Community-Based Interventions in People with Palliative Care Needs: An Integrative Review of Studies from 2017 to 2022.

AIM: To describe the latest scientific evidence regarding community-based interventions performed on patients in need of palliative care worldwide. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Given the rise of chronic diseases, their complexities and the fragility of patients, we are facing around 56.8 million people in need of palliative care. Community-based healthcare, particularly palliative care, can address social inequalities and improve the biopsychosocial health of disadvantaged populations. Therefore, primary care, as the main health referent in the community, has a central role in the care of these patients. METHODS: This is an integrative review from January 2017 to June 2022 that follows the PRISMA statement and has been registered in PROSPERO. PubMed, Cuiden, the Web of Science (WoS), Cochrane and LILACS were the five databases searched. The scientific quality assessment of the articles was carried out following the CASPe methodology. Study selection was carried out by two researchers, A.V.L. and J.M.C.T., using the inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned below. In cases of doubt or discrepancy, a third author (J.R.S.) was consulted. RESULTS: The interventions mentioned in the 16 articles analysed were classified under the following categories: music therapy, laughter therapy, spiritual and cognitive interventions, aromatherapy, interdisciplinary and community-based teams, advance care planning and community, volunteering, telemedicine and care mapping. EXAMPLE: Educating people to talk about different ethical issues could improve their quality of life and help develop more compassionate cities. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified interventions that are easily accessible (laughter therapy, telemedicine or music therapy), simple enough to be carried out at the community level and do not incur high costs. This is why they are recommended for people with palliative care needs in order to improve their quality of life.

Usefulness of the ECORE-BF Scale to Determine Atherogenic Risk in 386,924 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Obesity and atherosclerosis are considered risk factors for this pathology. There are multiple methods to evaluate obesity, in the same way as there are different formulas to determine atherogenic risk. Since both pathologies are closely related, the objective of our work was to evaluate whether the ECORE-BF scale is capable of predicting atherogenic risk. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study in which 386,924 workers from several autonomous communities in Spain participated. The association between the ECORE-BF scale and five atherogenic risk indices was evaluated. The relationship between variables was assessed using the chi-square test and Student's t test in independent samples. Multivariate analysis was performed with the multinomial logistic regression test, calculating the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals, with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. ROC curves established the cut-off points for moderate and high vascular age and determined the Youden index. RESULTS: The mean values of the ECORE-BF scale were higher in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad, as well as in those with elevated values of the three atherogenic indices studied, with p <0.001 in all cases. As atherogenic risk increased across the five evaluated scales, the prevalence of obesity also significantly increased, with p <0.001 in all cases. In the ROC curve analysis, the AUCs for atherogenic dyslipidemia and the lipid triad were above 0.75, indicating a good association between these scales and the ECORE-BF. Although the Youden indices were not exceedingly high, they were around 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: There is a good association between atherogenic risk scales, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and lipid triad, and the ECORE-BF scale. The ECORE-BF scale can be a useful and quick tool to evaluate atherogenic risk in primary care and occupational medicine consultations without the need for blood tests.

Usefulness of Body Fat and Visceral Fat Determined by Bioimpedanciometry versus Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Predicting Elevated Values of Different Risk Scales for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND: Obesity constitutes a public health problem worldwide and causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (MALFD), the leading cause of liver disease in developed countries, which progresses to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. MAFLD is associated with obesity and can be evaluated by validated formulas to assess MAFLD risk using different parameters such as the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). However, these parameters do not accurately measure body fat. As MAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, we hypothesize that measuring body and visceral fat by electrical bioimpedance is an efficient method to predict the risk of MAFLD. The objective of our work was to demonstrate that electrical bioimpedance is a more efficient method than the BMI or WC to predict an elevated risk of MAFLD. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 8590 Spanish workers in the Balearic Islands was carried out. The study's sample of employees was drawn from those who underwent occupational medicine examinations between January 2019 and December 2020. Five MAFLD risk scales were determined for evaluating very high levels of body fat and visceral fat. The determination of body and visceral fat was performed using bioimpedanciometry. Student's t-test was employed to ascertain the mean and standard deviation of quantitative data. The chi-square test was used to find prevalences for qualitative variables, while ROC curves were used to define the cut-off points for body and visceral fat. The calculations included the area under the curve (AUC), the cut-off points along with their Youden index, sensitivity, and specificity. Correlation and concordance between the various scales were determined using Pearson's correlation index and Cohen's kappa, respectively. RESULTS: As both total body fat and visceral fat increase, the risk of MAFLD increases with a statistically significant result (p < 0.001), presenting a higher risk in men. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the five scales that assess overweight and obesity to determine the occurrence of high values of the different MAFLD risk scales were very high, most of them exceeding 0.9. These AUC values were higher for visceral and body fat than for the BMI or waist circumference. FLD-high presented the best results in men and women with the AUC at around 0.97, both for visceral fat and total body fat, with a high Youden index in all cases (women body fat = 0.830, visceral fat = 0.892; men body fat = 0.780, visceral fat = 0.881). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, all the overweight and obesity scales show a very good association with the scales assessing the risk of MAFLD. These values are higher for visceral and body fat than for waist circumference and the BMI. Both visceral fat and body fat are better associated than the BMI and waist circumference with MAFLD risk scales.

Prevalence and Factors Related to Physical Activity in Spanish Adults with Obesity and Overweight: Analysis of the European Health Surveys for the Years 2014 and 2020.

(1) Background: To analyze the prevalence of physical activity (PA) according to the presence of overweight or obesity and other sociodemographic factors in the Spanish adult population. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional study using the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain from 2014 and 2020. (3) Results: In overweight and obese people, the percentage of those who reported not performing any type of PA remained constant between 2014 and 2020, while a statistically significant increase was observed in the percentage of people who walked for 10 min a day and exercised at least 2 days a week. The probability of being obese with respect to normal weight was higher in individuals who reported not engaging in PA during leisure time (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.31-1.53), those who did not walk 10 min a day at least 2 days a week (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.15-1.35), and those who did not exercise at least 2 days a week (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.32-1.53). The probability of being overweight was higher in individuals who reported not performing PA during leisure time (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.15) and in those who did not exercise at least 2 days per week (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.09-1.22). (4) Conclusions: Small increases in PA have been observed in both overweight and obese individuals from 2014 to 2020.

MAFLD and glomerular hyperfiltration in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional population study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD, 2020 diagnostic criteria) and glomerular hyperfiltration share common risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of MAFLD and its association with glomerular hyperfiltration and age-related worsening of kidney function in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We analysed data recorded during occupational health visits of 125,070 Spanish civil servants aged 18-65 years with a de-indexed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated with the chronic-kidney-disease-epidemiological (CKD-EPI) equation (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) ≥60 mL/min. Subjects were categorised according to fasting plasma glucose levels <100 mg/dL (normoglycemia), ≥100 and ≤ 125 mg/dL (prediabetes), or ≥126 mg/dL and/or antidiabetic treatment (T2DM). The association between MAFLD and glomerular hyperfiltration, defined as a de-indexed eGFR above the age- and gender-specific 95th percentile, was assessed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: In the whole study group, MAFLD prevalence averaged 19.3%. The prevalence progressively increased from 14.7% to 33.2% and to 48.9% in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM, respectively (p < 0.001 for trend). Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for the association between MAFLD and hyperfiltration was 9.06 (8.53-9.62) in the study group considered as a whole, and 8.60 (8.03-9.21), 9.52 (8.11-11.18) and 8.31 (6.70-10.30) in subjects with normoglycemia, prediabetes and T2DM considered separately. In stratified analyses, MAFLD amplified age-dependent eGFR decline in all groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: MAFLD prevalence increases across the glycaemic spectrum. MAFLD is significantly associated with hyperfiltration and amplifies the age-related eGFR decline.

Development of a three-dimensional printed model from a digital impression of a real patient for aesthetic dentistry undergraduate teaching.

INTRODUCTION: The acquisition of skills and manual dexterity in aesthetic dentistry in undergraduate teaching requires preclinical practices with simulation that should approximate real clinical situations. OBJECTIVE: We will present a digital procedure for the creation of three-dimensional (3D) resin models adapted to the practices of the Aesthetic Dentistry course. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Stereolithography or Standard Tesellation Language (STL) files of a real patient were previously obtained with a 3-shape intraoral scanner. Using the Exocad computer programme for dental prosthesis design, various modifications were made, such as incisor rotation, surface alterations imitating dysplasias or erosions, the creation of diastemas, or even changes in tooth size. The virtual model was printed in resin for use by students. Once the practices were finished, the students and the teachers evaluated the use of the 3D printed models. RESULTS: The result is the typodont model, in which seven laboratory sessions took place: 1-Restoration of conoid tooth morphology, 2-Cervical abrasion/ erosion restoration, 3-Direct Composite Veneer, 4-Aesthetic correction in a tooth with rotation, 5-Diastem closure, 6-Occlusal abrasions/ erosion, and 7-Maryland bridge. 90.48% of the students evaluated the designed 3D model as the best method for laboratory practice compared to other methods, obtaining a general assessment of 8.3 out of 10. CONCLUSION: The method used has provided a reproducible standard analog model for direct aesthetic dental restoration practice, with a good assessment by students and teachers.

The Effect of a Program to Improve Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on Cardiometabolic Parameters in 7034 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases include a large group of pathologies and constitute one of the most serious chronic health problems facing the 21st century, with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy diets influence the development of these pathologies. The Mediterranean diet can be an important part in the treatment of these diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a program that aims to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the improvement of different cardiometabolic risk parameters. METHODS: A prospective intervention study was carried out on 7034 Spanish workers. Prior to the intervention, 22 cardiometabolic risk scales were evaluated. Participants in this study were informed both orally and in writing of the characteristics and benefits of the Mediterranean diet and were given the website of the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare of Spain, which provides advice on nutrition. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was reinforced by sending a monthly SMS to their mobile phones. After six months of follow-up, the 22 risk scales were re-evaluated to assess changes. Means and standard deviations were calculated using Student's t test to analyse quantitative variables. Prevalence was calculated using the Chi-square test when the variables were qualitative. RESULTS: All the cardiometabolic risk scales studied decreased after implementing a program to improve and enhance adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The number of losses in the sample was very low, standing at 4.31%. CONCLUSIONS: The Mediterranean diet is effective in reducing all cardiovascular risk scales evaluated. The mean values and prevalence of high values of the different cardiometabolic risk scales analysed led to lower values after the implementation of the program to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet. We observed a significant positive difference in metabolic age in both sexes. We have obtained a significant improvement in the insulin resistance index, especially in the SPISE-IR index, data that we have not found in previous publications. Easy access to the Internet and new information and communication technologies facilitate adherence to a diet and can reduce the number of losses.

Influence of Sociodemographic Variables and Healthy Habits on the Values of Insulin Resistance Indicators in 386,924 Spanish Workers.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is an alteration of the action of insulin in cells, which do not respond adequately to this action, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels. IR produces a very diverse clinical picture and increases the cardiometabolic risk of the population that suffers from it. Among the factors that influence IR are genetics, unhealthy lifestyle habits, overweight, and obesity. The objective of this work was to determine how different sociodemographic variables and healthy habits influence the values of different scales that assess the risk of presenting IR in a group of Spanish workers. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in 386,924 workers from different Spanish regions. Different sociodemographic variables and lifestyle habits were studied (age, social class, educational level, smoking, Mediterranean diet, physical exercise) along with their association with four scales to evaluate the risk of insulin resistance (TyG index, TyG-BMI, METS-IR, TG/HDL-c). To analyse the quantitative variables, Student's t test was used, while the Chi-squared test was used for the qualitative variables. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed, calculating the odds ratio with its 95% confidence intervals. The accepted level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, all variables, except educational level, increased the risk of presenting high values on the IR risk scales, especially a sedentary lifestyle and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate an association between the practice of regular physical exercise and a reduction in the risk of IR; a strong role of the Mediterranean diet as a protective factor for IR; an association between aging and increased IR, which has also been suggested in other studies; and, finally, a relationship between a low socioeconomic level and an increase in IR.

Development and semantic validation of an instrument for the assessment of knowledge and attitudes towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adolescents / Desarrollo y validación semántica de un instrumento para la evaluación en adolescentes de los conocimientos y actitudes hacia la Resucitación cardiopulmonar / Desenvolvimento e validação semântica de um instrumento para a avaliação em adolescentes dos conhecimentos e atitudes para a Ressuscitação cardiopulmonar

Objective. Develop and semantically validate an instrument to assess the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)..Methods. Validation study of an instrument to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards CPR, developed in three phases: (i) development of the evaluation instruments by the authors; (ii) content validation performed by 14 expert judges in the area using the content validity index for analysis; and (iii) semantic validation carried out with the participation of 30 adolescents between 11 and 13 years old. Results. In the content validation, the questions on CPR knowledge obtained a content validity index (CVI) between 0.92 and 1.00, with a general index of 0.98; and the questions about attitudes obtained an IVC between 0.85 and 1.00, with a general index also of 0.98. Regarding semantic validation, three questions were modified in the knowledge assessment instruments and five in the attitude assessment instrument. Conclusion. Semantic and content validation of the instruments studied showed that they are suitable for assessing the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents related to CPR, so their use is recommended in the evaluation of training actions in this population group.

Objetivo. Desarrollar y validar semánticamente un instrumento para evaluar los conocimientos y las actitudes de adolescentes hacia la resucitación cardiopulmonar (RCP). Métodos. Estudio de validación de un instrumento para evaluar los conocimientos y las actitudes de adolescentes hacia la RCP que se desarrolló en tres fases: (i) desarrollo de los instrumentos de evaluación por parte de los autores; (ii) validación de contenido realizada por 14 jueces expertos en el área utilizando el índice de validez de contenido para el análisis; y (iii) validación semántica realizada con la participación de 30 adolescentes, entre los 11 y 13 años. Resultados. En la validación de contenido, las preguntas sobre conocimientos de RCP obtuvieron un índice de validez de contenido (IVC) entre 0.92 y 1.00, con índice general de 0.98; y las preguntas sobre actitudes obtuvieron un IVC entre 0.85 a 1.00, con un índice general también de 0.98. En cuanto a la validación semántica, se modificaron tres preguntas en los instrumentos de evaluación de conocimientos y cinco en el instrumento de evaluación de actitudes. Conclusión. La validación semántica y de contenido de los instrumentos estudiados mostraron que son adecuados para la valoración de conocimientos y actitudes de los adolescentes relacionados con la RCP, por lo que se recomienda su uso en la evaluación de acciones formativas en este grupo poblacional.

Objetivo. Desenvolver e validar semanticamente um instrumento para avaliar os conhecimentos e as atitudes de adolescentes para a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP). Métodos. Estudo de validação de um instrumento para avaliar os conhecimentos e as atitudes de adolescentes para a RCP que se desenvolveu em três fases: (i) desenvolvimento dos instrumentos de avaliação por parte dos autores; (ii) validação de conteúdo realizada por 14 juízes especialistas na área utilizando o índice de validez de conteúdo para a análise; e (iii) validação semântica realizada com a participação de 30 adolescentes de entre 11 e 13 anos. Resultados. Na validação de conteúdo, as perguntas sobre conhecimentos de RCP obtiveram um índice de validez de conteúdo (IVC) entre 0.92 e 1.00, com índice geral de 0.98; e as perguntas sobre atitudes obtiveram um IVC entre 0.85 a 1.00, com um índice geral também de 0.98. Enquanto à validação semântica, se modificaram três perguntas nos instrumentos de avaliação de conhecimentos e cinco no instrumento de avaliação de atitudes. Conclusão. A validação semântica e de conteúdo dos instrumentos estudados mostraram que são adequados para a valoração de conhecimentos e atitudes dos adolescentes relacionados com a RCP, por isso se recomenda seu uso na avaliação de ações formativas neste grupo populacional.

Cardiometabolic risk profile in relation to the practice of healthy habits in a sample of Spanish workers

Insulin resistance is a pathological entity that can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism and can increase cardiovascular risk. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different sociodemographic variables such as age, sex and social class and healthy habits such as smoking, physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the cardiometabolic profile of Spanish workers. Material and methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 1457 Spanish workers in an attempt to evaluate the effect of healthy habits (physical exercise determined with the IPAQ questionnaire, Mediterranean diet and tobacco consumption) and sociodemographic variables (age, sex and social class) on the values of different insulin resistance scales. Results. The progressive increase in the level of physical activity and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet achieved an improvement in the mean values and in the prevalence of elevated values in all the insulin resistance scales analyzed in this study. Age over 50 years and belonging to the least favored social classes (social classes II-III) were the variables that increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Male sex also increased the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Conclusions. The different healthy habits such as vigorous physical exercise and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet improve the values of the different scales that assess insulin resistance(AU)

La resistencia a la insulina es una entidad patológica que puede provocar alteraciones en el metabolismo de los lípidos y puede aumentar el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo. En este trabajo se pretende valorar la influencia de diferentes variables sociodemográficas como la edad, el sexo y la clase social y hábitos saludables como el consumo de tabaco, la actividad física y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea en el perfil cardiometabólico de trabajadores españoles. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 1457 trabajadores españoles intentando evaluar el efecto de los hábitos saludables (ejercicio físico determinado con el cuestionario IPAQ, dieta mediterránea y consumo de tabaco) y las variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo y clase social) sobre los valores de diferentes escalas de resistencia a la insulina. Resultados. El aumento progresivo del nivel de actividad física y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea consiguieron una mejoría en los valores medios y en la prevalencia de los valores elevados en todas las escalas de resistencia a la insulina analizadas en este estudio. La edad por encima de los 50 años y la pertenencia a las clases sociales menos favorecidas (clases sociales II-III) fueron las variables que aumentaron el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. El sexo masculino también incrementó el riesgo de presentar resistencia a la insulina. Conclusiones. Los diferentes hábitos saludables como el ejercicio físico vigoroso y la alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea mejoran los valores de las diferentes escalas que valoran resistencia a la insulina(AU)

Cognición y capacidad funcional en el adulto mayor / Cognition and Functional Capacity in the Elderly Adult

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la relación entre cognición y capacidad funcional en el adulto mayor. Método: Investigación descriptiva transversal, correlacional, realizada en 2015-2016 en La Libertad (Perú) con 1110 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, ambos sexos, aptos o no física y mentalmente, quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y aceptaron voluntariamente participar en el estudio. Se midieron las variables cognición con el Minimental State Examination (MMSE) de Folstein y cols, la capacidad funcional con el indice de Katz para actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) y la escala de Lawton y Brody para las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). Recolectada la información, se hizo un análisis bivariado para determinar la relación entre las variables utilizando la prueba chi cuadrado. Resultados: El mayor porcentaje (22.7%) de los adultos fue 60-64 años, 58.8% mujeres, 47.4% con instrucción primaria, 93.6 % cognición normal, y 83,4 y 60 % fueron independientes en actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria, respectivamente. Existe relación altamente significativa entre cognición y capacidad funcional de las actividades básicas de la vida diaria (x2=206.0 valor p= 0.000) y actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (x2=289.0 valor p= 0.000). Conclusiones: Existe una íntima relación entre la cognición y la capacidad funcional a través de las actividades de la vida diaria determinantes importantes para el envejecimiento saludable y bienestar en la vejez, y para enfermería son desafíos promover y/o mantener estos determinantes al nivel más alto posible.

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the relationship between cognition and functional capacity in the elderly. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive, correlational research conducted in 2015-2016 in La Libertad (Peru) with 1110 adults over 60 years of age and older, both sexes, physically or mentally fit or not. who met the inclusion criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The variables were measured: cognition with the Minols State Examination (MMSE) of Folstein and cols., and the functional capacity with the Katz index for basic activities of daily living (ABVD) and the Lawton and Brody scale for activities instruments of daily life (AIVD). Once the information was collected, a bivariate analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variables using the chi-square test. Results: The highest percentage (22.7 %) of the elderly were 60-64 years old, 58.8 % women, 47.4 % with primary education, 93.6 % normal cognition, and 83.4 % and 60 % were independent in basic life activities daily, and in instrumental activities of daily life, respectively. There is a highly significant relationship between cognition and functional capacity of the basic activities of daily life (x2 = 206.0 p-value = 0.000) and instrumental activities of daily life (x2 = 289.0 p-value = 0.000). Conclusions: There is an intimate relationship between cognition and functional capacity through the activities of daily life important determinants for healthy aging and well-being in old age, and for nursing it is challenges to promote and / or maintain these determinants at the highest possible level.

Alcohol consumption in Spanish mental health patients vs. working population / Consumo de alcohol en España en pacientes de unidades de salud mental versus trabajadores en general

Abstract Introduction: Alcohol consumption has a high prevalence in society and its chronic consumption is one of the main factors related to health condition in an individual, along with other aspects concerning lifestyle. Regarding the health-disease correlation, it is one of the main determinants of health, from an epidemiological point of view, and has been a traditional object of study from different perspectives and in diverse population groups. Objective: To compare consumption patterns and related variables in two different groups: patients in mental health units and workers in general. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in a population of 1 180 service workers and 304 patients in a mental health unit. Sociodemographic and work aspects, as well as pattern of alcohol consumption were analyzed for both populations. Results: Differences in both groups were observed regarding the number of consumers, quantity of consumption and type of beverages consumed, differences that disappear, in part, when comparing groups of workers of both population samples. Conclusions: Differences in the consumption pattern of both populations lead to different preventive-assistance strategies and to the need for implementing coordinated actions by specific programs among those affected.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de alcohol tiene una elevada prevalencia en la sociedad y su consumo crónico es uno de los principales factores relacionados con el estado de salud de los individuos, junto a otros aspectos concernientes al estilo de vida. Debido a su importancia, este tema ha sido objeto tradicional de estudio desde diferentes perspectivas epidemiológicas y en diversos colectivos poblacionales. Objetivo. Realizar una comparativa de patrones de consumo y variables relacionadas en dos colectivos diferenciados: pacientes de unidades de salud mental y trabajadores en general. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en una población de 1 180 trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública y 304 pacientes de una unidad de salud mental. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y laborales y el patrón de consumo de alcohol. Resultados. Existen diferencias en ambos colectivos en cuanto al número de consumidores, cantidad de consumo y tipo de bebidas consumidas, diferencias que desaparecen en parte cuando se comparan colectivos de trabajadores de ambas muestras poblacionales. Conclusiones. Las diferencias en el patrón de consumo de ambas poblaciones orientan hacia actuaciones preventivo-asistenciales distintas en ambos grupos y hacia una necesidad de implementar actuaciones coordinadas entre todos los afectados mediante programas específicos.

Valoración del riesgo cardiovascular en varones conductores profesionales del área mediterránea española y variables asociadas / Assessment of cardiovascular risk in male professional drivers of the Spanish mediterranean area and associated variables

INTRODUCCIÓN: El riesgo cardiovascular es una de las principales pre ocupaciones de los servicios de salud laboral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo y transversal en 2944 varones conductores profesionales (487 taxistas, 908 con ductores de autobús y 1549 conductores de camión) y se valoran diferentes variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: El 27,4% de los conductores son obesos, el 25% hiper tensos, un 48% presentan valores elevados de colesterol y un 29,5% triglicéridos altos, mientras la hiperglucemia aparece en el 6,5%. Un 15,8% cumplen los criterios de síndrome metabólico, un 2,6% presentan valores elevados en la escala REGICOR y un 7,9% en la escala SCORE. El riesgo elevado de padecer diabetes tipo 2 con la escala Findrisk aparece en el 13% de los conductores. CONCLUSIONES: Globalmente, el colectivo de taxistas es el que presenta peores resultados en todas las variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular risk is one of the main concerns of occupational health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2944 professional male drivers (487 taxi drivers, 908 bus drivers and 1549 truck drivers) and different variables related to cardiovascular risk were assessed. RESULTS: 27.4% of the drivers are obese, 25% hypertensive, 48% have high cholesterol and 29.5% high triglycerides, while hyperglycemia appears in 6.5%. 15.8% met the metabolic syndrome criteria, 2.6% presented high values on the REGICOR scale and 7.9% on the SCORE scale. The high risk of type 2 diabetes with the Findrisk scale appears in 13% of drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Globally the group of taxi drivers is the one that pres ents worse results in all the variables related to cardiovascular risk.

Consumo de alcohol en trabajadores españoles del sector servicios: variables sociodemográficas y laborales implicadas / Alcohol consumption in occupational environment: Relationshipwith socio-demographic and labour factors

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de alcohol y drogas tiene una elevada prevalência en población general y entre trabajadores, repercutiendo en la salud laboral con incremento de enfermedades relacionadas con su consumo, accidentes laborales, absentismo, conflictividad laboral, incapacidades laborales y disminución de la productividad. MÉTODO: Estudio realizado en 7.644 trabajadores del sector servicios estableciendo relaciones entre consumo de alcohol y variables sociodemográficas: edad, sexo, nivel académico, clase social y tipo de trabajo realizado. RESULTADOS: El mayor porcentaje de bebedores de riesgo se encuentra en la clase social más baja (65,7% en mujeres y 96,7% en hombres), blue collar (53,7% en mujeres y 88,5% en hombres) y no universitarios (80,6% en mujeres y 95,9% en hombres). Son más frecuentes entre 41-50 años en las mujeres (62,7%) y 51-60 años en los hombres (71,3%). El consumo medio semanal en UBE (Unidades de Bebida Estándar) es superior en las mujeres y hombres de menor clase social y blue collar, y en las mujeres universitarias y hombres con estudios primarios. CONCLUSIONES: Realizar políticas preventivas sobre consumo alcohólico en medio laboral requiere el máximo conocimiento de los aspectos con mayor repercusión en este tema, apoyo formativo y abordaje asistencial de los trabajadores afectados.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of alcohol consumption and other drugs is high in the general population, and also among the labour population, affecting specifically the occupational health by increasing alcohol consumption-related diseases, work injuries, absenteeism, disability, work conflicts and reduced productivity. METHOD: A study has been conducted with 7.644 service workers to establish the relationship between alcohol consumption and socio demographic variables such as age, sex, educational level, social class and type of work performed. RESULTS: The highest percentage of heavy and abusive drinkers is in the lowest social class (65,7% in women and 96,7% in men), blue collar (53,7% in women and 88,5% in men) and non-college graduates (80,6% in women and 95,9% men). By age, this high risk drinker, are more frequent in the group 41-50 years among women (62,7%) and 51-60 years in men (71,3%). The average weekly consumption in UBE is higher in women and men of lower social class, blue collar, college women and men with primary education level. CONCLUSIONS: To implement preventive policies on alcohol consumption in the workplace is requires the maximum knowledge of the factors with the greatest impact, to enhance the implementation of prevention programs, training support, and clinical management of the affected workers.

Accidente de trabajo por crisis epiléptica y traumatismo craneoencefálico con resultado de muerte Una revisión desde la jurisprudencia y legislación en España / Work related injury due to epileptic crisis and craneoencephalic trauma resulting in death A revision done from jurisprudence and legislation in Spain

El concepto de "daño laboral" es objeto de controversia en todos los países y la forma de entenderse varía en función de las diferentes normativas legales. Es objetivo de este trabajo valorar las circunstancias de un caso de reclamación de accidente de trabajo con resultado de muerte en un trabajador epiléptico y en el que, como consecuencia de una crisis, se produce un traumatismo craneoencefálico de consecuencias fatales. En el caso se reclama la contingencia de accidente laboral, denegada en primera instancia por la Mutua de accidentes laborales y enfermedades profesionales. En España la definición legal de accidente de trabajo ha sido desarrollada por la jurisprudencia prácticamente en todos los elementos que lo configuran; comprende el concepto de trabajo por cuenta ajena, la lesión, el daño o perjuicio ocasionado físico- psíquico y considera lesión constitutiva de accidente, no sólo la que deriva de es la acción súbita y violenta de un agente exterior sobre el cuerpo humano, sino también el daño que proviene de determinadas enfermedades, como procesos de actuación interna, súbita o lenta, que se produzcan o tengan su origen en el trabajo. En enfermedades comunes como la epilepsia, la falta de un vínculo causal estricto o directo entre la epilepsia y el trabajo no impide que se aplique la presunción legal a los resultados lesivos ocasionados por las crisis comiciales en el lugar y tiempo de trabajo (fallecimiento o lesiones sufridas por caídas originadas por la crisis), dado que los mismos pueden haberse producido con ocasión del trabajo.

The concept of "work-related injury" is controversial in all countries and its design varies depending on the different legal precepts of each one. The objective of this study is to assess the circumstances of a case of a work accident claim resulting in the death of employee suffering from epilepsy and in which, as the result of a crisis, a brain trauma occurs with fatal consequences. Laborer contingency is claimed, but it is denied in the first instance by the Mutual of occupational accidents and diseases. In Spain, the legal definition of an accident at work has been developed by case-law in virtually all the elements that constitute it. It contemplates the concept of gainful employment, damage or injury caused, of physical and mental injury, and it deems as injury or accident not only what results from the sudden and violent action of an external agent on the human body, but also the damage that comes from certain diseases such as internal processes, sudden or slow action, or arising or originating from the job. With common diseases such as epilepsy, the lack of a strict or direct causal link between epilepsy and work does not preclude any legal presumption to the harmful results caused by seizures in the place and time of the job (death or injuries from falls caused by the crisis), as these may have occurred during work.

Síndrome del ojo seco y trabajo: revisión preventiva desde la legislación española / Dry eye syndrome and work: A preventive review around the Spanish legislation

El síndrome de ojo seco tiene una prevalencia en la población española de aproximadamente el 11 % y su impacto en el mundo laboral se asocia a formas de trabajo con uso creciente de pantallas y dispositivos electrónicos, condiciones medioambientales de modernos diseños de oficinas y despachos y exposición laboral a radiaciones ionizantes, productos químicos o polvo ambiental. Revisamos los factores de riesgo asociados con este síndrome en el mundo del trabajo y en torno a la legislación preventiva española, en la que las actuaciones en salud laboral se desarrollan en los servicios de prevención de riesgos, y se destacó la aptitud laboral del trabajador afectado y su posible consideración como trabajador especialmente sensible a determinados riesgos laborales. Las actuaciones consensuadas, precoces y coordinadas entre médicos del trabajo, técnicos y especialidades clínicas implicadas, especialmente la Oftalmología, permitirá prevenir y controlar más eficazmente esta patología de forma más eficaz, cuanto más precoz.

Dry eye syndrome is a condition whose prevalence in Spanish population is around 11 % and with an impact on the labor world associated with new ways of working, with increasing use of screens and electronic devices, environmental conditions encountered in modern designs in offices, with changes in air exchange and variations in ambiental humidity and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, environmental chemicals or dust. We review the risk factors associated with the syndrome of dry eye in the labor world around Spanish preventive legislation. The occupational health actions must be carried out within the preventive service, with special relevance in Occupational Health assessment of fitness of the worker concerned and possible consideration as a worker especially sensitive to certain occupational hazards. The implementation of actions agreed, coordinated early and occupational physicians, safety technicians and clinical specialties involved, among which ophthalmology, will prevent and control this disease more effectively.

Dolor y localización en trabajadores: variables sociodemográficas y laborales implicadas / Pain and location in workers: demographic variables and work involved

El dolor es la principal causa de consultas médicas, con una importante repercusión a nivel asistencial, individual y grupal en todos los países. En España, según los datos de un estudio del año 2000, la prevalencia del dolor se sitúa en el 17,25 por ciento de la población adulta. En ámbito laboral, la experiencia de dolor guarda relación con la severidad del mismo y repercute en ausentismo y presentismo. Es objetivo de este trabajo valorar la localización más frecuente de puntos de dolor en población laboral española, valorando la múltiple localización de puntos de dolor y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y con el tipo de trabajo desempeñado. Metodología. Estudio observacional transversal realizado sobre una muestra de 1.080 trabajadores, con edades comprendidas entre los 18-65 años, durante los reconocimientos periódicos de vigilancia de la salud de empresas del sector servicios en España. Para la valoración de los aspectos estudiados de características del dolor, localización y repercusión se utiliza el cuestionario breve para la detección del dolor (BPI reducido), validado para España. Resultados. Hay menos puntos de dolor en el hombre (entre 0 y 2 puntos de dolor) que en la mujer (entre 3 y 5 o más puntos dolorosos), siendo estas diferencias significativas. A medida que aumenta la edad, la hace el porcentaje de personas con varios puntos de dolor en ambos sexos. La ubicación del dolor muestra escasas diferencias en función del trabajo desempeñado, con discreta tendencia a incrementarse en extremidades inferiores y superiores en los trabajos manuales, y en cuello y tórax-espalda en los no manuales, pero sin que las diferencias sean significativas. Hay diferencias en la localización del dolor por grupo de edad, más frecuentes los dolores en cabeza, cuello y tórax-espalda en los más jóvenes, y los de pelvis, extremidades inferiores y superiores en los más mayores, con diferencias significativas...

The pain is the leading cause of medical consultations, with a significant impact on care, individual and group level in all countries. In Spain and in accordance with the data from that study, the prevalence of pain stood at 17.25 percent of the adult population. At work pain experience is related with its severity and impact on absenteeism and presentism. Objective of this study is to assess the most common site of pain points in Spanish workforce, valuing the multiple locations of points of pain and its relationship to socio demographic variables and the type of work performed Methodology. Cross sectional study in a sample of 1,080workers, aged 18-65 years during periodic surveys to monitor the health service sector firms in Spain. To evaluate the studied aspects of pain characteristics, location and impact the short questionnaire for the detection of pain (BPI reduced), validated for Spain is used Results. There are fewer points of pain in man (between 0-2 points of pain) than women (between 3 and 5 or more tender points), being these significant differences. With increasing age, does the percentage of people with different points of pain in both sexes. The location of pain shows little difference in terms of work performed, with slight tendency to increase in upper and lower extremities in manual work and in neck and chest-back in no manual, but the differences are not significant There are differences in the location of pain by age group, the most frequent pains in head, neck and thorax-up in younger and pelvis, upper and lower extremities in older, with significant differences The average number of points of pain reported by workers is higher in women and non-manual workers and increases as does age. The differences in the three cases are statistically significant...

Riesgo cardiovascular en la población laboral: Impacto en aspectos preventivos / Cardiovascular risk in the working population: Impact on the preventive aspects

Parámetros de obesidad en la población laboral española y la relación con los parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Establecer relaciones entre la obesidad y los diferentes parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular que faciliten la implantación de estrategias preventivas en el ámbito laboral. Método: Estudio transversal realizado a 1,447 trabajadores de empresas del sector servicios (terciario) de España. Se parte de los valores de la FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) para la catalogación de sobrepeso/obesidad y se realiza el estudio bivariante con parámetros analíticos, de obesidad, estilo de vida, cálculo de la edad del corazón y riesgo cardiovascular-Framingham. Resultados: El sobrepeso muestra relaciones estadísticas significativas con riesgo incrementado de hipertensión arterial, glucemia basal y diabetes, incremento de grasa corporal, visceral y perímetro de cintura, menor masa muscular, índices elevados de lípidos, estilos de vida no saludables y coexistencia con patologías de riesgo cardiovascular. Los parámetros de edad del corazón, los años perdidos y Framingham son mayores en personas con sobrepeso. Conclusiones: La actuación preventiva desde las empresas parte de un conocimiento previo de la situación de riesgo cardiovascular de los trabajadores, facilitando una planificación más eficaz y menor coste de las acciones en promoción de la salud e intervención coordinadas con los especialistas involucrados en su control y seguimiento.

Obesity parameters in Spanish working population and its relation to cardiovascular risk parameters. Objective: Linking obesity and cardiovascular risk various parameters to facilitate the implementation of preventive strategies in the workplace. Method: Cross-sectional study of 1,447 workers in companies in the service sector (tertiary) of Spain. Values are part of FAO cataloging of overweight/obesity and bivariate study is performed with laboratory parameters, obesity, lifestyle, age calculation heart and Framingham-cardiovascular risk. Results: Overweight show significant statistical relationships with increased risk of blood pressure, fasting glucose and diabetes, increased body fat, waist circumference and visceral fat, decreased muscle mass, high levels of lipids, unhealthy life styles and coexistence with pathologies of cardiovascular risk. Parameters of heart age, lost years and Framingham are higher in overweight people. Conclusions: Preventive action from companies start with a prior knowledge of the situation of workers relative to cardiovascular risk, thus facilitating better planning and lower cost actions in health promotion and intervention, coordinated with specialists involved in control and monitoring.

Consumo de alcohol en población trabajadora española y repercusiones metabólicas / Alcohol consumption in the Spanish working population and metabolic repercussion

Objetivos: identificar diferencias en indicadores analíticos y de síndrome metabólico entre consumidores o no consumidores de alcohol y población trabajadora española como base para planificar actuaciones preventivas en las empresas. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en 929 personas del sector de servicios en España, sin selección previa. Se valoró el consumo de alcohol referido y se relacionó con indicadores del síndrome metabólico, hepáticos, de obesidad, con edad y sexo. Las diferencias entre las medias se valoraron mediante la prueba t student y las diferencias en las proporciones mediante tablas de contingencia. Resultados: participaron 546 (58,77 %) hombres y 383 (41,23 %) mujeres, media de edad 45 años. Menor consumo de alcohol en mujeres. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los indicadores analíticos en relación con el consumo de alcohol. Es importante valorar la tendencia positiva en las concentraciones de triglicéridos y el síndrome metabólico en mujeres (p= 0,007). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos orientan a realizar estudios más precisos y con mayor tamaño muestral en apoyo a políticas preventivas de consumo de alcohol y mejora de la salud de los trabajadores.

Objectives: to identify differences in analytical indicators and in metabolic syndromes between alcohol consumers and non-consumers and the Spanish working population as a basis of planning preventive actions in companies. Methods: descriptive study conducted in 929 persons from the service sector in Spain, without being previously selected. The alcohol consumption was assessed and compared with metabolic syndrome, hepatic, obesity, age and sex indicators. Mean differences were assessed with Student's t test and the differences in proportions through the contingency tables. Results: five hundred and forty six (58.77 %) men and three hundred and eighty three (41.23 %) women, 45 years-old as average, participated. Lower alcohol consumption in women was observed. Statistically significant differences were not observed in the analytical indicators with respect to alcohol consumption. There was positive tendency to be taken into account in the triglyceride concentrations and the metabolic syndrome in women (p= 0,007). Conclusions: the achieved results advice the conduction of more precise studies with larger samples to support alcohol consumption prevention policies and to improve the health of workers.

La incapacidad temporal en España por algunas enfermedades psiquiátricas. (Trastornos esquizofrénicos, trastorno bipolar y trastornos ansiosos, depresivos y adaptativos) / Sick leaves caused by psychiatric diseases in Spain during 2011

Background: Psychiatric and mood disorders may hamper the efficiency of workers and cause absenteeism. Material and Methods: Revision of sick leaves related to schizophrenia, bipolar diseases, anxiety, depression and adaptive disorders that were granted in Spain in the period January- December 2011. The mean number of days off work for each disease and the costs per each labor day lost were calculated. Results: The total number of labor days lost for schizophrenia, bipolar diseases and mood disorders were 72,831; 899,107 and 3,666,055 days, respectively. The mean duration of sick leaves for the same diagnoses were 84; 100 and 64 days/year respectively. The total indirect costs of sick leaves for psychiatric diseases during 2011 were € 100 million approximately, corresponding to 4% of costs for all diseases. Conclusions: The high costs of absenteeism derived from psychiatric diseases should prompt measures to promote a better adaptation to work environments of people suffering these ailments.