Microbial assessment of medicinal herbs (Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma), effects of electron beam irradiation and detection characteristics.

Medicinal herbs comprise of heavy microbial contaminations. This study aimed to assess microbial hazards including foodborne pathogens in 20 commercial medicinal herbs, Cnidii Rhizoma (C1-C10) and Alismatis Rhizoma (T1-T10) as well as to evaluate irradiation effects of E-beam on microbial load and detection chracteristics. Four samples (C5, C10, T1, T8) from both herbs with higher microbial load were selected for evaluating the irradiation effect of E-beam (up to 10 kGy) on microbial load and radiation-induced changes in detection markers by standard methods (Codex, Korean Food Code), such as direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC), photostimulated luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron spin resonance (ESR). DEFT/APC revealed non-evidence of pre-sterilization of all samples. PSL differentiated irradiated samples (1, 5, and 10 kGy) of both herbs from non-irradiated (control: 0 kGy). Both TL and ESR methods validated PSL screening results by detecting radiation-induced markers from E-beam irradiated medicinal herbs.

Influence of E-beam irradiation on microbiological and physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of frozen duck meat.

This study investigated the effect of different doses (0, 3, and 7 kGy) of e-beam on the microbiological and physicochemical qualities and the profile of fatty acids of the frozen duck meat (FDM). Electron beam at the dose of 3 kGy showed more than 2 log and 1 log cycles of reduction in the total bacterial (TAB) and coliform counts (TCC), respectively. The results indicated an increase in the TBARS values (1.50 ± 0.02 mg MDA/kg), peroxide value (0.83 ± 0.04 meq peroxide/kg), and total volatile base nitrogen (1.31 ± 0.16 mg/100 ml), but no effect on the sensory parameters. Irradiation lowered the lightness (L*) (31.87 ± 0.98) and redness (a*) (11.04 ± 0.20) values but elevated the metmyoglobin content in FDM. In addition, irradiation had no effect on the benzopyrene content; however, a reduction was observed in the vitamin A (0.239 ± 0.015 µg/g) and vitamin E (1.847 ± 0.075 µg/g) contents of the FDM samples. There were no trans-fatty acids present in the treated (irradiated) as well as the untreated (nonirradiated) meat samples (FDM), whereas the fatty acid content decreased in irradiated samples, in contrast with the nonirradiated control. Electronic nose clearly discriminated between the nonirradiated and irradiated FDM based on principal component analysis. It is concluded that the e-beam successfully improved the microbial quality of FDM with slight changes in physicochemical properties, but without altering its sensory properties.

E-sensing, calibrated PSL, and improved ESR techniques discriminate irradiated fresh grapefruits and lemons.

Grapefruit and lemon were exposed to phytosanitary irradiation doses of 0, 0.4, and 1 kGy, and then electronic-sensing screening of irradiation status and identification of radiation-induced ESR markers were conducted during 20 days storage. Codex standard photostimulated luminescence measurement (PSL1) was not a reliable indicator of irradiation status. Electronic tongue and electronic nose, however, showed potential as screening tools for discriminating irradiated fruits from non-irradiated counterparts based on principal component analysis of taste attributes and flavor patterns. Calibrated PSL approach clearly distinguished irradiated from non-irradiated samples based on the PSL ratio (PSL2/PSL1). Verification of irradiation status by electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed clear paramagnetic centers from both irradiated fruits samples and ethanol-vacuum drying pretreatment improved radiation-induced ESR signal detection; not prominent enough in 0.4 kGy-irradiated commodities during 20 days of storage. Peel parts of both fruits showed high limonene which proportionally increased with irradiation doses (p < 0.05 kGy).

Experimental validation and evaluation of electronic sensing techniques for rapid discrimination of electron-beam, γ-ray, and X-ray irradiated dried green onions (Allium fistulosum).

This study focuses on applicability of e-sensing methods in addition to direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT), aerobic plate counts (APC), and photostimulated luminescence (PSL) to discriminate e-beam, γ-ray, and X-ray irradiated green onions (scallions) at 1, 4, and 7 kGy for each irradiation treatment, along with two confirmatory analysis. Although low dose (1 kGy) reduced the APC (6.15-2.69 log CFU/g), no significant difference was observed in DEFT. Scallions with log DEFT/APC ratio of ≥ 5.2 can be suspected as irradiated at at least 1 kGy. Both non-irradiated (< 700 counts/min) and irradiated (> 5000 counts/min) scallions were identified by PSL. Besides distinct volatile compounds profile, cumulative e-nose discrimination of 92.06% from principle component analysis was apparent among irradiation conditions. Sensitivity to changes in perceived taste by e-tongue showed 96.07% variation. The e-sensing capability to discriminate irradiated scallions can be exploited for exposing counterfeit claims as either non-irradiated or irradiated within the recommended standards.

Antihypertensive effects of Korean wild simulated ginseng (Sanyangsam) extracts in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Ginseng possesses a wide spectrum of medicinal effects and has widely been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. In this study, the antihypertensive effect of Korean wild simulated ginseng in spontaneously hypertensive rats was investigated. Three groups of hypertensive rats-a group without wild simulated ginseng treatment; another group treated with 100 mg of wild simulated ginseng extract/kg of body weight; and the other group treated with 200 mg of wild simulated ginseng extract/kg of body weight were tested over 8 weeks. The two wild simulated ginseng-treated groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) reduced systolic blood pressure at 4 and 6 weeks of wild simulated ginseng treatment. However, the wild simulated ginseng treatment did not adversely affect the food intake, serum electrolytes, osmolality, heart weight, heart rate, and the cross-section of the aorta as well as enzyme activities. The results suggested that Korean wild simulated ginseng is effectively used for reducing high systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients without causing adverse health effects.

Effect of E-Beam Irradiation on Microbial Load, Stability of Active Components, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma.

To reduce microbial loads in medicinal herbs, Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma were subjected to electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation at doses (≤10 kGy) as permitted by the Korean Food Code. The effects of e-beam irradiation on the microbial load, stability of the active components, and anti-inflammatory activity of medicinal herbs were determined. We observed that the total aerobic bacteria (TAB; 4.0-7.0 log CFU/g), yeasts and molds (Y&M; 3.3-6.8 log CFU/g), and coliform counts (CC; 3.2-3.8 log CFU/g) in both herb samples were effectively reduced in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in acceptable levels of <3.0 log CFU/g in TAB and Y&M and negative in CC at 10 kGy irradiation. The concentration of the active components (0.87-4.22 mg/g) of Cnidii Rhizoma, including z-ligustilide, chlorogenic acid, senkyunolide A, and ferulic acid, in order of prevalence and those (0.86-2.76 mg/g) of Alismatis Rhizoma, including Alisol B acetate and Alisol B, were not changed at irradiation doses of ≤10 kGy. The extracts of e-beam irradiated Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma showed a reduced production of inflammation-related factors, such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6, in a concentration-dependent manner, which was induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cell. However, there was no significant difference observed at e-beam irradiation doses of 0, 1, 5, and 10 kGy. Thus, we confirm that e-beam irradiation up to 10 kGy was effective for the control of microbial load in Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma without causing considerable changes in their major active components and anti-inflammatory activity. The results show the potential of e-beam application for sanitization of medicinal herbs.

Effects of electron-beam irradiation on the quality characteristics of mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcov) during storage.

Consumption and global utilization of mandarins is on the rise due to its easy-to-peel attribute compared to other citrus fruits. Mandarins are irradiated as an effective phyto-sanitary treatment for trade requirements. In this study, mandarins were irradiated with 0.4 and 1 kGy electron-beam as approved by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and changes in microbial and physicochemical characteristics during storage were monitored at 4 °C for 15 d. Microbial proliferation during storage was noticeable in non-irradiated fruits, whereas irradiated mandarins showed dose-dependent inhibition up to 15 d. Irradiation did not affect its moisture, total phenolics, and vitamin C. However, hardness, organic acids, hesperidin, radical scavenging activity, reducing and free sugars significantly decreased in all samples after 5 d of storage. Although, irradiation at 0.4 and 1 kGy could not prevent changes in stored mandarins, 0.4 kGy did not affect the major constituents and physical quality of mandarins, while providing microbial decontamination.

Comparison of electronic sensing techniques for screening dried shrimps irradiated using three types of approved radiation with standard analytical methods.

Rapid analytical methods for screening irradiated foods are required to comply with the approved standards for international trade. Dried shrimps irradiated at 1-7 kGy with gamma rays, electron beam (E-beam), and X-rays were screened with an electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue). The data were compared with those from European standard methods (photostimulated luminescence, PSL) and direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count, DEFT/APC). All irradiated shrimp samples were clearly discriminated from the non-irradiated control based on PSL photon count measurements and DEFT/APC microbial enumeration. The volatile patterns and taste attributes of the irradiated (>1 kGy from three sources) and control samples could be distinguished by the E-nose and E-tongue analyses through principal component analysis. Verification through electron spin resonance and thermoluminescence analyses validated screening results. The results indicate that E-sensing techniques showed potential for the rapid screening of irradiated foods like dried shrimps.

Nucleotide Analysis in Korean Dairy Products Using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector.

Nucleotides play important roles in numerous intracellular biochemical processes and are used in infant formulas and other dairy products. However, domestic analytical methods for assessing nucleotide content in products have not yet been established, and therefore, methods for determining nucleotide content are urgently required. A rapid and simple analytical method for determining the content of five types of nucleotides in dairy products was improved using solid phase extraction clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. The extraction solvent used in the AOAC method was not well dissolved and was changed to hydrophilic EDTA-Na. In addition, the results obtained using the isocratic elution method and a single wavelength were similar to those obtained using the AOAC method, and the time taken for analysis was shortened from 40 min to 25 min. The process of method validation revealed the following parameters: accuracy (84.69%-102.72%), precision (1.51%-6.82%), linearity (0.999), and limit of detection (cytidine 5'-monophosphate, 0.09 mg/L; uridine 5'-monophosphate, 0.11 mg/L; adenosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.12 mg/L; guanosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.11 mg/L; and inosine 5'-monophosphate, 0.14 mg/L). The method was also used to determine the nucleotide concentration in 25 samples (infant formulas, 1.99-29.39 mg/100 g; and cow milk, 0.28-0.83 mg/100 g). The newly improved method was appropriate for analyzing nucleotides in infant formulas and other dairy products faster when compared to conventional methods.

Storage stability of soluble pigments, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in electron-beam-irradiated edible lavers (Porphyra umbilicalis) with impact on microbial safety and sensory characteristics.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated whether electron beam (e-beam) irradiation can inactivate microbial populations, including aerobic bacteria plate count, fungi, and coliforms, in two types of lavers (dried and roasted). The impact of e-beam doses of 4 and 7 kGy on microbial populations, color values, total soluble pigments, chlorophylls, and carotenoid content immediately and after storage at 4, 15, 25, and 35 °C for 4, 8, and 12 weeks was also evaluated. RESULTS: The initial microbial load of approximately 106 and 105 CFU g-1 in both dried and roasted lavers was reduced to 104 and 101 CFU g-1 , respectively, after irradiation at 7 kGy. No further proliferation was observed in irradiated dried lavers during 4 weeks of storage at 4 and 15 °C. When stored at low temperature, the shelf-life was extended for up to 12 weeks in 7 kGy irradiated dried and roasted lavers. High amounts of soluble pigments and carotenoids were observed during storage in the 7 kGy irradiated dried laver samples at the end of 12 weeks irrespective of temperature. Although the chlorophyll content decreased under the storage conditions, it was comparatively stable in the 7 kGy-irradiated dried laver. Maximum degradation of color was observed in laver samples subjected to the roasting process. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study indicated that e-beam irradiation of laver at 7 kGy maintains microbial safety as well as quality attributes during storage for up to 12 weeks. Further, dried laver had more essential compounds than roasted laver. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dose rates of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation affect microbial decontamination and quality changes in dried red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) powder.

BACKGROUND: Due to differences in radiation sources (electron beam from electron accelerator, gamma ray from 60 Co radionuclide) and energy delivery time (dose rate, kGy/time), the effects on foods are expected to be different with regard to chemical quality change and microbial decontamination. To better understand this impact, effects of variable dose rates of electron beam (EB, kGy s-1 ) and gamma rays (GR, kGy h-1 ) on microbial reduction, capsanthin content, and color parameters of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) powders (RPP) were determined. RPP samples were irradiated with 3 kGy absorbed dose, at variable dose rates of 1 and 5 kGy s-1 of EB (10 MeV/10 kW), and 1.8 and 9 kGy h-1 of GR (60 Co). RESULTS: Aerobic plate counts (APC) as well as yeast and mold counts of non-irradiated samples were 7.12 log CFU g-1 and 6.62 log CFU g-1 , respectively. EB and GR reduced these by 2-3 log CFU g-1 . A lower dose rate (1 kGy s-1 ) of EB was more effective for microbial reduction than a higher dose rate (5 kGy s-1 ). In contrast, a higher dose rate (9 kGy h-1 ) of GR efficiently decreased APC compared to a lower dose rate (1.8 kGy h-1 ). Higher EB and GR dose rates significantly decreased the capsanthin content and Hunter's red color (a* value). CONCLUSION: Low EB (kGy s-1 ) and high GR (kGy h-1 ) dose rates are recommended for microbiological safety of RPP with negligible changes in color attributes visible to the human eye, in contrast to the measured values. Thus the study demonstrates that the influence of absorbed dose is dependent on the applied dose rates. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimization of green extraction methods for cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) by response surface methodology.

The major compounds of cinnamon are cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, for which the conditions of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and reflux extraction (RE) were optimized using response surface methodology for comparing their efficiencies in terms of extraction yield, consumption of time and energy, and CO2 emission. The results indicated MAE superiority to UAE and RE owing to the highest yield of target compounds (total yield: 0.89%, cinnamic acid: 6.48 mg/100 mL, and cinnamaldehyde: 244.45 mg/100 mL) at optimum MAE conditions: 59% ethanol, 147.5 W microwave power and 3.4 min of extraction time. RE resulted in comparable yields with the highest consumption of time, energy, and solvent, and least CO2 emission. Therefore, it is concluded that MAE is the most efficient method for green extraction of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon powder compared to UAE and RE.

Preservative effect of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) extract on their molecular docking, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

This study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (BRARP) and their antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Of the different solvents extracts, the chloroform extracts (CE) were significantly inhibited the bacterial pathogens at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16.5 mg.mL-1. Biochemical analysis revealed that total phenol (62.6 ± 0.05 mg GAE.g-1) and flavonoids (27.6 ± 0.04 mg QE.g-1) were higher in the extracts of BRARP, which resulted in enhanced antioxidant activity in CE. A total of eight dominant compounds were detected in the potent antimicrobial extract from BRARP based on GC-MS analysis. The molecular interactions study revealed that, among the screened compounds the 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,3-dicyanopropionamide interacted with the active site of pathogenicity and survival related protein with lipopolysaccharide (LpxC) with higer binding energy. This work concluded that the 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2, 3-Dicyanopropionamide from BRARP was reported to be good non-cytotoxic and antioxidant antimicrobials against bacterial pathogens.

Evaluation of capsaicinoid profile and antioxidant properties in dried Korean red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by variable dose rates of electron beam and gamma ray irradiation.

The application of food irradiation is based on the parameters including energy (MeV), dose rate (kGy/s or kGy/h), and absorbed dose (kGy). Red pepper powders were treated with different dose rates of 1, and 5 kGy/s electron beam (EB) as well as 1.8 and 9 kGy/h gamma ray (GR) in separate experiments. Constant absorbed dose (3 kGy) was maintained to observe whether different dose rates affect the product quality. Total and individual capsaicinoids increased at low EB and GR dose rates. Vitamin C content decreased at all dose rates, except at low GR dose rate, where no significant difference was observed. Low EB dose rate led to a marked increase (21%) in the total phenolics than high dose rate (13%). In contrast, high GR dose rate increased the total phenolics than low dose rate. Maximum antioxidants (1.36 mg TE/mL) were observed at high EB dose rate, although low dose rate also increased the antioxidant activity. Results indicated that different dose rates delivering the same absorbed dose had significant impact on the product quality and that the efficacy of absorbed dose is dependent on applied dose rates. In other words, a constant absorbed dose applied to the product is influenced by dose rate of the irradiation treatment.

Ruminant meat flavor influenced by different factors with special reference to fatty acids.

Ruminant meat flavor is an important quality and sensory parameter which relays mainly on the organoleptic characteristics of meat. Meat flavor is vital factor for the palatability and acceptability of meat by the consumers. There are various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence eating quality of meat. Among these factors, flavor is the major contributor. Fat and low-molecular-weight water-soluble compounds are the most important precursor components in meat, responsible for the meat flavor. The present review focus on the different pre and post-harvest factors that influences the ruminant meat flavor. Raw meat has little flavor but cooking adds value in flavor due to different temperature and cooking methods. The volatile flavoring compounds which are responsible for cooked meat flavor are produced thermally by the Maillard's reaction itself or interaction with lipid oxidation products and vitamin degradation. In nutshell, this review provides perception into previous literature on flavor that affected by various factors particularly the fatty acids and cooking methods.

Effects of approved dose of e-beam irradiation on microbiological and physicochemical qualities of dried laver products and detection of their irradiation status.

Most commercial dried laver products show higher microbial contamination. This work evaluated effects of approved dose (7 kGy)-recommended in the Korean Food Code for algal food-of electron beam (E-beam) irradiation on microbiological, physicochemical and luminescence properties of dried laver products. E-beam irradiation caused dose-dependent microbial reductions. For example, a 4 kGy irradiation dose reduced coliform (<2.5 log CFU/g) to undetectable levels (<10 CFU/g), while a 7 kGy irradiation dose reduced total aerobic bacteria count (6.6 log CFU/g) by approximately 2 log cycles. Physicochemical attributes of dried lavers were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected before and after 7 kGy irradiation, but carotenoid content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 10 kGy irradiation. Irradiated samples (>4 kGy) could be detected from non-irradiated ones by luminescence techniques. Overall, results indicated that <7 kGy irradiation is recommended along with other heat treatment for improving microbiological contamination by at most 4 log CFU/g in dried lavers.

Assessment of microbiological contamination in saengshik products from the Korean market and identification of the irradiation status.

This study investigated the prevalence of microbiological contamination in commercial Saengshik products (samples SP-1 to SP-12) from the Korean market, and identified their irradiation status. SP-2, SP-8, and SP-12 showed less than 3.66 and 1.10 log colony forming units (CFU)/g in total plate and coliforms counts, respectively, while the remaining samples showed more than 4.70 and 2.35 log CFU/g, respectively. Four samples were positive on some of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Bacillus cereus). SP-2, SP-8, and SP-12 contained no pathogenic bacteria and were suspected to have been irradiated. They were confirmed as positive using photostimulated luminescence (PSL) analysis. PSL positive results on samples SP-2, SP-8 and SP-12 were finally confirmed by the authentic thermoluminescence (TL) analysis on the basis of TL glow curve shape, intensity, temperature range of TL peak maxima and TL ratio (TL1/TL2).

Assessment of microbial contaminations in commercial frozen duck meats and the application of electron beam irradiation to improve their hygienic quality.

BACKGROUND: High microbial load is a serious concern in terms of the health-related safety of products of animal origin. In this study, the microbial loads of commercial frozen duck-meat products, including bone-in whole raw, boneless sliced raw, and boneless whole smoked, were investigated for pathogenic contamination. The application of electron beam irradiation was also investigated. RESULTS: The samples revealed a serious microbial threat (102 -105 CFU g-1 for total aerobic bacteria and positive for foodborne pathogens), which required effective decontamination technology. Electron-beam irradiation (0, 1, 3, and 7 kGy) could potentially improve the hygienic quality of duck-meat samples. The D10 values for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhi were 0.47 and 0.51 kGy, respectively. A direct epifluorescent filter technique and aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC) method was used for screening, while electron-spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were effective as confirmatory techniques to identify radiation-induced markers in frozen duck meat. CONCLUSION: Electron-beam irradiation has the potential to ensure the microbial safety and hygienic quality of commercial duck meats. Identification of the samples for their irradiation history was also possible using radiation-induced detection markers, including the DEFT/APC, hydroxyapatite ESR radicals, and hydrocarbons. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhancing the quality and lipid stability of chicken nuggets using natural antioxidants.

BACKGROUND: Current day consumers prefer natural antioxidants to synthetic antioxidants because they are more active. However, the activity generally depends on the specific condition and composition of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat germ oil and α-lipoic acid on the quality characteristics, antioxidant status, fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes of chicken nuggets. METHODS: Six types of diets were prepared for feeding the chickens to evaluate the quality of nuggets made from the leg meat of these experimental animals. These included control, diet enriched with wheat germ oil (WGO), which is a rich natural source of α-tocopherol (AT), diet with added AT or α-lipoic acid (ALA), diet with a combination of either ALA and WGO (ALA + WGO) or ALA and synthetic AT (ALA + AT). ALA has great synergism with synthetic as well as natural AT (WGO). RESULTS: The diet with WGO and ALA showed the best potential with respect to both antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. HPLC results revealed that the chicken nuggets made from WGO + ALA group showed maximum deposition of AT and ALA. The stability of the nuggets from control group was found to be significantly lower than that of nuggets from the WGO + ALA group. Total fatty acid content too was higher in the nuggets from this group. The poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher in the nuggets from the groups fed with a combination of natural and synthetic antioxidants. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the combination of natural and synthetic antioxidants in the animal feed exerts a synergistic effect in enhancing the stability and quality of chicken nuggets.

Mangiferin: a natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders.

The current review article is an attempt to explain the therapeutic potential of mangiferin, a bioactive compound of the mango, against lifestyle-related disorders. Mangiferin (2-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one) can be isolated from higher plants as well as the mango fruit and their byproducts (i.e. peel, seed, and kernel). It possesses several health endorsing properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and immunomodulatory. It suppresses the activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor isoforms by changing the transcription process. Mangiferin protects against different human cancers, including lung, colon, breast, and neuronal cancers, through the suppression of tumor necrosis factor α expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase potential, and proliferation and induction of apoptosis. It also protects against neural and breast cancers by suppressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-7 and inhibiting enzymatic activity, metastatic potential, and activation of the ß-catenin pathway. It has the capacity to block lipid peroxidation, in order to provide a shielding effect against physiological threats. Additionally, mangiferin enhances the capacity of the monocyte-macrophage system and possesses antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This review summarizes the literature pertaining to mangiferin and its associated health claims.