Antimicrobial dosing recommendations during continuous renal replacement therapy: different databases, different doses.

Meticulous antimicrobial management is essential among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, particularly if renal replacement therapy is needed. Many factors affect drug removal in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy CRRT. In this study, we aimed to compare current databases that are frequently used to adjust CRRT dosages of antimicrobial drugs with the gold standard. The dosage recommendations from various databases for antimicrobial drugs eliminated by CRRT were investigated. The book 'Renal Pharmacotherapy: Dosage Adjustment of Medications Eliminated by the Kidneys' was chosen as the gold standard. There were variations in the databases. Micromedex, UpToDate, and Sanford had similar rates to the gold standard of 45%, 35%, and 30%, respectively. The Micromedex database shows the most similar results to the gold standard source. In addition, a consensus was reached as a result of the expert panel meetings established to discuss the different antimicrobial dose recommendations of the databases.

Evaluation of Candidemia in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: Solid-organ transplant recipients have high rates of invasive fungal infections. Candida species are the most commonly isolated fungi. Our aim was to identify risk factors, clinical presentations, and outcomes of candidemia in solid-organ transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated adult (≥18 years old) transplant recipients seen from May 2011 to December 2022 at Baskent University Ankara Hospital. From medical records, we retrospectively reviewed age, sex, transplant type, candidemia agent, risk factors, concomitant infections, and mortality of patients with Candida detected in blood culture. We used SPSS statistics software (version 25) to analyze data. RESULTS: There were 1080 organ transplants performed during the study period (717 kidney, 279 liver, 84 heart). There were 855 who were ≥18 years (655 kidney, 127 liver, 73 heart), of whom candidemia was detected in 26 (16 male; 11 kidney, 11 liver, 4 heart) with a median age of 47.5 years. The most common agents were Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The most common chronic diseases were hypertension, cirrhosis, and cardiomyopathy. Eighteen patients had a concomitant focus of infection. Ten patients had pneumonia accompanying candidemia. The 30-day mortality rate was as high as 53.8%. The mean duration of candidemia after transplant was 23 months. Catheter-related candidemia was observed in 65% of patients. The 30-day mortality was found to be significantly higher in patients followed in the intensive care unit (P = .014), receiving total parenteral nutrition (P = .001), using broad-spectrum antibiotics (P = .001), and having pneumonia (P = .042) accompanying candidemia. CONCLUSIONS: For adult solid-organ transplant recipients with candidemia, careful monitoring is essential for successful management of total parenteral nutrition, central catheter, use of broadspectrum antibiotics, and invasive interventions.

Herpes Zoster Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: Herpes zoster infections can be complicated and mortal in solid-organ transplant recipients. In our study, we investigated herpes zoster infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UntilJune 2022, our center has performed 3342 kidney, 708 liver, and 148 heart transplants.Herpes zosterinfections were investigated in 1050 adult solid-organ transplant recipients from January 1, 2011, to June 31, 2022. We studied 44 patients diagnosed with herpes zoster infections. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients with herpes zoster, 32 had kidney, 7 had heart, and 5 had liver transplant procedures. Crude incidence rate was 5.2%.,with 9.7% being heart, 5.1% being kidney, and 3.9% being liver transplant recipients; 72.7% were male patients. The median age was 47.5 years, and 61% of patients were aged >45 years. Postherpetic neuralgia was significantly higher in patients older than 45 years (P = .006). The median duration to infection posttransplant was 16.5 months. The dermatomes of patients were 43.2% thoracic. Sacral dermatome involvement was significantly higher in heart transplant patients than in other transplant recipients (P = .015). We reviewed specific findings of the Tzanck test in 36.4% of the patients. There was concomitant infection in 15.9% of the patients, and 6.8% had pneumonia. Acute neuritis was more common in kidney transplant recipients (65.6%). The mean duration of acute neuritis/neuralgia was longest in liver transplant recipients (13.5 months; P = .047). Postherpetic neuralgia was detected as high as 24%. CONCLUSIONS: Early specific and supportive treatmentis important for transplant recipients with herpes zoster infections. Appropriate antiviral prophylaxis regimens and vaccination strategies for varicella zoster (chickenpox) and herpes zoster infections should be implemented in the vaccination schedule of solidorgan transplant candidates to prevent herpes zoster infections and complications.

BNT162b2 or CoronaVac as the Third Dose against Omicron: Neutralizing Antibody Responses among Transplant Recipients Who Had Received Two Doses of CoronaVac.

We evaluated neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant and Anti-Spike IgG response in solid organ (SOT) or hematopoietic stem cell (HSTC) recipients after a third dose of BNT162b2 (BNT) or CoronaVac (CV) following two doses of CV. In total, 95 participants underwent SOT (n = 62; 44 liver, 18 kidney) or HSCT (n = 27; 5 allogeneic, 22 autologous) were included from five centers in Turkey. The median time between third doses and serum sampling was 154 days (range between 15 to 381). The vaccine-induced antibody responses of both neutralizing antibodies and Anti-Spike IgGs were assessed by plaque neutralizing assay and immunoassay, respectively. Neutralizing antibody and Anti-Spike IgG levels were significantly higher in transplant patients receiving BNT compared to those receiving CV (Geometric mean (GMT):26.76 vs. 10.89; p = 0.03 and 2116 Au/mL vs. 172.1 Au/mL; p < 0.001). Solid organ transplantation recipients, particularly liver transplant recipients, showed lower antibody levels than HSCT recipients. Thus, among HSCT recipients, the GMT after BNT was 91.29 and it was 15.81 in the SOT group (p < 0.001). In SOT, antibody levels after BNT in kidney transplantation recipients were significantly higher than those in liver transplantation recipients (GMT: 48.32 vs. 11.72) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the neutralizing antibody levels after CV were very low (GMT: 10.81) in kidney transplantation recipients and below the detection limit (<10) in liver transplant recipients. This study highlights the superiority of BNT responses against Omicron as a third dose among transplant recipients after two doses of CV. The lack of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron after CV in liver transplant recipients should be taken into consideration, particularly in countries where inactivated vaccines are available in addition to mRNA vaccines.

Evaluation of Clinical Approach and Outcomes Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.

Objective: Despite appropriate treatment and early diagnosis methods, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is still associated with a high mortality rate. This study aims to evaluate the clinical features and approaches to SAB and to analyze the parameters that may affect 7-day and 30-day mortality. Materials and Methods: Adult patients with SAB data between 2011 and 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical data, patient demographics, and 7-day and 30-day mortality rates were obtained from their medical records. Results: In total, 144 patients were included in the study; 57.6% (83/144) of patients were men, and the mean age was 65.2±16.5 years. The most common source of infection was the central-line catheter (38.9%), followed by intra-abdominal (21%), respiratory (16.7), infective endocarditis (5.6%), and osteoarticular foci (2.1%). Fifteen percent (15%) of the strains were methicillin resistant. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed for 80.6% (116/144) patients. Infectious diseases specialist consultation within 96 hours from blood culture signal was requested in 79.9%. Overall, 7-day mortality was 11.8%, and 30-day mortality was 21.5%. Staying in intensive care units (ICU) increased the risk of 30-day mortality by 1.1 times, and respiratory-focused SAB increased the risk by 4.3 times. Conclusion: SAB is still a big threat. Staphylococcal pneumonia remains a severe infection. Several prognostic factors influence mortality. Identifying the source, ensuring source control, and appropriate initial therapy as soon as possible are critical for reducing mortality and morbidity in SAB.

Ophthalmologic Examination and Echocardiography Should be the Essential Components of Candidemia Bundle.

Objective: Candidemia is the most common form of invasive candidiasis, and it is associated with end-organ involvement, prolonged hospitalization, increased mortality, and higher healthcare costs. Candidemia can lead to metastatic heart and ocular infections. This study aimed to define the incidence, characteristics, and mortality of candidemia episodes and compare the data with our center's previous results. Materials and Methods: In this single-center retrospective observational study, we enrolled 250 patients over 18 years diagnosed with candidemia between January 2015 and December 2020. We obtained patients' demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data from medical records. An ophthalmologic examination and screening with echocardiography were carried out within the first week after candidemia diagnosis. Results: There were 275 candidemia episodes from 250 patients. The incidence of candidemia was 2.8/1000 admissions and 5.68/ 10,000 inpatient days, higher than our previous results (1.23/1000 and 3.29/10,000). The median age was 65 (interquartile range [IQR]=52-75) years. Malignancies were the most frequent comorbidity (50%). The most common type was Candida albicans (n=115, 41.8%). Candida glabrata (n=61, 22.2%) was common, particularly in surgical patients, patients with malignancy, and critically ill patients. There was Infectious disease consultation in 93.3% (257) episodes.The ophthalmoscopic examination was made in 145 episodes (52.7%), and ophthalmitis was detected in 16 (11.0%). Echocardiography was performed in 139 (50.5%) episodes; one case had an endocarditis diagnosis. The 30-day mortality was 44.7% (n=123). Mortality rates in C. glabrata and Candida krusei infections were higher (54.1% and 66.7). The factors related to mortality were intensive care unit requirement (p=0.0001), chronic liver disease (p=0.005), corticosteroid usage (p=0.0001), previous antibiotic usage (p=0.013), multiple antibiotic usage ( p=0.020), and CVC related candidemia (p=0.010). Conclusion: Because of the life-threatening complications such as endocarditis, increased mortality rates, and higher healthcare costs, systematic and comprehensive candidemia bundle applications would be effective strategies for providing an effective antifungal stewardship program.

Incidence and Immunologic Analysis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Hemodialysis Patients:A Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 is a great threat to the modern world and significant threat to immunocompromised patients, including patients with chronic renal failure. We evaluated COVID-19 incidence among our hemodialysis patients and investigated the most probable immune mechanisms against COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baskent University has 21 dialysis centers across Turkey, with 2420 patients on hemodialysis and 30 on peritoneal dialysis. Among these, we retrospectively evaluated 602 patients (257 female/345 male) with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis as renal replacement therapy; 7 patients (1.1%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2. We retrospectively collected patient demographic characteristics, clinical data, and immunological factors affecting the clinical course of the disease. We divided patients into groups and included 2 control groups (individuals with normal renal functions): group I included COVID-19-positive patients with normal renal function, group II included COVID-19-positive hemodialysis patients, group III included COVID-19-negative hemodialysis patients, and group IV included COVID-19-negative patients with normal renal function. Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and typing of human leukocyte antigens were analyzed in all groups, with killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor genes analyzed only in COVID-19-positive patients and healthy controls. RESULTS: No deaths occurred among the 7 COVID-19-positive hemodialysis patients. Group I patients were significantly older than patients in groups II and III (P = .039, P = .030, respectively) but not significantly different from group IV (P = .060). Absolute counts of natural killer cells in healthy controls were higherthan in other groups (but not significantly). ActivatedT cells were significantly increased in both COVID-19-positive groups versus COVID-19-negative groups. Groups showed significant differences in C and DQ loci with respect to distribution of alleles in both HLA classes. CONCLUSIONS: Although immunocompromised patients are at greater risk for COVID-19, we found lower COVID-19 incidence in our hemodialysis patients, which should be further investigated in in vitro and molecular studies.

Promoters of Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Infections.

Objectives: We aimed to describe the mechanisms of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with colistin-resistant A. baumannii infection were included to the study. The mutations in pmrCAB, lpxA, lpxC, and lpxD genes, expression of pmrCAB, carbapenemases, and mcr-1 positivity were studied. Results: Twenty-seven (93%) of the patients received IV colistin therapy during their stay, and the case fatality rate was 45%. All mutations in pmrC and pmrB were found to be accompanied with a mutation in lpxD. The most common mutations were I42V and L150F in pmrC (65%), E117K in lpxD (65%), and A138T in pmrB (58.6%). The colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the isolates having any of these four mutations were higher than the isolates with no mutations (p < 0.001). The two most common mutations in pmrC (I42V and L150F) were found to be associated with higher expressions of pmrA and pmrC and higher colistin MIC values (p = 0.010 and 0.031). All isolates were blaOXA-23 positive. Conclusion: Coexistence of the lpxD mutation along with mutations in pmrCAB indicates synergistic function of these genes in development of colistin resistance in A. baumannii.

Impact of the ST101 clone on fatality among patients with colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Objectives: We describe the molecular characteristics of colistin resistance and its impact on patient mortality. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in seven different Turkish hospitals. The genotype of each isolate was determined by MLST and repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR). Alterations in mgrB were detected by sequencing. Upregulation of pmrCAB, phoQ and pmrK was quantified by RT-PCR. mcr-1 and the genes encoding OXA-48, NDM-1 and KPC were amplified by PCR. Results: A total of 115 patients diagnosed with colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae (ColR-Kp) infection were included. Patients were predominantly males (55%) with a median age of 63 (IQR 46-74) and the 30 day mortality rate was 61%. ST101 was the most common ST and accounted for 68 (59%) of the ColR-Kp. The 30 day mortality rate in patients with these isolates was 72%. In ST101, 94% (64/68) of the isolates had an altered mgrB gene, whereas the alteration occurred in 40% (19/47) of non-ST101 isolates. The OXA-48 and NDM-1 carbapenemases were found in 93 (81%) and 22 (19%) of the total 115 isolates, respectively. In multivariate analysis for the prediction of 30 day mortality, ST101 (OR 3.4, CI 1.46-8.15, P = 0.005) and ICU stay (OR 7.4, CI 2.23-29.61, P = 0.002) were found to be significantly associated covariates. Conclusions: Besides ICU stay, ST101 was found to be a significant independent predictor of patient mortality among those infected with ColR-Kp. A significant association was detected between ST101 and OXA-48. ST101 may become a global threat in the dissemination of colistin resistance and the increased morbidity and mortality of K. pneumoniae infection.

The clinical impact of ST131 H30-Rx subclone in urinary tract infections due to multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli.

In this study, risk factors for ST131 H30 and H30-Rx subclones among urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli were described. Urine samples were collected from consecutive outpatients registered to the outpatient clinics of Baskent University Hospital (Ankara, Turkey) with complaints of acute cystitis in 2011. A total of 107 MDR E. coli isolates were included in the study. Of the 107 isolates studied, 26 (24.3%) were typed as ST131 clone. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producers accounted for 59 (55.1%) of the 107 isolates. Among the 59 ESBL-positive isolates, 18 (31%) were found to belong to the ST131 clone. Of the 18 ESBL-positive ST131 isolates, 17 (94%) were defined as H30 subclone, among which 16 (94%) represented the H30-Rx subclone. Among the 48 ESBL-negative isolates, 8 (17%) ST131 isolates were detected, 7 (88%) of which belonged to H30 subclone; 5 (71%) of the H30 subclone isolates were classified under H30-Rx subclone. In multivariate analysis, hospitalisation within last year was the only host risk factor associated with MDR E. coli ST131 H30-Rx subclone UTI (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.04-12.17; P=0.042). CTX-M-15 production was found to be highly associated with the presence of ST131 H30-Rx subclone (OR=4.8, 95% CI 1.54-15.32; P=0.007). In conclusion, urinary MDR E. coli ST131 H30-Rx subclone was found to be important in the dissemination of MDR UTIs in the community. Approximately 20% of the MDR isolates were H30-Rx subclone. Infection with this subclone was found to be healthcare-associated.

Molecular epidemiology of bloodstream-associated Escherichia coli ST131 H30-Rx subclone infection in a region with high quinolone resistance.

Bloodstream infections caused by Escherichia coli ST131 and ST131 H30-Rx subclones have emerged worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of the ST131-Rx subclone and characterize the virulence properties of the Rx isolates among the bloodstream E. coli isolates. A total of 297 non-duplicated E. coli bloodstream isolates were studied. Antibiotic susceptibilities were tested using the disc diffusion method. PCR amplification and sequencing was used to identify ST131 and H30-Rx, the virulence gene, the ß-lactamase and virotype. Quinolone resistance among bacteraemic E. coli strains was 51 %, and it was 98 % among E. coli ST131 isolates. The ST131 isolates accounted for 16 % (49) of all isolates and all ST131 isolates belonged to the extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. The proportion of H30 subclone among the ST131 isolates was 98 %, and 75 % of H30 isolates belonged to the H30-Rx subclone. The prevalence of ST131 increased from 13 to 23 % in 4 years; however, there was a decrease in the ratio of H30-Rx infections. CTX-M-15 was detected in 85 % of ST131 and all of the H30-Rx isolates. The virulence genes associated with adhesion, cell protection, iron uptake and toxins (papA, iha, kpsMTII, iut and sat) were more common in ST131 than in non-ST131 isolates. Most of the ST131 and H30-Rx isolates were of the C virotype. All papA-positive isolates were in virotype C. The E. coli ST131 clone has increased rapidly among bloodstream isolates. However, a decrease in the proportion of the H30-Rx subclone in the quinolone-resistant population suggests the possibility of dissemination of other virulent and quinolone-resistant subclones in hospital settings.

[A fatal case of West Nile virus encephalitis]. / Ölümcül Seyreden Bati Nil Virusu Ensefaliti Olgusu.

Although West Nile virus (WNV) serologic evidence has been well demonstrated throghout Turkey in the last 40 years; the first symptomatic WNV infection was reported in 2009 and increased number of cases were reported during August 2010. In that period WNV encephalitis was diagnosed serologically (WNV IgM positivity in serum sample detected by ELISA and IFA) and confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test in a 76-year-old man who was admitted to Baskent University Faculty of Medicine with complaints of fever, impaired consciousness and generalized tremors. Despite all supportive treatment, he died on the 9th day of hospitalization. In this report, detailed clinical course, laboratory features and diagnosis of this mortal case of WNV encephalitis were described. WNV encephalitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever of unknown origin and loss of consciousness especially in summer and early fall in Turkey.