Semen sexing and its impact on fertility and genetic gain in cattle.

Semen sexing is among one of the most remarkable inventions of the past few decades in the field of reproductive biotechnology. The urge to produce offspring of a desired sex has remained since traditional times. Researchers have tried many methods for accurate semen sexing, but only the flow cytometry method has proved to be effective for commercial utilization. However, there were always concerns about the effects of sexed semen, especially on fertility and the rate of genetic gain. Some concerns were genuine because of factors such as low semen dosage in sexed semen straws and damage to sperm during the sorting process. Various researchers have conducted numerous studies to find out the effect of sexed semen on fertility and, in this article, we reflect on their findings. Initially, there were comparatively much lower conception rates (∼70% of conventional semen) but, with refinement in technology, this gap is bridging and the use of sexed semen will increase over time. Concerning genetic gain with use of sexed semen, a positive effect on rate of genetic progress with the use of sexed semen has been observed based on various simulation studies, although there has been a mild increase in inbreeding.

Phage display and human disease detection.

Phage display is a significant and active molecular method and has continued crucial for investigative sector meanwhile its unearthing in 1985. This practice has numerous benefits: the association among physiology and genome, the massive variety of variant proteins showed in sole collection and the elasticity of collection that can be achieved. It suggests a diversity of stages for manipulating antigen attachment; yet, variety and steadiness of exhibited library are an alarm. Additional improvements, like accumulation of non-canonical amino acids, resulting in extension of ligands that can be recognized through collection, will support in expansion of the probable uses and possibilities of technology. Epidemic of COVID-19 had taken countless lives, and while indicative prescriptions were provided to diseased individuals, still no prevention was observed for the contamination. Phage demonstration has presented an in-depth understanding into protein connections included in pathogenesis. Phage display knowledge is developing as an influential, inexpensive, quick, and effectual method to grow novel mediators for the molecular imaging and analysis of cancer.

Impact of nano-glass (NG) particles on seed germination and it's accumulation in plant parts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Micro/nano-contaminants have been the focal pollutants in environmental science, which includes several nanomaterials, nanocomposites, fibers, glass, plastics etc. Micro/nano size pollutants are more harmful than macro pollutants due to their size. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research on the possible fate of glass particles in the environment, especially in plant and soil systems. Here, the synthesized nano-glass (NG) from the waste windshield and analyzed its uptake and effect on the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant system in a hydroponic solution. The findings provided direct evidence that NG reduced the germination % with increasing NG concentrations as 100, 96, 92, and 92% for 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L-1. The lowest root and shoot height (15.40 and 22.42 cm) was achieved in the 40 mg L-1 NG treatment. Decrement in fresh and dry wt. with a maximum reduction of chlorophyll a, b and total content (6.19, 4.98, and 11.17 mg g-1 fresh wt.) was obtained at 40 mg L-1 at 21 days. Rhodamine B was used for fluorescence imaging in seedlings to detect NG movement, Results showed that NG moves via xylem tissues of root part to other parts of the plant. Based on the currently limited or no data and uncertainty regarding the actual impact of NG on soil and plant systems, suggested considerations to address key knowledge gaps are delineated. Further studies are required as a flora build-up of NG can have both environmental influence and consequences on agronomic sustainability and food safety.

Naked eye colorimetric detection of fluoride through TiO2 NPs/CQDs based detector.

Fluoride (F-) occurs naturally in a soil, air and water as commonly found element in earth crusts. Almost 200 million populations worldwide and approximately 60 million in India are facing F- contamination problem. Therefore, development of low-cost and highly sensitive colorimetric detector for F- ions using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and metal salts is required. For this, CQDs were synthesized using flower waste from temples by green method and further characterized. CQDs-TiO2 complex solution color changes from green to black on addition of F- ions due to exchange of F- ions with hydroxyl ions of the solution. Absorption spectrum of CQDs-TiO2 complex solution depicts change in spectral graph on adding F- ions with the appearance of new band at approx. 550 nm. The color spectral as a function of F- ions concentration gave a linear response in the range of 2-8 ppm (R2 = 0.9808). The color change can be observed at 2 ppm after incubation of 5 min by naked eye. Developed colorimetric detector shows high selectivity with other ions (Cl-, Br-, I- and H2PO4-). The F- ion detection was done in different water samples collected from districts of Haryana using developed detector. The developed colorimetric detector allows wide range of F- sensing for water sample even at every low concentration i.e 2 ppm.

Effect of Fe3O4 NPs application on fluoride (F) accumulation efficiency of Prosopis juliflora.

Fluoride (F) pollution is a major worldwide problem affecting approximately 200 million people. Hyperaccumulator plant Prosopis juliflora has been used for the removal of F from contaminated soils; however it's low F accumulation efficiency and low biomass limits the phytoremediation efficiency. Present study deals with enhancement of F uptake efficiency of plant P. juliflora through iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) application for remediation of agricultural soils. For the study, Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized through green route using waste jojoba leaves. The application of Fe3O4 NPs significantly increased the shoot and root length of plant P. juliflora. Fe3O4 NPs treatment also promoted the F accumulation in shoot and root tissues upto 28.43 and 34.64 mg kg-1, respectively. Microscopic (FESEM and light microscopic) and EDX spectrum analysis of plant tissues confirmed the accumulation and translocation of Fe3O4 NPs and F in plant tissues This nano-phytoremediation approach could be a better option for F remediation for agricultural and commercial purpose.

Defluoridation technology for drinking water and tea by green synthesized Fe3O4/Al2O3 nanoparticles coated polyurethane foams for rural communities.

Fluoride (F) contaminated ground water poses a serious public health concern to rural population with unaffordable purification technologies. Therefore, development of a cost-effective, portable, environment and user-friendly defluoridation technique is imperative. In the present study, we report on the development of a green and cost-effective method that utilizes Fe3O4 and Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) that were synthesized using jojoba defatted meal. These NPs were impregnated on to polyurethane foam (PUF) and made into tea infusion bags. The Al2O3 NPs-PUF displayed a higher water defluoridation capacity of 43.47 mg g-1 of F as compared to 34.48 mg g-1 of F with Fe3O4 NPs-PUF. The synthesized Al2O3-PUF infusion bags removed the F that was under the permissible limit of 1.5 mg L-1. The sorption experiments were conducted to verify the effect of different parameters such as pH, contact time, size of PUF and initial F concentration. The different properties of adsorbent were characterized using a combination of FESEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR techniques, respectively. The calculated total cost per NPs-PUF pouch developed is as low as US $0.05, which makes the technology most suitable for rural communities. This paper will be beneficial for researchers working toward further improvement in water purification technologies.

Study on development of accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids using two-dimensional ultrasonography.

AIM: The present study was undertaken to study growth pattern of accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids from 2 weeks to 6 months of age using two-dimensional ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on six Beetal kids. The scanning of accessory sex glands was done in standing position using rectal probe and measurements were recorded. Data collected were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple range test was performed using the SPSS (16.0) system for windows. RESULTS: With the advancement of age all the dimensions of glands increased. Both the lobes of prostate gland showed an increase in width with advancement of age. Width of prostate above the urethra (W1) showed a significant increase at 2, 10, and 20 weeks of age, whereas non-significant increase from 2 to 8, 10 to 19, and 20 to 24 weeks of age was recorded. Width of prostate below the urethra (W2) showed a significant increase at 20 weeks of age, whereas non-significant increase was recorded during rest of period of growth. Left and right bulbourethral gland showed a similar pattern of growth with the advancement of age. The circumference dimensions increased significantly at 2, 16, 20, and 21 weeks of age for both glands. The increase was non-significant from 4 to 14, 16 to 19, and 20 to 23 weeks of age. The same pattern was observed for left and right seminal vesicular gland. CONCLUSION: Significant growth in three accessory sex glands in prepubertal kids was not observed at the same age. The trend observed was that the prostate was the first gland to show significant growth at 10 weeks of age followed by a significant increase in seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland at 14 and 16 weeks of age, respectively.

Doppler sonography for evaluation of hemodynamic characteristics of fetal umbilicus in Beetal goats.

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of umbilical vessels in healthy pregnant Beetal goats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Doppler examinations were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats. RESULTS: Free floating umbilical cord was identified on day 39 of gestation. The umbilical cord waveform was characterized by the simultaneous presence of arterial and venous flow. The pattern of blood flow in the umbilical artery was represented as saw tooth pattern above the baseline. Pattern of blood flow in umbilical vein was flat and wavy in nature; presented below the baseline. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) increased significantly from day 39 to 67 and further between 98 and 120 days of gestation (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase or decrease in end-diastolic velocity (EDV). Pulsatility index (PI) value was increased significantly during 42 to 48 days of gestation and decreased significantly from 98 to 105 days of gestation. On other days, there was no significant increase or decrease. Value of resistance index (RI) was more stable than PI values as there was no significant increase or decrease in RI value. CONCLUSIONS: From the present study, it is reasonable to conclude that the normal blood flow parameters like PI, RI, PSV and EDV during gestation might be helpful in assessment of antenatal development of fetus in the goat. This work provides the basis for further contribution in diagnosing and monitoring high-risk pregnancy in this species.