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Leucoencefalopatias , Substância Branca , Humanos , Feminino , Leucoencefalopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Leucoencefalopatias/patologia , Adolescente , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/patologia , Calcinose/patologia , Calcinose/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Currently, clinical assessment is the main tool for the evaluation of brachial plexus injury, complemented by electrophysiologic studies (EPS), and imaging studies whenever available. Imaging plays an important role as it enables the differentiation of pre-ganglionic and postganglionic injuries, and adds objectivity to presurgical evaluation. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to evaluate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution ultrasonography (USG) in the localization and characterization of brachial plexus injury in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 34 infants with signs and symptoms of brachial plexus injury were evaluated by clinical examination, EPS, MRI, and USG. Imaging findings were correlated with intraoperative findings in infants who underwent surgical management. The association between EPS and MRI findings, and USG and MRI findings were assessed using Fisher's exact test. Semi-quantitative subjective analysis of various MRI sequences was done as well. RESULTS: The most common findings of preganglionic injury and postganglionic injury, in our study, were pseudomeningocele and nerve thickening, respectively. MRI detection of injuries had a significant association with EPS findings. All MRI-detected injuries had a muscle power of grade 3 or less. muscle. Three-dimensional (3D) short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence was found to be superior for detecting postganglionic injuries (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Imaging studies enable localization of the site of injury, determining the extent, and nature/morphology of injury. The gamut of findings obtained from MRI is far wider compared to that from USG. USG can be used as the first-line screening investigation.
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Neuropatias do Plexo Braquial , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Ultrassonografia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Lactente , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Neuropatias do Plexo Braquial/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Feminino , Plexo Braquial/diagnóstico por imagem , Plexo Braquial/lesõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in the NDUFV1 gene disrupt mitochondrial complex I, leading to neuroregression with leukoencephalopathy and basal ganglia involvement on neuroimaging. This study aims to provide a concise review on NDUFV1-related disorders while adding the largest cohort from a single center to the existing literature. METHODS: We retrospectively collected genetically proven cases of NDUFV1 pathogenic variants from our center over the last decade and explored reported instances in existing literature. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns observed in these patients were split into three types-Leigh (putamen, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem involvement), mitochondrial leukodystrophy (ML) (cerebral white matter involvement with cystic cavitations), and mixed (both). RESULTS: Analysis included 44 children (seven from our center and 37 from literature). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertonia, ocular abnormalities, feeding issues, and hypotonia at onset. Children with the Leigh-type MRI pattern exhibited significantly higher rates of breathing difficulties, whereas those with a mixed phenotype had a higher prevalence of dystonia. The c.1156C>T variant in exon 8 of the NDUFV1 gene was the most common variant among individuals of Asian ethnicity and is predominantly associated with irritability and dystonia. Seizures and Leigh pattern of MRI of the brain was found to be less commonly associated with this variant. Higher rate of mortality was observed in children with Leigh-type pattern on brain MRI and those who did not receive mitochondrial cocktail. CONCLUSIONS: MRI phenotyping might help predict outcome. Appropriate and timely treatment with mitochondrial cocktail may reduce the probability of death and may positively impact the long-term outcomes, regardless of the genetic variant or age of onset.
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Complexo I de Transporte de Elétrons , Doenças Mitocondriais , NADH Desidrogenase , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Complexo I de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Lactente , Criança , NADH Desidrogenase/genética , Doenças Mitocondriais/genética , Doenças Mitocondriais/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Doença de Leigh/genética , Doença de Leigh/diagnóstico por imagem , AdolescenteRESUMO
A 3-year-old boy presented with acute headache, vomiting and right focal clonic seizures without history of fever, joint pain or altered sensorium. Neuroimaging showed multifocal contrast enhancing lesions with significant perilesional edema. CECT chest and abdomen showed multiple variable sized nodules in the lungs and hypodense lesion in liver with mesenteric lymphadenopathy. There was persistent eosinophilia with maximum upto 35 %. Liver biopsy and brain biopsy revealed Cladophialophora bantiana. He was treated with IV liposomal amphotericin and voriconazole for 6 weeks with repeat neuroimaging showing more than 50 % resolution of the intracranial lesions. He was transitioned to oral combination of flucytosine and voriconazole. At 14 months follow-up, he remained symptom free with complete radiological resolution of the lesions and no eosinophilia. High suspicion, an aggressive approach in obtaining microbiological diagnosis and timely combination antifungal therapy may give satisfactory outcome without surgery.
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Anfotericina B , Antifúngicos , Ascomicetos , Imunocompetência , Feoifomicose , Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Feoifomicose/microbiologia , Feoifomicose/diagnóstico , Feoifomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Anfotericina B/uso terapêutico , Voriconazol/uso terapêutico , Flucitosina/uso terapêutico , Flucitosina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Background: The main objective is to detect clinically significant conditions by transcranial ultrasound (TCS) in post-decompressive craniectomy (DC) patients who come to the emergency department. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. We studied 40 post-DC patients. After primary stabilization, TCS was done. Computer tomography of head was done within 2 hours of performing TCS. The correlation between both modalities were assessed by the measurement of lateral ventricle (LV) (Bland-Altman plot), Midline shift and mass lesion. Additionally, normal cerebral anatomy, 3rd and 4th ventricles and external ventricular drainage (EVD) catheter visualization were also done. Results: About 14/40 patients came with non-neurosurgical complaints and 26/40 patients came with neurosurgical complaints. Patients with non-neurosurgical complaints (4/14) had mass lesions and 1/14 had MLS. Patients with neurosurgical complaints (11/26) had mass lesions and about 5 patients had MLS. A good correlation was found between TCS and CT of head in measuring LV right (CT head = 17.4 ± 13.8 mm and TCS = 17.1 ± 14.8 mm. The mean difference (95% CI) = [0.28 (-1.9 to 1.33), ICC 0.93 (0.88-0.96)], Left [CT head = 17.8 ± 14.4 mm and TCS = 17.1 ± 14.2 mm, the mean difference (95% CI) 0.63 (-1.8 to 0.61), ICC 0.96 (0.93-0.98)], MLS [CT head = 6.16 ± 3.59 (n = 7) and TCS = 7.883 ± 4.17 (n = 6)] and mass lesions (kappa 0.84 [0.72-0.89] [95% CI] p-value < 0.001). The agreement between both modalities for detecting mass lesions is 93.75%. Conclusion: Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is a bedside, easily operable, non-radiation hazard and dynamic imaging tool that can be used for TCS as a supplement to CT head in post-DC patients in emergency as well as in ICU. However, assessment of the ventricular system (pre/post-EVD insertion), monitoring of regression/progression of mass lesion, etc. can be done with TCS. Repeated scans are possible in less time which can decrease the frequency of CT head. How to cite this article: Chouhan R, Sinha TP, Bhoi S, Kumar A, Agrawal D, Nayer J, et al. Correlation between Transcranial Ultrasound and CT Head to Detect Clinically Significant Conditions in Post-craniectomy Patients Performed by Emergency Physician: A Pilot Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(3):299-306.
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BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) using post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging with ancillary investigations is reported as accurate as conventional autopsy. This study assesses MIA's feasibility and accuracy compared to conventional autopsy. METHOD: MIA and/or conventional autopsy were performed on malformed fetuses (14-20 weeks gestation) and stillbirths (>20 weeks gestation), with/without malformation. Concordance in diagnostic accuracy (95% confidence interval [CI]) and agreement (Kappa coefficient [k]) were assessed in malformed cases where both MIA and autopsy were conducted. RESULTS: We enrolled 200 cases, including 100 malformed fetuses (<20 weeks) and 100 stillbirths (with/without malformations). Concordance of 97.3% was observed between MIA and autopsy in 156 malformed cases. The overall diagnostic accuracy of MIA was 96.04%. CONCLUSION: While conventional autopsy remains the gold standard, MIA is feasible in tertiary care settings. It can be considered a potential alternative for post-mortem assessment, particularly in settings with limited facility of conventional autopsy and parental refusal.
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Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Natimorto , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Feto , Autopsia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current study estimated incident breakthrough seizures, serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in five- to 18-year-olds with neurocysticercosis (NCC) from colloidal or vesicular through calcified stages over at least 24 months' follow-up. METHODS: Single, colloidal, or vesicular parenchymal NCC cases were treated with albendazole and steroids and followed at a tertiary care north Indian hospital. Serum MMP-9 was estimated in colloidal or vesicular treatment-naive state and in a subset of calcified cases at six-month follow-up. The same subset of calcified cases also underwent perfusion MRI of the brain at six-month follow-up. RESULTS: Among 70 cases, 70% calcified at six-month follow-up. Over a median follow-up of 30 months, the incidence of breakthrough seizures was 48.6% (61.2% in calcified and 19.2% in resolved, P = 0.001; 32.9% early [within six months] and 15.7% late [beyond six months], P = 0.02). Serum MMP-9 levels were higher in colloidal and vesicular compared with calcified stage (242.5 vs 159.8 ng/mL, P = 0.007); however, there was no significant association with breakthrough seizures and/or calcification in follow-up. In a subgroup of calcified cases (n = 31), the median relative cerebral blood volume on perfusion MRI in and around the lesion was lower in those with seizures (n = 12) than in those without (n = 19) (10.7 vs 25.2 mL/100 g, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In post-treatment colloidal or vesicular NCC, incident breakthrough seizures decrease beyond six months. In calcified NCC with remote breakthrough seizures, significant perilesional hypoperfusion is seen compared with those without seizures.
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Neurocisticercose , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Neurocisticercose/complicações , Neurocisticercose/diagnóstico por imagem , Neurocisticercose/tratamento farmacológico , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/efeitos adversos , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz , Convulsões/diagnóstico por imagem , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões/etiologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodosRESUMO
Neural tube defect is a congenital anomaly resulting from the failure of fusion of the neural folds in the midline which occurs in the third and the fourth week of embryonic development. These defects can occur at any of the three embryological stages-gastrulation, primary neurulation and secondary neurulation. Presence of neural tube defects at multiple (two or more) sites along the craniospinal axis is an extremely rare anomaly and the management depends on clinical as well as imaging findings. These multiple defects are not well explained by the "Zipper closure" theory and can be better explained by the "Multisite closure theory", which will be highlighted in this manuscript. Few of these multiple site anomalies cannot be fully explained even by the multisite closure theory and more research is needed to decipher this entity.
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Objectives: This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial to test functional outcomes between a single lag screw and helical blade nails in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: 72 patients with intertrochanteric fractures between March 2019 to November 2020 were randomized into two groups and treated with a lag screw or a helical blade nail. Intraoperative parameters such as operative time, blood loss, and radiation exposure were calculated. Postoperatively, tip apex distance, neck length, neck-shaft angle, lateral impingement of implant, union rate, and the functional outcomes were measured at the end of 6 month follow-up period. Results: There was a significant decrease in tip apex distance (p = 0.03) and neck length(p-0.04) with significant lateral impingement of the implant (p = 0.04) in the helical blade group compared to the lag screw group. The functional outcome calculated using the modified Harris Hip score & Parker and Palmer mobility score, at the end of 6 months, had no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Both lag screw and helical blade devices can be used to successfully treat these fractures, although there is greater medial migration in the helical blade as compared to the lag screw.
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BACKGROUND: There is a crucial need to devise optimum rehabilitation programs for children with cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of combining 6-Hz primed, low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) in improving upper limb function in children with unilateral CP. METHODS: Children aged 5 to 18 years with unilateral CP were randomized (23 in each arm) to receive 10 sessions of mCIMT with real rTMS (intervention arm) or mCIMT with sham rTMS (control arm), on alternate weekdays over 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the difference in mean change in Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) scores. Secondary outcomes were changes in QUEST domain scores, speed and strength measures, CP quality of life (CP-QOL) scale scores, and safety of rTMS. RESULTS: All 46 children completed the trial except one. At 4 weeks, the mean change in total QUEST scores was significantly higher in the intervention arm as compared to the control arm (11.66 ± 6.97 vs 6.56 ± 4.3, d = 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-8.5, P = .004). Change in "weight bearing" and "protective extension" domain score was significantly higher for children in the intervention arm. These improvements were sustained at 12 weeks (P = .028). CP-QOL scores improved at 12 weeks. No serious adverse events were seen. CONCLUSION: A 6-Hz primed rTMS combined with mCIMT is safe, feasible, and superior to mCIMT alone in improving the upper limb function of children with unilateral CP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03792789.