Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy in Resectable NSCLC: Current and Future Perspectives.

The standard of care (SoC) for medically operable patients with early-stage (stages I-IIIB) NSCLC is surgery combined with (neo)adjuvant systemic therapy for patients with stages II to IIIB disease and some stage IB or, rarely, chemoradiation (stage III disease with mediastinal lymph node metastases). Despite these treatments, metastatic recurrence is common and associated with poor survival, highlighting the need for systemic therapies that are more effective than the current SoC. After the success of targeted therapy (TT) in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring oncogenic drivers, these agents are being investigated for the perioperative (neoadjuvant and adjuvant) treatment of patients with early-stage NSCLC. Adjuvant osimertinib is the only TT approved for use in the early-stage setting, and there are no approved neoadjuvant TTs. We discuss the importance of comprehensive biomarker testing at diagnosis to identify individuals who may benefit from neoadjuvant targeted treatments and review emerging data from neoadjuvant TT trials. We also address the potential challenges for establishing neoadjuvant TTs as SoC in the early-stage setting, including the identification and validation of early response markers to guide care and accelerate drug development, and discuss safety considerations in the perioperative setting. Initial data indicate that neoadjuvant TTs are effective and well tolerated in patients with EGFR- or ALK-positive early-stage NSCLC. Data from ongoing trials will determine whether neoadjuvant targeted agents will become a new SoC for individuals with oncogene-addicted resectable NSCLC.

Real-World Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Alectinib Versus Crizotinib in Patients With Advanced ALK-Positive NSCLC With or Without Baseline Central Nervous System Metastases.

Introduction: Alectinib was found to have superior efficacy to crizotinib in the phase 3 ALEX study and is a preferred initial treatment for patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC. To understand the efficacy of alectinib in U.S. clinical practice, we conducted a retrospective real-world comparative effectiveness analysis of first-line alectinib versus crizotinib. Methods: Adults with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC who received first-line alectinib (from December 11, 2015) or crizotinib (from January 1, 2014) were included from a real-world database. Propensity scores were applied to balance baseline characteristics. Real-world data (RWD), including real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS), real-world overall survival, real-world time to new central nervous system (CNS) metastases, and outcomes in patients with or without baseline CNS metastases were analyzed. The ALEX-like RWD cohort (filtered by ALEX laboratory eligibility criteria) was used to compare real-world comparative effectiveness with ALEX. Results: The RWD cohort comprised 364 patients (141 alectinib; 223 crizotinib); rwPFS (weighted hazard ratio [wHR] = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33-0.65) and real-world overall survival (wHR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.31-0.69) were significantly improved with alectinib versus crizotinib. In patients with baseline brain scans, a substantial rwPFS benefit was found regardless of baseline CNS metastases. Real-world time to new CNS metastases was delayed with alectinib versus crizotinib in patients with (wHR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.16-0.52) and without (wHR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24-0.76) baseline CNS metastases. The ALEX-like RWD cohort comprised 325 patients (120 alectinib; 205 crizotinib); alectinib was found to have similar rwPFS benefits with ALEX. Conclusions: Outcomes were significantly improved with first-line alectinib versus crizotinib in patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC in the U.S. real-world setting.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Entrectinib in ROS1 Fusion-Positive NSCLC.

Introduction: Entrectinib is an approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC. An updated integrated analysis of entrectinib from the ALKA-372-001, STARTRK-1, and STARTRK-2 trials is presented, with substantially longer follow-up, more patients, and the first description of the median overall survival (OS). An exploratory analysis of entrectinib in ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC with the central nervous system (CNS)-only progression post-crizotinib is reported. Methods: Adults with ROS1 fusion-positive, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received at least one dose of entrectinib and had 12 months or longer of follow-up were included in the analysis. Co-primary end points were confirmed objective response rate (ORR) and duration of response (DoR) by blinded independent central review. The data cutoff was on August 31, 2020. Results: The efficacy-assessable population comprised 168 ROS1 TKI-naïve patients. The median survival follow-up was 29.1 months (interquartile range, 21.8-35.9). The ORR was 68% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 60.2-74.8); the median DoR was 20.5 months. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 15.7 months and the median OS was 47.8 months. In the 25 patients with measurable baseline CNS metastases, the intracranial ORR was 80% (95% CI: 59.3-93.2), median intracranial DoR was 12.9 months, and median intracranial PFS was 8.8 months. Among 18 patients with CNS-only progression on previous crizotinib treatment, two achieved a partial response (11%) and four had stable disease (22%). In seven patients with measurable CNS disease from this cohort, the intracranial ORR was 14% (1 partial response). Conclusions: Entrectinib is active and achieves prolonged survival in ROS1 TKI-naïve patients with ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC. Modest activity is seen in patients with CNS-only progression post-crizotinib.