Amphiphilic NLC-Gel formulation loaded with Sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester and Nalbuphine for localized postoperative pain management.

Opioids are powerful analgesics; however, their significant systemic adverse effects and the need for frequent administration restrict their use. Nalbuphine (NA) is a κ-agonist narcotic with limited adverse effects, but needs to be frequently administrated due to its short elimination half-life. Whereas sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester (SDE) is a NA prodrug, which can effectively prolong the analgesic effect, but lacks immediate pain relief. Therefore, in this study, a rapid and sustained local delivery formulation to introduce NA and SDE directly into surgical sites was developed. An amphiphilic nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) poloxamer 407 (P407) gel (NLC-Gel) was developed to permit concurrent delivery of hydrophobic SDE from the NLC core and hydrophilic NA from P407, offering a dual rapid and prolonged analgesic effect. Benefiting from the thermal-sensitive characteristic of P407, the formulation can be injected in liquid phase and instantly transit into gel at wound site. NLC-Gel properties, including particle size, drug release, rheology, and stability, were assessed. In vivo evaluation using a rat spinal surgery model highlighted the effect of the formulation through pain behavior test and hematology analysis. NLC-Gels demonstrated an analgesic effect comparable with that of commercial intramuscular injected SDE formulation (IM SDE), with only 15 % of the drug dosage. The inclusion of supplemental NA in the exterior gel (PA12-Gel + NA) provided rapid drug onset owing to swift NA dispersion, addressing acute pain within hours along with prolonged analgesic effects. Our findings suggest that this amphiphilic formulation significantly enhanced postoperative pain management in terms of safety and efficacy.

BMSC loaded photo-crosslinked hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel incorporating FG4592 for enhanced cell proliferation and nucleus pulposus differentiation.

Intervertebral disc degeneration arises from damage or degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP). In this study, we developed a photo-crosslinkable hydrogel incorporating FG4592 to support the growth and differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC). Initially, hyaluronic acid was modified with tyramine and combined with collagen to introduce riboflavin as a photo-crosslinker. This hydrogel transitioned from liquid to gel upon exposure to blue light in 3 min. The results showed that the hydrogel was biodegradable and had mechanical properties comparable to those of human NP tissues. Scanning electron microscopy after BMSC seeding in the hydrogel revealed an even distribution, and cells adhered to the collagen fibers in the hydrogel with minimal cell mortality. The effect of FG4592 on BMSC proliferation and differentiation was examined, revealing the capability of FG4592 to promote BMSC proliferation and direct differentiation resembling human NP cells. After cultivating BMSCs in the photo-crosslinked hydrogel, there was an upregulation in the expression of glycosaminoglycans, aggrecan, type II collagen, and keratin 19 proteins. Cross-species analyses of rat and human BMSCs revealed consistent results. For potential clinical applications, BMSC loaded with photo-crosslinked hydrogels can be injected into damaged intervertebral disc to facilitate NP regeneration.

Breaking the symmetry of cell contractility drives tubulogenesis via CXCL1 polarization.

The intricate interplay between biomechanical and biochemical pathways in modulating morphogenesis is an interesting research topic. How biomechanical force regulates epithelial cell tubulogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we established a model of tubulogenesis by culturing renal proximal tubular epithelial cells on a collagen gel while manipulating contractile force. Epithelial cells were dynamically self-organized into tubule-like structures by augmentation of cell protrusions and cell-cell association. Reduction and asymmetric distribution of phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, the actomyosin contractility, in cells grown on soft matrix preceded tube connection. Notably, reducing matrix stiffness via sonication of collagen fibrils and inhibiting actomyosin contractility with blebbistatin promoted tubulogenesis, whereas inhibition of cytoskeleton polymerization suppressed it. CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) expression was transcriptionally upregulated in cells undergoing tubulogenesis. Additionally, inhibiting actomyosin contractility facilitated CXCL1 polarization and cell protrusions preceding tube formation. Conversely, inhibiting the CXCL1-CXC receptor 1 pathway hindered cell protrusions and tubulogenesis. Mechanical property asymmetry with cell-collagen fibril interaction patterns at cell protrusions and along the tube structure supported the association of anisotropic contraction with tube formation. Furthermore, suppressing the mechanosensing machinery of integrin subunit beta 1 reduced CXCL1 expression, collagen remodeling, and impaired tubulogenesis. In summary, symmetry breaking of cell contractility on a soft collagen gel promotes CXCL1 polarization at cell protrusions which in turn facilitates cell-cell association and thus tubule connection.

CD248 promotes insulin resistance by binding to the insulin receptor and dampening its insulin-induced autophosphorylation.

BACKGROUND: In spite of new treatments, the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its morbidities continue to rise. The key feature of T2D is resistance of adipose tissue and other organs to insulin. Approaches to overcome insulin resistance are limited due to a poor understanding of the mechanisms and inaccessibility of drugs to relevant intracellular targets. We previously showed in mice and humans that CD248, a pre/adipocyte cell surface glycoprotein, acts as an adipose tissue sensor that mediates the transition from healthy to unhealthy adipose, thus promoting insulin resistance. METHODS: Molecular mechanisms by which CD248 regulates insulin signaling were explored using in vivo insulin clamp studies and biochemical analyses of cells/tissues from CD248 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with diet-induced insulin resistance. Findings were validated with human adipose tissue specimens. FINDINGS: Genetic deletion of CD248 in mice, overcame diet-induced insulin resistance with improvements in glucose uptake and lipolysis in white adipose tissue depots, effects paralleled by increased adipose/adipocyte GLUT4, phosphorylated AKT and GSK3ß, and reduced ATGL. The insulin resistance of the WT mice could be attributed to direct interaction of the extracellular domains of CD248 and the insulin receptor (IR), with CD248 acting to block insulin binding to the IR. This resulted in dampened insulin-mediated autophosphorylation of the IR, with reduced downstream signaling/activation of intracellular events necessary for glucose and lipid homeostasis. INTERPRETATION: Our discovery of a cell-surface CD248-IR complex that is accessible to pharmacologic intervention, opens research avenues toward development of new agents to prevent/reverse insulin resistance. FUNDING: Funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canada Foundations for Innovation (CFI), the Swedish Diabetes Foundation, Family Ernfors Foundation and Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Soluble CD93 lectin-like domain sequesters HMGB1 to ameliorate inflammatory diseases.

Rationale: CD93, a C-type lectin-like transmembrane glycoprotein, can be shed in a soluble form (sCD93) upon inflammatory stimuli. sCD93 effectively enhances apoptotic cell clearance and has been proposed as an inflammatory disease biomarker. The function of sCD93 involved directly in inflammation remains to be determined. Herein, we attempted to examine the hypothesis that sCD93 might sequester proinflammatory high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), exerting anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: Different forms of soluble recombinant human CD93 (rCD93) were prepared by a mammalian protein expression system. rCD93-HMGB1 interaction was assessed using co-immunoprecipitation and solid-phase binding assays. Effects of soluble rCD93 were evaluated in HMGB1-induced macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) activation and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis, CaCl2-induced and angiotensin II-infused abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation and ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis in mice. Results: Protein binding studies revealed that soluble rCD93, via the lectin-like domain (D1), can bind to HMGB1 and intercept HMGB1-receptor interaction. Soluble rCD93 containing D1 inhibited HMGB1-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in macrophages and VSMCs, thereby attenuating CaCl2-induced and angiotensin II-infused AAA models. During osteoclastogenesis, RANKL stimulated HMGB1 secretion that promoted RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in return. Soluble rCD93 containing D1 impeded RANKL-induced osteoclastogenic marker gene expression and intracellular MAPK/NF-κB signaling, thereby mitigating ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of soluble recombinant CD93 containing D1 in inflammatory diseases. Our study highlights a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism, i.e., sequestration of HMGB1, through which sCD93 prevents HMGB1-receptor interaction on effector cells and alleviates inflammation.

Xanthine derivative KMUP-1 ameliorates retinopathy.

Retinal neovascularization (RNV) and cell apoptosis observed in retinopathy are the most common cause of vision loss worldwide. Increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was driven by hypoxia or inflammation, would result in RNV. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic xanthine-based derivative KMUP-1 on hypoxia-induced conditions in vitro and in vivo. In the oxygen-induced retinopathy animal model, KMUP-1 mitigated vaso-obliteration and neovascularization. In the cell model of hypoxic endothelium cultured at 1% O2, KMUP-1 inhibited endothelial migration and tube formation and had no cytotoxic effect on cell growth. Upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors, HIF-1α and VEGF, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and TNF-α, expression in the retinal-derived endothelial cells, RF/6 A cells, upon hypoxia stimulation, was suppressed by KMUP-1 treatment. RF/6 A cells treated with KMUP-1 showed a reduction of PI3K/Akt, ERK, and RhoA/ROCKs signaling pathways and induction of protective pathways such as eNOS and soluble guanylyl cyclase at 1% O2. Furthermore, KMUP-1 decreased the expression of VEGF, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1ß and increased the BCL-2/BAX ratio in the oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse retina samples. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that KMUP-1 has potential therapeutic value in retinopathy due to its triple effects on anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis in hypoxic endothelium.

Recent advances in microfluidic-based cancer immunotherapy-on-a-chip strategies.

Despite several extraordinary improvements in cancer immunotherapy, its therapeutic effectiveness against many distinct cancer types remains mostly limited and requires further study. Different microfluidic-based cancer immunotherapy-on-a-chip (ITOC) systems have been developed to help researchers replicate the tumor microenvironment and immune system. Numerous microfluidic platforms can potentially be used to perform various on-chip activities related to early clinical cancer immunotherapy processes, such as improving immune checkpoint blockade therapy, studying immune cell dynamics, evaluating cytotoxicity, and creating vaccines or organoid models from patient samples. In this review, we summarize the most recent advancements in the development of various microfluidic-based ITOC devices for cancer treatment niches and present future perspectives on microfluidic devices for immunotherapy research.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Effects of Puerarin in Postmenopausal Cardioprotection: Roles of Akt and Heme Oxygenase-1.

During menopause, the sharp decline in estrogen levels leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women. The inflammatory response and oxidative stress are reportedly involved in the development of cardiovascular disorders postmenopause. In this study, we evaluated the cardioprotective effects of puerarin, a phytoestrogen derived from the root of Pueraria lobate, and investigated its underlying molecular mechanisms. Puerarin alleviated cytotoxicity and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and hydrogen peroxide-stimulated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Puerarin scavenges free radicals and reduces apoptosis, thereby suppressing NADPH oxidase-1 and Bax activation to attenuate the production of ROS and restore Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, puerarin inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide production and decreased the hypertrophic phenotype under LPS stimulation. Treatment with puerarin reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and restored glutathione levels when facing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, puerarin inhibited both the LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4/NF-[Formula: see text]B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, it reversed both the LPS-mediated downregulation of Akt activation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. The cardioprotective effects of puerarin were abolished by inhibitors of Akt and HO-1 and the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant (ICI). This indicated that the estrogen receptor mediated by these two molecules plays important roles in conferring the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of puerarin. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of puerarin for treating heart disease in postmenopausal women through Akt and HO-1 activation.

Interference in melanoma CD248 function reduces vascular mimicry and metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Tumor vascular mimicry is an emerging issue that affects patient survival while having no treatment at the current moment. Despite several factors implicated in vascular mimicry, little is known about stromal factors that modulate tumor microenvironment and shape malignant transformation. CD248, a type-I transmembrane protein dominantly expressed in stromal cells, mediates the interaction between cells and extracellular matrix proteins. CD248 protein expression is associated with the metastatic melanoma phenotype and promotes tumor progression in the stromal cells. This study aimed to explore the cell-autonomous effects of CD248 in melanoma vascular mimicry to aid cancer therapy development. METHODS: Loss-of-function approaches in B16F10 melanoma cells were used to study the cell-autonomous effects of CD248 on cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and vascular mimicry. A solid-phase binding assay was performed to identify the interaction between CD248 and fibronectin. Horizontal and vertical cell migration assays were performed to analyze cell migration activity, and cell-patterned network formation on Matrigel was used to evaluate vascular mimicry activity. Recombinant CD248 (rCD248) proteins were generated, and whether rCD248 interfered with melanoma CD248 functions was evaluated in vitro. An experimental lung metastasis mouse model was used to investigate the effect of rCD248 treatment in vivo. RESULTS: CD248 protein expression in melanoma cells was increased by a fibroblast-conditioned medium. Knockdown of CD248 expression significantly decreased cell adhesion to fibronectin, cell migration, and vascular mimicry in melanoma cells. The lectin domain of CD248 was directly involved in the interaction between CD248 and fibronectin. Furthermore, rCD248 proteins containing its lectin domain inhibited cell adhesion to fibronectin and slowed down cell migration and vascular mimicry. Treatment with rCD248 protein could reduce pulmonary tumor burden, accompanied by a reduction in vascular mimicry in mice with melanoma lung metastasis. CONCLUSION: CD248 expression in melanoma cells promotes malignant transformation by increasing the activity of cell adhesion, migration, and vascular mimicry, whereas rCD248 protein functions as a molecular decoy interfering with tumor-promoting effects of CD248 in melanoma cells.

Administration of N-Acetylcysteine to Regress the Fibrogenic and Proinflammatory Effects of Oxidative Stress in Hypertrophic Ligamentum Flavum Cells.

Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (LFH) is a major cause of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). In hypertrophic ligamentum flavum (LF) cells, oxidative stress activates intracellular signaling and induces the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic markers. This study explored whether healthy and hypertrophic LF cells respond differently to oxidative stress, via examining the levels of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, in reversing the fibrogenic and proinflammatory effects of oxidative stress in hypertrophic LF cells was investigated by assessing the expression levels of p-p38, p-p65, iNOS, TGF-ß, α-SMA, vimentin, and collagen I under H2O2 treatment with or without NAC. Under oxidative stress, p-p38 increased significantly in both hypertrophic and healthy LF cells, and iNOS was elevated in only the hypertrophic LF cells. This revealed that oxidative stress negatively affected both hypertrophic and healthy LF cells, with the hypertrophic LF cells exhibiting more active inflammation than did the healthy cells. After H2O2 treatment, p-p38, p-p65, iNOS, TGF-ß, vimentin, and collagen I increased significantly, and NAC administration reversed the effects of oxidative stress. These results can form the basis of a novel therapeutic treatment for LFH using antioxidants.

Xanthine Derivative KMUP-1 Attenuates Experimental Periodontitis by Reducing Osteoclast Differentiation and Inflammation.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of gum that may predispose to serious systemic complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Activation of macrophages and osteoclasts around periodontal tissue can accelerate gum inflammation. In addition, alteration of cyclic nucleotide levels is associated with the severity of periodontitis. Our previous study has shown that KMUP-1, a xanthine derivative exhibiting phosphodiesterase inhibition and soluble guanylyl cyclase activation, can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. This study was aimed to investigate whether KMUP-1 could attenuate periodontitis both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the protective effect of KMUP-1 on inflammation and osteoclastogenesis was investigated in RANKL-primed RAW264.7 cells treated by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (PgLPS). The results showed that KMUP-1 attenuated PgLPS-induced osteoclast differentiation as demonstrated by decreased TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and TRAP activity. This reduction of osteoclast differentiation by KMUP-1 was reversed by KT5823, a protein kinase G inhibitor. Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels induced by PgLPS were inhibited by KMUP-1 in a dose-dependent manner whereas reversed by KT5823. Mechanistically, suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways and decrease of c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in osteoclast precursors by KMUP-1 may mediate its protective effect. In vivo, two models of periodontitis in rats were induced by gingival injections of PgLPS and ligature placement around molar teeth, respectively. Our results showed that KMUP-1 inhibited alveolar bone loss in both rat models, and this effect mediated at least partly by reduced osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of KMUP-1 on periodontitis through suppression of inflammation and osteoclast differentiation.

Recombinant thrombomodulin domain 1 rescues pathological angiogenesis by inhibition of HIF-1α-VEGF pathway.

Pathological angiogenesis (PA) contributes to various ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity, which are major causes of blindness over the world. Current treatments focus on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, but persistent avascular retina, recurrent intravitreal neovascularization, and general adverse effects are reported. We have previously found that recombinant thrombomodulin domain 1 (rTMD1) can suppress vascular inflammation. However, the function of rTMD1 in VEGF-induced PA remains unknown. In this study, we found that rTMD1 inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro. In an oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) animal model, rTMD1 treatment significantly decreased retinal neovascularization but spared normal physiological vessel growth. Furthermore, loss of TMD1 significantly promoted PA in OIR. Meanwhile, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, the transcription factor that upregulates VEGF, was suppressed after rTMD1 treatment. The levels of interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were also significantly suppressed. In conclusion, our results indicate that rTMD1 not only has dual effects to suppress PA and inflammation in OIR, but also can be a potential HIF-1α inhibitor for clinical use. These data bring forth the possibility of rTMD1 as a novel therapeutic agent for PA.

VEGF-Induced Endothelial Podosomes via ROCK2-Dependent Thrombomodulin Expression Initiate Sprouting Angiogenesis.

[Figure: see text].

Recombinant thrombomodulin lectin-like domain attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclastogenesis and periodontal bone resorption.

BACKGROUND: Evidence demonstrates that the thrombomodulin (TM) lectin domain (TMD1) exerts anti-inflammatory functions. Lipopolysaccharides derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg-LPS) are considered a major pathogenic factor for chronic periodontitis, promoting inflammation, osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone resorption. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of recombinant TMD1 (rTMD1) in suppression of Pg-LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and periodontal bone loss. METHODS: In vitro, the effects of Pg-LPS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and rTMD1 on osteoclast differentiation were investigated using receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo, the effects of rTMD1 treatment were evaluated in a model of experimental periodontitis induced by direct injection of Pg-LPS into the vestibular gingiva. RESULTS: Administration of Pg-LPS to RANKL-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages resulted in upregulation of CD86 and osteoclast marker (eg, Dc-stamp and Trap) gene expression and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., TNF-α) during osteoclast differentiation, and rTMD1 can attenuate these effects. Also, rTMD1 inhibited Pg-LPS-enhanced in vitro bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, TNF-α promoted phosphorylation of p38 and ERK during osteoclast differentiation, and the signal activation can be inhibited by rTMD1. Finally, treatment with rTMD1 hindered Pg-LPS-induced alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in mice. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that rTMD1 attenuates Pg-LPS-enhanced M1 macrophage polarization, osteoclastogenesis and periodontal bone resorption and thus holds therapeutic promise for periodontitis.

Data supporting the effects of xanthine derivative KMUP-3 on vascular smooth muscle cell calcification and abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice.

No pharmacotherapy in the clinical setting has been available to alter the natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Targeting vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction during the pathogenesis of AAA, including phenotypic switch and apoptosis, could be a potential strategy to limit AAA growth. Here, we provide additional information regarding materials, methods and data related to our recent study published in Atherosclerosis [1]. The therapeutic potential of a self-developed xanthine derivative KMUP-3 was evaluated in VSMC calcification and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). In vitro VSMC calcification was induced using ß-glycerophosphate, and AAA was induced using angiotensin II infusion for 4 weeks in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The data contained in this article support the effects of KMUP-3 on VSMC calcification and AAA.

Targeting vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction with xanthine derivative KMUP-3 inhibits abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammation, oxidative stress, matrix degradation, medial calcification and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss are prominent features in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). VSMC phenotypic switch to a proinflammatory state and VSMC apoptosis could be targetable mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of AAA formation. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that a xanthine derivative (KMUP-3) might suppress AAA through inhibition of VSMC phenotypic switch and apoptosis. METHODS: In vitro, VSMC calcification was induced using ß-glycerophosphate. In vivo, AAA was induced using angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg per minute) infusion for 4 weeks in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. RESULTS: As determined by alizarin red S staining and calcium content measurements, KMUP-3 suppressed VSMC calcification. During VSMC calcification, KMUP-3 inhibited mTOR and ß-catenin upregulation, essential for VSMC phenotypic switch, while it enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation that protects against VSMC phenotypic switch. Moreover, KMUP-3 attenuated VSMC apoptosis with an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reduced activated caspase-3 expression. During AAA formation, treatment with KMUP-3 inhibited phosphorylated mTOR expression and increased phosphorylated AMPK expression in the medial layer. In addition, KMUP-3 treatment suppressed aortic dilatation together with reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and infiltrating macrophages, attenuation of medial VSMC apoptosis and mitigation of reactive oxygen species generation, matrix-degrading proteinase activities, elastin breakdown and vascular calcification. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with KMUP-3 inhibits aneurysm growth possibly through its interference with signaling pathways involved in VSMC phenotypic switch and apoptosis. These findings provide a proof-of-concept validation for VSMC dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target in AAA.

A thrombomodulin-like gene is crucial to the collective migration of epibolic blastomeres during germ layer formation and organogenesis in zebrafish.

BACKGROUND: Thrombomodulin (TM), an integral membrane protein, has long been known for its anticoagulant activity. Recent studies showed that TM displays multifaceted activities, including the involvement in cell adhesion and collective cell migration in vitro. However, whether TM contributes similarly to these biological processes in vivo remains elusive. METHODS: We adapted zebrafish, a prominent animal model for studying molecular/cellular activity, embryonic development, diseases mechanism and drug discovery, to examine how TM functions in modulating cell migration during germ layer formation, a normal and crucial physiological process involving massive cell movement in the very early stages of life. In addition, an in vivo assay was developed to examine the anti-hemostatic activity of TM in zebrafish larva. RESULTS: We found that zebrafish TM-b, a zebrafish TM-like protein, was expressed mainly in vasculatures and displayed anti-hemostatic activity. Knocking-down TM-b led to malformation of multiple organs, including vessels, heart, blood cells and neural tissues. Delayed epiboly and incoherent movement of yolk syncytial layer were also observed in early TM-b morphants. Whole mount immunostaining revealed the co-localization of TM-b with both actin and microtubules in epibolic blastomeres. Single-cell tracking revealed impeded migration of blastomeres during epiboly in TM-b-deficient embryos. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that TM-b is crucial to the collective migration of blastomeres during germ layer formation. The structural and functional compatibility and conservation between zebrafish TM-b and mammalian TM support the properness of using zebrafish as an in vivo platform for studying the biological significance and medical use of TM.

Tumor Endothelial Marker 1 (TEM1/Endosialin/CD248) Enhances Wound Healing by Interacting with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors.

Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1), also known as endosialin or CD248, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein containing a C-type lectin-like domain. It is highly expressed in pericytes and fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts play a pivotal role during cutaneous wound healing, especially in the proliferative phase. However, the physiological function of TEM1 in wound healing is still undetermined. During the process of wound healing, the expression of both TEM1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α was highly upregulated in myofibroblasts. In vivo, fibroblast activation and collagen deposition in granulation tissues were attenuated, and wound healing was retarded in TEM1-deleted mice. In vitro, the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of NIH3T3 cells were suppressed following TEM1 knockdown by short hairpin RNA. In PDGF-BB-treated NIH3T3 cells, the downstream signal and mitogenic, and chemoattractive effects were inhibited by TEM1 knockdown. In addition, TEM1 and PDGF receptor α were colocalized in subcellular organelles in fibroblasts, and the association of TEM1 and PDGF receptor α was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation. In summary, these findings suggested that TEM1, in combination with PDGF receptor α, plays a critical role in wound healing by enhancing the mitogenic and chemoattractive effects of PDGF-BB and collagen deposition in myofibroblasts.

Plasminogen/thrombomodulin signaling enhances VEGF expression to promote cutaneous wound healing.

Plasminogen (Plg) and thrombomodulin (TM) are glycoproteins well known for fibrinolytic and anticoagulant functions, respectively. Both Plg and TM are essential for wound healing. However, their significance during the reparative process was separately demonstrated in previous studies. Here, we investigate the interaction between Plg and epithelial TM and its effect on wound healing. Characterization of the wound margin revealed that Plg and TM were simultaneously upregulated at the early stage of wound healing and the two molecules were bound together. In vitro, TM silencing or knockout in keratinocytes inhibited Plg activation. Plg treatment enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and migration, and these actions were abolished by TM antibody. Keratinocyte-expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which presented a dose-response relationship with Plg treatment, can be suppressed by TM silencing. Moreover, treatment with VEGF antibody inhibited Plg-enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and wound recovery. In vivo, TM antibody treatment and keratinocyte-specific TM knockout can impede Plg-enhanced wound healing in mice. In high-glucose environments, Plg-enhanced VEGF expression and wound healing were suppressed due at least in part to downregulation of keratinocyte-expressed TM. Taken together, our findings suggest that activation of Plg/TM signaling may hold therapeutic potential for chronic wounds in diabetic or non-diabetic individuals. KEY MESSAGES: Plg binds to TM in cutaneous wound healing. TM facilitates the activation of Plg to Plm in keratinocytes. Epithelial TM regulates Plg-enhanced wound healing through VEGF expression.

NOTCH1 is a mechanosensor in adult arteries.

Endothelial cells transduce mechanical forces from blood flow into intracellular signals required for vascular homeostasis. Here we show that endothelial NOTCH1 is responsive to shear stress, and is necessary for the maintenance of junctional integrity, cell elongation, and suppression of proliferation, phenotypes induced by laminar shear stress. NOTCH1 receptor localizes downstream of flow and canonical NOTCH signaling scales with the magnitude of fluid shear stress. Reduction of NOTCH1 destabilizes cellular junctions and triggers endothelial proliferation. NOTCH1 suppression results in changes in expression of genes involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium and proliferation, and preventing the increase of calcium signaling rescues the cell-cell junctional defects. Furthermore, loss of Notch1 in adult endothelium increases hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the descending aorta. We propose that NOTCH1 is atheroprotective and acts as a mechanosensor in adult arteries, where it integrates responses to laminar shear stress and regulates junctional integrity through modulation of calcium signaling.