Obstetric anal sphincter injuries during instrumental vaginal delivery: An observational study based on 18-years of real-world data.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and secular trends of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) in vacuum and forceps deliveries in Norway, both with and without episiotomy. DESIGN: Population-based real-world data collected during 2001-2018. SETTING: Medical Birth Registry Norway. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: Nulliparous women with singleton foetuses in a cephalic presentation delivered by either vacuum or forceps (n = 70 783). METHODS: Logistic regression analyses were applied to the OASIS prevalence in six 3-year time periods. Both crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: OASIS prevalence. RESULTS: The OASIS prevalence in vacuum and forceps deliveries decreased from 14.8% during 2001-2003 to 5.2% during 2016-2018. The overall reduction between the first and last 3-year time period was 61% (aOR = 0.39, 95% CIs = 0.35-0.43). The only exception to this decreasing trend in OASIS was found in forceps deliveries performed without an episiotomy. The OASIS prevalence was approximately twofold higher in forceps compared to vacuum deliveries (aOR = 1.92, 95% CIs = 1.79-2.05). Performing either a mediolateral or lateral episiotomy was associated with a 45% decrease in the prevalence of OASIS relative to no episiotomy (aOR = 0.55, 95% CIs = 0.52-0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Opting for vacuum rather than forceps delivery in conjunction with a mediolateral or lateral episiotomy could significantly lower the OASIS prevalence in nulliparous women.

Trends in Term Intrapartum Stillbirth in Norway.

Importance: Fetal death during labor at term is a complication that is rarely studied in high-income countries. There is a need for large population-based studies to examine the rate of term intrapartum stillbirth in high-income countries and the factors associated with its occurrence. Objective: To evaluate trends in term intrapartum stillbirth over time and to investigate the association between the trends and term intrapartum stillbirth risk factors from 1999 to 2018 in Norway. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1999 to 2018 to examine rates of term intrapartum stillbirth and risk factors associated with this event. A population of 1 021 268 term singleton pregnancies without congenital anomalies or antepartum stillbirths was included in analyses, which were performed from September 2022 to February 2023. Exposure: The main exposure variable was time, which was divided into four 5-year periods: 1999 to 2003, 2004 to 2008, 2009 to 2013, and 2014 to 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcome was term intrapartum stillbirth. Risk ratios were calculated, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with secular trends of term intrapartum stillbirth. Results: The study population consisted of 1 021 268 term singleton births (maternal mean [SD] age, 29.72 [5.01] years; mean [SD] gestational age, 39.69 [1.27] weeks). During the study period, there were 95 term intrapartum stillbirths (0.09 per 1000 births). Maternal age, the proportion of individuals born in a country other than Norway, and the prevalence of gestational diabetes, labor induction, operative vaginal delivery, and previous cesarean delivery increased over the course of the study period. Conversely, the prevalence of infants large for gestational age, hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, and spontaneous vaginal delivery and the proportion of individuals who smoked decreased. The term intrapartum stillbirth rate decreased by 87% (95% CI, 68%-95%) from 0.15 per 1000 births in 1999 to 2008 to 0.02 per 1000 births in 2014 to 2018. Three in 4 term intrapartum stillbirths (70 of 95) occurred during intrapartum operative deliveries. The increased prevalence of older maternal age and obstetric risk factors were not associated with the variation in intrapartum stillbirth rates among the time periods. The prevalence of term intrapartum stillbirth was higher for individuals who gave birth in maternity units with fewer than 3000 annual births (adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.07-2.61) than for those who gave birth in units with 3000 or more annual births. Conclusions and Relevance: Findings of this study suggest that, despite increases in maternal and obstetric risk factors, term intrapartum stillbirth rates substantially decreased during the study period. Reasons for this decrease may be due to improvements in intrapartum care.

Time trends in caesarean section rates and associations with perinatal and neonatal health: a population-based cohort study of 1 153 789 births in Norway.

OBJECTIVES: To study caesarean section (CS) rates and associations with perinatal and neonatal health in Norway during 1999-2018. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Medical Birth Registry of Norway. PARTICIPANTS: 1 153 789 births and 1 174 066 newborns. METHODS: CS, intrapartum, perinatal and neonatal mortality rates expressed as percentages (%) or per mille (‰) with 95% CIs. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: CS rates in the Robson Ten-Group Classification System; intrapartum, perinatal and neonatal mortality rates. RESULTS: The overall CS rate increased from 12.9% in 1999 to 16.7% in 2008 (p<0.001), and then reduced to 15.8% in 2018 (p<0.001). The largest reductions were observed in Robson groups 2 and 4. In Robson group 2, the planned CS rate decreased from 9.6% in 2007-2008 to 4.6% in 2017-2018, the intrapartum CS rate decreased from 26.6% in 2007-2008 to 22.3% in 2017-2018. In Robson group 4, the planned CS rate decreased from 16.1% in 2007-2008 to 7.6% in 2017-2018, and the intrapartum CS rate decreased from 7.8% in 2007-2008 to 5.2% in 2017-2018.The intrapartum fetal mortality rate decreased from 0.51 per 1000 (‰) in 1999-2000 to 0.14‰ in 2017-2018. Neonatal mortality decreased from 2.52‰ to 1.58‰. CONCLUSIONS: CS rates in Norway increased between 1999 and 2008, followed by a significant reduction between 2008 and 2018. At the same time, fetal and neonatal mortality rates decreased. Norwegian obstetricians and midwives have contributed to maintaining a low CS rate under 17%. These findings indicate that restricting the use of CS is a safe option for perinatal health.

Different pathways for preterm birth between singleton and twin pregnancies: a population-based registry study of 481 176 nulliparous women.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the contribution of pregnancy-related complications on the prevalence of extremely, very and late preterm births in singleton and twin pregnancies. To study the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in twin pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies. DESIGN: Population-based registry study. SETTING: Medical birth registry of Norway and Statistics Norway. POPULATION: Nulliparous women with singleton (n = 472 449) or twin (n = 8727) births during 1999-2018. METHODS: Prevalence rates of pregnancy-related complications for extremely, very and late preterm birth in twin and singleton pregnancies were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to assess odds ratios for preterm birth, adjusted for obstetric and socio-economic factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Extremely preterm (<28+0  weeks of gestation), very preterm (28+0 -33+6  weeks of gestation) and late preterm (34+0 -36+6  weeks of geatation) birth. RESULTS: Preterm birth was significantly more prevalent in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies in all categories: all preterm (54.7% vs 6.1%), extremely preterm (3.6% vs 0.4%), very preterm (18.2% vs 1.4%) and late preterm (33.0% vs 4.3%) births. Stillbirth, congenital malformation and pre-eclampsia were more prevalent in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies, but the prevalence of complications differed in the three categories of preterm birth. Pre-eclampsia was more prevalent in singleton than in twin pregnancies ending in extremely and very preterm birth. The adjusted odds of spontaneous preterm live birth were between 19- and 54-fold greater in twin pregnancies than in singleton pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Singleton and twin pregnancies seem to have different pathways leading to extremely, very and late preterm birth.

Exploring the impact of indication on variation in rates of intrapartum caesarean section in six Palestinian hospitals: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Caesarean section rates are rising globally. No specific caesarian section rate at either country-level or hospital-level was recommended. In Palestinian government hospitals, nearly one-fourth of all births were caesarean sections, ranging from 14.5 to 35.6%. Our aim was to assess whether variation in odds for intrapartum caesarean section in six Palestinian government hospitals can be explained by differences in indications. METHODS: Data on maternal and fetal health were collected prospectively for all women scheduled for vaginal delivery during the period from 1st March 2015 to 30th November 2016 in six government hospitals in Palestine. Comparisons of proportions in sociodemographic, antenatal obstetric characteristics and indications by the hospital were tested by χ2 test and differences in means by one-way ANOVA analysis. The odds for intrapartum caesarean section were estimated by logistic regression. The amount of explained variance was estimated by Nagelkerke R square. RESULTS: Out of 51,041 women, 4724 (9.3%) underwent intrapartum caesarean section. The prevalence of intrapartum caesarean section varied across hospitals; from 7.6 to 22.1% in nulliparous, and from 5.8 to 14.1% among parous women. The most common indications were fetal distress and failure to progress in nulliparous, and previous caesarean section with an additional obstetric indication among parous women. Adjusted ORs for intrapartum caesarean section among nulliparous women ranged from 0.42 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.57) to 2.41 (95% CI 1.70 to 3.40) compared to the reference hospital, and from 0.50 (95% CI 0.40-0.63) to 2.07 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.67) among parous women. Indications explained 58 and 66% of the variation in intrapartum caesarean section among nulliparous and parous women, respectively. CONCLUSION: The differences in odds for intrapartum caesarean section among hospitals could not be fully explained by differences in indications. Further investigations on provider related factors as well as maternal and fetal outcomes in different hospitals are necessary.

Substantial decrease in preeclampsia prevalence and risk over two decades: A population-based study of 1,153,227 deliveries in Norway.

OBJECTIVES: Analyze secular trends of preeclampsia in Norway based on risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based cohort study of 1,153,227 women using data from Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1999 to 2018. Aggregated data from Norwegian Prescription Database from 2004 to 2018 were used. Main exposure variable was time period. Descriptive statistics identified the prevalence of preeclampsia, labor induction and aspirin use. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the risk of preeclampsia during the time periods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preeclampsia. RESULTS: Overall preeclampsia prevalence decreased from 4.3% in 1999-2002 to 2.7% in 2015-2018. A reduction was observed in all subgroups of women with known risk factors (age, nulliparity, diabetes, chronic hypertension, assisted reproduction, twin pregnancy). Adjusted risk of preeclampsia was reduced by 44% from 1999-2002 to 2015-2018 (aOR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.54, 0.58), while the net prevalence of gestational hypertension remained stable over the study period. Labor induction increased 104%. Aspirin prescriptions increased among fertile women in the general Norwegian population. CONCLUSIONS: Preeclampsia prevalence and risk were reduced regardless of risk factors and despite an increased proportion of high-risk parturients (advanced age, lower parity, use of assisted reproduction). A corresponding increase in aspirin prescriptions among fertile women and an overall increase in labor inductions were also observed, suggesting that clinical interventions may partly explain the observed reduction in preeclampsia prevalence. Lower average blood pressure and improved health in the population may also explain some of the reduction.

European guidelines on perinatal care- Peripartum care Episiotomy.

OF RECOMMENDATIONS1. Episiotomy should be performed by indication only, and not routinely (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Accepted indications for episiotomy are to shorten the second stage of labor when there is suspected fetal hypoxia (Low quality evidence ++-; Weak recommendation); to prevent obstetric anal sphincter injury in vaginal operative deliveries, or when obstetric sphincter injury occurred in previous deliveries (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation)2. Mediolateral or lateral episiotomy technique should be used (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Labor ward staff should be offered regular training in correct episiotomy techniques (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation).3. Pain relief needs to be considered before episiotomy is performed, and epidural analgesia may be insufficient. The perineal skin needs to be tested for pain before an episiotomy is performed, even when an epidural is in place. Local anesthetics or pudendal block need to be considered as isolated or additional pain relief methods (Low quality evidence ++-; Strong recommendation).4. After childbirth the perineum should be carefully inspected, and the anal sphincter palpated to identify possible injury (Moderate quality evidence +++-; Strong recommendation). Primary suturing immediately after childbirth should be offered and a continuous suturing technique should be used when repairing an uncomplicated episiotomy (High quality evidence ++++; Strong recommendation).

Maternal diseases and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy across gestational age groups.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in nulliparous women with diabetes, chronic hypertension or obesity in three gestational age groups. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based observational cohort study of 382 618 nulliparous women (94 280 with known BMI) using Medical Birth Registry of Norway and Statistics Norway. Main exposure variables were diabetes, chronic hypertension, Body Mass Index (BMI). Multiple regression analysis was performed without (model 1) and with (model 2) BMI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preeclampsia stratified by gestational age group at delivery: early (230-336 weeks), intermediate (340-366 weeks) and late (370-436 weeks), and gestational hypertension. RESULTS: In model 1, Type 1 diabetes was associated with early (aOR = 5.0, 95%CI 3.8, 6.7), intermediate (aOR = 10.2, 95%CI 8.5, 12.3) and late preeclampsia (aOR = 2.7, 95%CI 2.4, 3.2), compared to no diabetes. Compared to normotensive women, women with chronic hypertension had an increased risk of preeclampsia in all groups: early (aOR = 8.68, 95%CI 6.94, 10.85), intermediate (aOR = 5.59, 95%CI 4.46, 7.02), late (aOR = 3.45, 95%CI 3.00, 3.96). The same trends persisted after adjusting for BMI (model 2). Obesity remained an independent risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal diabetes, chronic hypertension and obesity were associated with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy across all gestational age groups in nulliparous women. Adjusting for BMI did not further modify the risk in these women, although 75% of the women in the study lacked BMI data.

Association between maternal country of birth and preterm birth: A population-based register study of 910,752 deliveries.

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyse associations between maternal country of birth and preterm birth among women giving birth in Norway. Methods: A population-based register study was conducted employing official national databases in Norway. All singleton births, with neonates without major anomalies, between 1999 and 2014 were included (N=910,752). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for extremely preterm birth (<28 weeks gestation), very preterm birth (28-33 weeks gestation) and late preterm birth (34-36 weeks gestation) by maternal country of birth. We conducted multivariable regression analyses, adjusting for maternal, obstetric and socio-economic confounders. Results: For extremely preterm births (0.4% of the study population), women with an unknown country of birth (adjusted OR (aOR)=3.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26-4.22) and women born in sub-Saharan Africa (aOR=1.66; CI 1.40-1.96) had the highest ORs compared to Norwegian-born women. For very preterm births (1.2% of the study population), women with an unknown country of birth (aOR=1.72; CI 1.36-2.18) and women born in South Asia (aOR=1.48; CI 1.31-1.66) had the highest ORs. For late preterm births (3.8% of the study population), women born in East Asia Pacific/Oceania (aOR=1.33; CI 1.25-1.41) and South Asia (aOR=1.30; CI 1.21-1.39) had the highest ORs. Conclusions: After adjusting for maternal, obstetric and socio-economic risk factors, maternal country of birth remained significantly associated with preterm birth. Women with an unknown country of birth and women born in sub-Saharan Africa were found to be at increased risk of extremely preterm birth.

Effect of maternal country of birth on intrapartum epidural use - A population-based register study of 602 095 deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess intrapartum epidural use during vaginal delivery among immigrant women giving birth in Norway, compared with Norwegian born women, and to explore associations between epidural use and other maternal characteristics, fetal and obstetrical variables. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. Data were obtained from Norwegian Medical Birth Registry and Statistics Norway, including 602 095 deliveries in 1999-2014. Intrapartum epidural analgesia use was described in percentages. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between maternal country of birth and intrapartum epidural use, adjusted with maternal and fetal comorbidity, age, stillbirth, birthweight, fetal presentation, delivery method and time period. RESULTS: There were significant differences in epidural use between women born in different parts of the world. Among nulliparous women, increased odds for intrapartum epidural use was observed among women born in Latin America compared with Norwegian born women, even after adjustment for maternal, fetal and obstetrical factors (aOR 1.93, CI 1.79-2.09). Reduced odds for intrapartum epidural use was observed among nulliparous women born in Sub-Saharan Africa (aOR 0.83, CI 0.78-0.88), East Asia and Pacific area (aOR 0.83, CI 0.80-0.87), and women with unknown country of birth (aOR 0.79, CI 0.71-0.89) compared with Norwegian born women. Similar pattern was observed among parous women from Latin America (aOR 1.69, CI 1.54-1.87), Sub-Saharan Africa (aOR 0.62, CI 0.57-0.67), East-Asia and Pacific area (aOR 0.68, CI 0.64-0.73), unknown country of birth (aOR 0.97, CI 0.84-1.13). Maternal hypertensive disorders, high infant birthweight, stillbirth, breech presentation and operative vaginal delivery increased the odds for use of intrapartum epidural analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: We found differences between immigrant women from different parts of the world and use of intrapartum epidural, possibly related to un-measurable issues like cultural differences, maternal expectations and knowledge of safety on pain relief during childbirth. Intrapartum epidural use was more frequent in conditions related to maternal co-morbidity and factors indicating complicated delivery.

Adverse perinatal outcomes in 665,244 term and post-term deliveries-a Norwegian population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in early-term (37+0-38+6 weeks), full-term (39+0-40+6 weeks), late-term (41+0-41+6 weeks), and post-term (>42+0 weeks) deliveries with spontaneous labor onset. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based cohort with data from the Medical Birth Registry Norway (MBRN) and Statistics Norway (SSB) was conducted. The study population consisted of 665,244 women with cephalic singleton live births at term or post-term with spontaneous labor onset during the period of 1999-2014 in Norway. Maternal, obstetric, and fetal characteristics were obtained from the MBRN. Maternal education data were obtained from the SSB. The prevalence rates of adverse perinatal outcomes for each gestational age (GA) group were estimated. Inter-group differences were detected with Chi square tests. Multivariable regression analysis adjusted for maternal age, educational level, smoking, parity, maternal diabetes, and preeclampsia was used to assess adverse outcome prevalence for early- late-, and post-term births compared to full-term births. RESULTS: Deliveries at early-term were associated with an increased prevalence of neonatal jaundice, polyhydramnios, small for gestational age (SGA) status, respiratory support, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission compared with deliveries at GAs of 39-43 weeks (p < 0.001). Low 5-min Apgar scores and newborn antibiotic treatment occurred at an increased prevalence in both early-term and post-term infants, relative to the full-term group (p < 0.001). The prevalence of oligohydramnios, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and newborn birth injuries increased with increasing GA. CONCLUSIONS: More perinatal morbidity was observed among early-term infants compared to infants with later term deliveries, underscoring the need for cautious management of low-risk early-term deliveries.

Effects of external cephalic version for breech presentation at or near term in high-resource settings: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized studies.

INTRODUCTION: External cephalic version (ECV) for breech presentation involves manual manipulation of the fetus from breech to cephalic presentation at or near term, in an attempt to avoid breech birth. This systematic review summarizes the literature on the effects of ECV at or near term on pregnancy outcomes in high-resource settings. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MIDIRS, and SweMED+ databases were searched for relevant articles published through April 2019, with no limitation on publication date. Clinical trials comparing the effects of ECV at ≥36 weeks, with or without tocolysis, with that of no ECV, conducted in northern, western, and central Europe, the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Nine articles reporting on 184704 breech pregnancies were included. Pooled data showed that ECV attempts reduced the failure to achieve vaginal cephalic birth (risk ratio, RR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.45-0.71), caesarean section performance (RR=0.57; 95% CI: 0.50-0.64), and non-cephalic presentation at birth (RR=0.45; 95% CI: 0.29-0.68) compared with no ECV. ECV attempts also increased the incidence of Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes (RR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.10-1.52). CONCLUSIONS: Women for whom ECV is attempted at or near term are at reduced risk of caesarean section, non-cephalic presentation at term, and failure to achieve vaginal cephalic birth. Compared with no ECV, attempted ECV was also associated with a slightly increased risk of a low Apgar score at 5 minutes. The evidence is limited by the scarcity of high-quality research and the presence of risks of bias.

Induction Of Labor Among Singleton Pregnancies In Six Palestinian Governmental Hospitals: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore rates and review practices regarding induction of labor (IOL) among singleton pregnancies in Palestine. DESIGN: A prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING: Six secondary and tertiary governmental hospitals located in the two regions of Palestine: West Bank and Gaza. PARTICIPANTS: Singleton pregnancies who had IOL in participating units during the study period were included (n=8290). Women having multiple gestations (1004), planned cesarean births (703), those admitted with cervical dilation >6cm (11228), and pregnancies with no record of cervical dilation and/or gestational age on admission (219) were excluded. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Rates of IOL in participating units and regions. RESULTS: There were a total of 33,402 singleton births during the study period with an IOL rate of 24.8%. Rates of IOL significantly varied between units, ranging from 12.9% to 45.6% (P-value <0.05). The majority of women with no previous uterine scar were induced at gestational ages ≤40 weeks where 43.8% were induced at 39-40 gestational weeks (29.9% multiparous; 13.9% nulliparous) and 17.7% were induced between 37 and 38 gestational weeks (11.9% multiparous; 5.8% nulliparous). CONCLUSION: Significant variations in IOL practices between Palestinian hospitals and regions suggest overuse of IOL among singleton pregnancies in some units with the majority of these being performed before 40 weeks' gestation. These findings indicate a gap between implementation of best evidence and current clinical practice.

Prevalence and risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in twin pregnancies: a population-based register study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in twin pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Medical Birth Registry of Norway and Statistics Norway. PARTICIPANTS: 929 963 deliveries with 16 174 twin pregnancies in 1999-2014. METHODS: Pre-eclampsia prevalences in twin and singleton pregnancies were described in percentages. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess the risks of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in twin pregnancies compared with those in singleton pregnancies, adjusted for previously known risk factors. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-eclampsia in the study population was 3.7% (3.4% in singleton pregnancies, 11.8% in twin pregnancies (p=0.001)). The OR for pre-eclampsia in twin pregnancies was three to fourfold compared with singleton pregnancies (OR 3.78; 95% CI 3.59 to 3.96). After adjustment for known risk factors, twin pregnancy remained an independent risk factor for pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 4.07; 95% CI 3.65 to 4.54). The prevalence of gestational hypertension was 1.7% in women with singleton pregnancies and 2.2% in those with twin pregnancies (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.41). After adjustment for known risk factors, gestational hypertension was not significantly associated with twin pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of pre-eclampsia in twin pregnancies was three to fourfold compared with singleton pregnancies, regardless of maternal age, parity, educational level, smoking, maternal comorbidity or in vitro fertilisation. The risk of gestational hypertension was not increased in women with twin pregnancies after adjustment for the main risk factors.

Impact of animated instruction on tablets and hands-on training in applying bimanual perineal support on episiotomy rates: an intervention study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: In Palestine, episiotomy is frequently used among primiparous women.This study assesses the effect of training birth attendants in applying bimanual perineal support during delivery by either animated instruction on tablets or hands-on training on episiotomy rates among primiparous women. METHODS: An interventional cohort study was performed from 15 October 2015 to 31 January 2017, including all primiparous women with singletons and noninstrumental vaginal deliveries at six Palestinian hospitals. Intervention 1 (animated instructions on tablets) was conducted in Hospitals 1, 2, 3, and 4. Intervention 2 (bedside hands-on training) was applied in Hospitals 1 and 2 only. Hospitals 5 and 6 did not receive interventions. Differences in episiotomy rates in intervention and nonintervention hospitals were assessed before and after the interventions and presented as p values using chi-square test, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Differences in the demographic and obstetric characteristics were presented as p values using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Of 46,709 women, 12,841 were included. The overall episiotomy rate in the intervention hospitals did not change significantly after intervention 1, from 63.1 to 62.1% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.84-1.08), but did so after intervention 2, from 61.1 to 38.1% (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.33-0.47). Rates after Intervention 2 changed from 65.0 to 47.3% (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.40-0.67) in Hospital 1 and from 39.4 to 25.1% (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.35-0.68) in Hospital 2. CONCLUSIONS: Hands-on training of bimanual perineal support during delivery of primiparous women was significantly more effective in reducing episiotomy rates than animated instruction videos alone.