[Overweight and obesity: review and update]. / Sobrepeso y obesidad: revisión y puesta al día de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SLAGHN.

Obesity is an epidemic with important health repercussions in addition to high treatment-related costs. Between 2006 and 2007 the WHO developed new assessment tools, which aren't being globally used. In fact, there is no unified problem management across the hemisphere. Objectives: To update obesity epidemiology, to promote application of WHO's standards, to review new findings on physiopathology (i.e., fatty tissue as endocrine organ, intestinal microbiota), to update epidemiological information, and to provide management guidelines that can be integrated in clinical care. Methods: LAPSGHAN called up its members to collaborate in preparing this review article under the direction of an editor/coordinator, who selected the contents and literature with the best evidencetogether with the members. Each member prepared a separate document for each content. The chosen contents were later collated, unified, and edited. Results. This documents highlights the following: 1) Although extreme obesity is increasing in the US, overweight and obesity prevalence has stabilized, while in other countries it is alarmingly increasing; 2) New information regarding role of fatty tissue as endocrine organ and self-regulator of obesity; 3) The promising role of microbiota; and 4) Guidelines for children handling during consultation and follow-up. Conclusions: There is no widespread implementation of standards and guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO). There is no agreement as to whether z-scores or percentiles should be used, especially regarding children under 2 due to their changing body complexion. The most accepted tool to assess overweight, obesity and severe obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). This document provides recommendations on how to approach clinical care with affected children.

Práctica de actividad física, actividades sedentarias y hábitos alimentarios en escolares entre los 5 y 10 años con exceso de peso de un colegio en Bogotá, Colombia / Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and dietary habits in 5- to 10-year-old overweight children attending a school in Bogota, Colombia

Antecedentes. La obesidad infantil es entendida como una problemática del siglo XXI por la Organización Mundial de la Salud; ENSIN 2010 reportó exceso de peso en 18,9% de los niños entre los 5 y 9 años. Objetivo. Identificar la actividad física, actividades sedentarias y hábitos alimentarios en escolares entre los 5 y 10 años con exceso de peso de una institución educativa en Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Valoración nutricional antropométrica (T/E e IMC/E), estándares de crecimiento OMS 2006-2007, puntos de corte Resolución 2121 y OMS, actividad física medida por podometría, actividades sedentarias y hábitos evaluados por encuesta, consumo energético por registro de alimentos de tres días, análisis de datos empleando estadística descriptiva con Microsoft Excel 2011 para Mac y EpiInfo 7. Resultados. Edad 8 años 5 meses ± 1 año y 3 meses, 53,8% masculino, 41,8% escolares obesos, 7.462 ± 3.028 pasos/día, escolares sedentarios (57,8%), actividades sedentarias de 2 a 4 horas/día (52,6%), energía 1.842 ± 464 Kcal/día, distribución calórica: proteína (15 ± 1%), grasa (30 ± 4%) y carbohidratos (56 ± 4%). Conclusiones. Escolares con exceso de peso, actividad física baja y sedentarismo, actividades sedentarias mayores a dos horas e ingesta energética incrementada con distribución del valor calórico total adecuado.

Background. Childhood obesity is a problem affecting the 21st century, according to the World Health Organization. The ENSIN 2010 reported 18.9% of children aged 5 to 9 years-old being overweight. Objective. Ascertaining the physical activity, sedentary behaviour and dietary habits of 5- to 10-year-old overweight children attending a school in Bogota, Colombia. Materials and methods. This study involved anthropometric nutritional assessment (H/A and BMI/A) using WHO growth standards 2006-2007 and Resolution 2121 and WHO cutoff points. Physical activity was measured by pedometer, sedentary activities and habits were assessed by survey and energy was evaluated by 3-day record of food intake. Microsoft Excel 2011 for Mac and Epilnfo 7 were used for data analysis (descriptive statistics). Results. Average age was 8 years 5 months (± 1 year and 3 months); 53.8% of the sample was male. BMI showed that 41.8% were obese, 7,462 ± 3,028 steps/day were recorded, 57.8% were classified as being sedentary students (sedentary activities lasted 2-4 hours/day (52.6%) and energy expenditure was 1,842 ± 464 kcal/day. Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) regarding calorie distribution was 15 ± 1% protein, 30 ± 4% fat and 56 ± 4% carbohydrates. Conclusions. It was found that students had excess weight, were sedentary and had a low level of physical activity. Sedentary activities lasted more than two hours per day and energy intake was increased regarding the norm for this age-group; however, RDA concerning total calories was adequate for such age-group.

Nutrición materna y sus implicaciones en la adiposidad infantil / Infant adiposity is influenced by the maternal nutrition

Se ha demostrado que la nutrición materna está relacionada con la composición corporal de los niños, y el riesgo potencial de desarrollar obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en la edad adulta. La mala nutrición antes de la concepción, el excesivo aumento de peso durante el embarazo, la inadecuada ingestión de nutrientes y el exceso de calorías durante la gestación, además de la rápida ganancia de peso en los primeros dos años de vida del niño, son algunos de los factores relacionados con la alteración de la composición corporal y la adiposidad en la edad pediátrica. En la presente revisión se enfocan los orígenes de la adiposidad infantil desde el embarazo e, incluso, desde antes de la concepción.

The evidence has shown that maternal nutrition is related with infant body composition and an increased risk of obesity and chronic diseases in adulthood. The nutritional status at pre-pregnancy, the excessive gestational weight gain, inadequate intake of nutrients and excess of energy during gestation, as well as the rapid weight gain during the first two years of life, are some of the factors related with the disturbance of the body composition and the adiposity in the pediatric age. This article traces the origins of infant adiposity back to pregnancy and preconception periods.

Efecto de la administración de lípidos intravenosos desde el primer día sobre el nivel de plaquetas en recién nacidos a término y pre término / Effect of parenteral nutrition intravenous lipids on platelet blood counting in term and preterm newborns

Introducción: la nutrición parenteral en recién nacidos es una alternativa cuando tienen alterada la vía enteral. La trombocitopenia ha sido reportada como efecto adverso del uso de lípidos intravenosos. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto la administración intravenosa de lípidos sobre el recuento de plaquetas en recién nacidos. Materiales y métodos: estudio prospectivo en todos los recién nacidos que necesitaron nutrición parenteral, hospitalizados en un centro asistencial de Bucaramanga (Colombia), durante un mes. Todos recibieron lípidos intravenosos en dosis crecientes de 0,5 g/kg/día el primer día, hasta 3 g/kg/día, fueron monitorizados diariamente y evaluado su recuento de plaquetas al inicio y siete días después. Resultados: ingresaron 22 recién nacidos a término y 29 pretérmino, 55% hombres, con diversas condiciones clínicas, como prematurez (22), enterocolitis necrosante (17), dificultad respiratoria (4), atresia esofágica (2) y otras (6). En el recuento de plaquetas no se observaron diferencias significativas (p>0,05), entre el inicio del estudio y el séptimo día, ni en los niños pretérmino (227.320±86290/mm3 versus 294.930±120.600/mm3), ni en aquellos a término (276.140±130.240/mm3 versus 273.240±96.890/mm3), tampoco se observaron efectos adversos. Conclusión: en recién nacidos a término y pretérmino, la administración de lípidos intravenosos a dosis hasta 3 g/kg/día, es segura, libre de trombocitopenia y otros efectos.

Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (NPT) support is another option in newborn when they cannot receive enteral nutrition. Thrombocytopenia has been reported as a complication for the use of NPT intravenous lipids. Objective: To evaluate the effect of NPT intravenous lipids on platelet blood counting in newborns. Materials and methods: this is a prospective study carried out in newborns requiring parenteral nutrition support who were hospitalized in Bucaramanga- Colombia. All patients received intravenous lipids. Doses were increasing of 0,5 g/kg/ day at the first day to reach 3 g/kg/day at the end. They were monitored daily and platelet blood counting was assessed at baseline and seven days later. Results: subjects were 22 term newborns and 29 preterm (55% men), they presenting different clinical conditions like prematurity (22), necrotic enterocolitis (17), respiratory problems (4), esophageal atresia (2) and others (6). The platelet blood counting showed no significant differences between baseline and the seventh day (p> 0.05), no in preterm (227.320±86290/mm3 versus 294.930±120.600/mm3),and either in the newborns (276.140±130.240/mm3 versus 273.240±96.890/mm3) no adverse effects were reported. Conclusion: administration of intravenous lipid at doses up to 3 g/ kg / day in term and preterm newborns is safe, and no thrombocytopenia was not reported and other adverse effects.