Dynamic Measurement of Disease Activity in Acute Pancreatitis: The Pancreatitis Activity Scoring System.

OBJECTIVES: Acute pancreatitis has a highly variable course. Currently there is no widely accepted method to measure disease activity in patients hospitalized for acute pancreatitis. We aimed to develop a clinical activity index that incorporates routine clinical parameters to assist in the measurement, study, and management of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: We used the UCLA/RAND appropriateness method to identify items for inclusion in the disease activity instrument. We conducted a systematic literature review followed by two sets of iterative modified Delphi meetings including a panel of international experts between November 2014 and November 2015. The final instrument was then applied to patient data obtained from five separate study cohorts across Southern California to assess profiles of disease activity. RESULTS: From a list of 35 items comprising 6 domains, we identified 5 parameters for inclusion in the final weighted clinical activity scoring system: organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, abdominal pain, requirement for opiates and ability to tolerate oral intake. We applied the weighted scoring system across the 5 study cohorts comprising 3,123 patients. We identified several distinct patterns of disease activity: (i) overall there was an elevated score at baseline relative to discharge across all study cohorts, (ii) there were distinct patterns of disease activity related to duration of illness as well as (iii) early and persistent elevation of disease activity among patients with severe acute pancreatitis defined as persistent organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: We present the development and initial validation of a clinical activity score for real-time assessment of disease activity in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Use of double wire-guided technique and transpancreatic papillary septotomy in difficult ERCP: 4-year experience.

Background and aims: Post-ERCP complications increase with repeated attempts at cannulation. We evaluated several advanced biliary cannulation techniques applied when the standard approach fails. Methods: In total, 1873 consecutive patients underwent ERCP at our institution during the period 2010 - 2014. Guidewire-assisted (GA) cannulation with no contrast injection until deep biliary cannulation was considered the standard technique. Advanced techniques used were double wire-guided (DWG) cannulation, transpancreatic papillary septotomy (TPS), and needle-knife sphincterotomy (NKS). When GA cannulation failed, DWG cannulation was usually attempted first if the pancreatic duct (PD) wire was in place; if that failed, TPS or NKS was performed. Alternatively, TPS or NKS were performed alone. A prophylactic pancreatic stent was placed with repeated PD cannulation or PD contrast injection. During the last 2 years of review, indomethacin suppositories were given post-procedure to all patients who underwent advanced techniques. Results: The overall biliary cannulation success rate was 97 % (1823/1873). Advanced techniques were used in 12 % of ERCPs (230/1873), with 87 % (200/230) success rate. DWG was used alone or in combination with other techniques in 58 % (134/230) of advanced cases, with 68 % (91/134) success rate. Biliary cannulation was achieved in 96 % (91/95) of procedures when DWG was used alone, 76 % (26/34) with TPS alone, 80 % (37/46) for NKS alone, and 84 % (46/55) with multiple techniques. The overall rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis was 0.4 %, with all patients treated conservatively. Conclusion: In our experience at an urban tertiary care center, use of advanced techniques in difficult ERCP improved the overall success rate of biliary cannulation after standard technique failure without a significant increase in complication rate.

Fluid genetic analyses predict the biological behavior of pancreatic cysts: three-year experience.

CONTEXT: EUS with fine-needle aspiration and cyst fluid analysis is routinely used to evaluate pancreatic cysts; however, the clinical course of these lesions is often not well defined. OBJECTIVE: Our study evaluated whether EUS imaging, cyst fluid CEA, and cytology combined with cyst fluid genetic analyses for allelic imbalance and genetic mutations can be used to better predict the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts. PATIENTS: Seventy-two patients underwent EUS-FNA for evaluation of pancreatic cysts from 2010 to 2013. DESIGN: In addition to routine cytology and fluid CEA, the aspirated cyst fluid was analyzed for the presence of KRAS mutations, GNAS mutations, and allelic imbalance (loss of heterozygosity). Patients were followed up to 3 years. SETTING: Tertiary care center. RESULTS: EUS revealed 39 IPMNs, 17 mucinous cystic neoplasms, and 16 serous cystadenomas. Twenty two of 56 patients with IPMNs or mucinous cystic neoplasms had pancreatic cysts with abnormal genetic fluid analysis. Of those 22 patients, 18 contained a non-benign clinical diagnosis. This is consistent with cyst fluid genetic analysis carrying a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 88%, respectively, and a positive predictive value of 82%.There was also a significant negative predictive value of 81%. For mucinous cystic neoplasms the negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSION: Genetic mutations and allelic imbalance detected in pancreatic mucinous cysts are associated with progression to malignancy and could be helpful as predictors of biological behavior of pancreatic cysts. In our experience, genetic analyses when used in combination with EUS imaging, cytology, and fluid CEA could serve as a guide to clinical decisions regarding cyst surgical resection and follow up.