling the inclination of the incisors during retraction, but there is no evidence as to the advantages of some methods over others. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of the methods used to control torque during anterior teeth retraction. METHODS: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the main research question was defined in the PICO format [P: patients with complete permanent dentition; I: the maxillary incisor torque after (I) and before I retraction with straight-wire appliance and different modes of torque control; O: statistically significant differences in torque values of the upper incisors after orthodontic treatment]. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for keywords combining: retraction orthodontics, torque control orthodontics, torque orthodontics, inclination orthodontics, torque control retraction. The articles were subjected to risk of bias and quality analyses with the ROBINS-I protocol and the modified Newcastle-Ottawa QAS, respectively. Meta-analyses were performed with both fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS: 13 articles were selected in which total number of 580 subjects took part. In all studies, incisors were retroclined during retraction by 2.46° (mean difference), which was statistically significant. Considering the articles separately, the differences in torque between the study group and the control group were statistically significant in six articles. The Q statistic was 36.25 with p = 0.0003 and I2 = 66.9%, which indicated a high level of study heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Both properly performed corticotomy and en-masse retraction using orthodontic microimplants seem to be the most effective and scientifically validated methods of torque control. Further high-quality research is needed to perform better quality analyses and draw more reliable conclusions.

New Sagittal and Vertical Cephalometric Analysis Methods: A Systematic Review.

Cephalometric analysis is an essential tool used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The main objectives of correct cephalometric analysis include resolving anteroposterior and vertical maxillary and mandibular base discrepancies. For a diagnostic tool to be of value, it should be precise, reliable and reproducible. Unfortunately, according to some studies, the accuracy of input and, therefore, the diagnostic reliability of some of the points and measurements may not be satisfactory. To this end, new cephalometric measurements are being developed with increased precision. In order to properly and definitively determine the usefulness of a given measurement in cephalometric diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out a critical evaluation of available studies. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available scientific literature describing new landmarks and reference linear and angular measurements of 2D cephalometric analyses assessing the sagittal and vertical discrepancy in the position of jaw bases since the last systematic review in 2013. The secondary aim was to assess the accuracy and reliability of new anthropometric landmarks and reference planes in relation to those used previously, and their instability in relation to growth and orthodontic tooth movements. To carry out the intended plan, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scholar Google, Web of Science and Pro Quest were searched using specific keywords. Initially, a total of 1451 articles were retrieved. Then, duplicate articles in all databases were excluded from the resulting publications. The results showed that despite such a high number of articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, only 12 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the sagittal plane and 4 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the horizontal plane met the criteria and, as a result, were included in the review.