Primary anterior lumbar interbody fusion, with and without posterior instrumentation: a 1,377-patient cohort from a multicenter spine registry.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Lumbar interbody instrumentation techniques are common and effective surgical options for a variety of lumbar degenerative pathologies. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) has become a versatile and powerful means of decompression, stabilization, and reconstruction. As an anterior only technique, the integrity of the posterior muscle and ligaments remain intact. Adding posterior instrumentation to ALIF is common and may confer benefits in terms of higher fusion rate but could contribute to adjacent segment degeneration due to additional rigidity. Large clinical studies comparing stand-alone ALIF with and without posterior supplementary fixation (ALIF+PSF) are lacking. PURPOSE: To compare rates of operative nonunion and adjacent segment disease (ASD) in ALIF with or without posterior instrumentation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Adult patients (≥18 years old) who underwent primary ALIF for lumbar degenerative pathology between levels L4 to S1 over a 12-year period. Exclusion criteria included trauma, cancer, infection, supplemental decompression, noncontiguous fusions, prior lumbar fusions, and other interbody devices. OUTCOME MEASURES: Reoperation for nonunion and ASD compared between ALIF only and ALIF+PSF. METHODS: Reoperations were modeled as time-to-events where the follow-up time was defined as the difference between the primary ALIF procedure and the date of the outcome of interest. Crude cumulative reoperation probabilities were reported at 5-years follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate risk of operative nonunion and for ASD adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS: The study consisted of 1,377 cases; 307 ALIF only and 1070 ALIF+PSF. Mean follow-up time was 5.6 years. The 5-year crude nonunion incidence was 2.4% for ALIF only and 0.5% for ALIF+PSF; after adjustment for covariates, a lower operative nonunion risk was observed for ALIF+PSF (HR=0.22, 95% CI=0.06-0.76). Of the patients who are deemed potentially suitable for ALIF alone, one would need to add posterior instrumentation in 53 patients to prevent one case of operative nonunion at a 5-year follow-up (number needed to treat). Five-year operative ASD incidence was 4.3% for ALIF only and 6.2% for ALIF+PSF; with adjustments, no difference was observed between the cohorts (HR=0.96, 95% CI=0.54-1.71). CONCLUSIONS: While the addition of posterior instrumentation in ALIFs is associated with lower risk of operative nonunion compared with ALIF alone, operative nonunion is rare in both techniques (<5%). Accordingly, surgeons should evaluate the added risks associated with the addition of posterior instrumentation and reserve the supplemental posterior fixation for patients that might be at higher risk for operative nonunion. Rates of operative ASD were not statistically higher with the addition of posterior instrumentation suggesting concern regarding future risk of ASD perhaps should not play a role in considering supplemental posterior instrumentation in ALIF.

Lumbar Spinal Canal Segmentation in Cases with Lumbar Stenosis Using Deep-U-Net Ensembles.

BACKGROUND: Narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal, or lumbar stenosis (LS), may cause debilitating radicular pain or muscle weakness. It is the most frequent indication for spinal surgery in the elderly population. Modern diagnosis relies on magnetic resonance imaging and its inherently subjective interpretation. Diagnostic rigor, accuracy, and speed may be improved by automation. In this work, we aimed to determine whether a deep-U-Net ensemble trained to segment spinal canals on a heterogeneous mix of clinical data is comparable to radiologists' segmentation of these canals in patients with LS. METHODS: The deep U-nets were trained on spinal canals segmented by physicians on 100 axial T2 lumbar magnetic resonance imaging selected randomly from our institutional database. Test data included a total of 279 elderly patients with LS that were separate from the training set. RESULTS: Machine-generated segmentations (MA) were qualitatively similar to expert-generated segmentations (ME1, ME2). Machine- and expert-generated segmentations were quantitatively similar, as evidenced by Dice scores (MA vs. ME1: 0.88 ± 0.04, MA vs. ME2: 0.89 ± 0.04), the Hausdorff distance (MA vs. ME1: 11.7 mm ± 13.8, MA vs. ME2: 13.1 mm ± 16.3), and average surface distance (MAvs. ME1: 0.18 mm ± 0.13, MA vs. ME2 0.18 mm ± 0.16) metrics. These metrics are comparable to inter-rater variation (ME1 vs. ME2 Dice scores: 0.94 ± 0.02, the Hausdorff distances: 9.3 mm ± 15.6, average surface distances: 0.08 mm ± 0.09). CONCLUSION: We conclude that machine learning algorithms can segment lumbar spinal canals in LS patients, and automatic delineations are both qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to expert-generated segmentations.

Structural Changes in the Cervicomedullary Junction in Adult Chiari Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess volumetric changes in the spinal cord at the cervicomedullary junction, diameter of the cervicomedullary cord, and width of the brainstem following posterior fossa decompression (PFD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of adult patients with Chiari malformation who underwent PFD was performed. Segmentations were done on clinical quality T2-weighted cervical magnetic resonance images obtained before and after decompression using ITK-SNAP. Volumes of neural tissue within the cervicomedullary junction were evaluated from 10 mm cranial to the medullary beak to the cervical spinal cord at the level of the caudal endplate of the second cervical vertebra. The diameter of the cervicomedullary cord was calculated perpendicular to the spinal cord. The width of the brainstem was measured perpendicular to the clivus at the level of the basion. RESULTS: Twenty adult patients, a mean age of 49.55 years, were included. The cervical cord increased in volume by 13 mm3 to 338 mm3, with an average increase of 155 mm3 (P-value of 0.00002). The diameter of the cervicomedullary cord increased 10.30% 7 mm superior to the beak (P-value of 0.00074), 11.49% at the apex of the beak (P-value of 0.00082), 8.29% 7 mm inferior to the beak (P-value of 0.00075), and the brainstem increased 14.46% perpendicular to the clivus (P-value of 0.00109). The spinal cord at the inferior aspect of the C3 vertebra changed insignificantly (P-value of 0.10580). CONCLUSION: The volume of the cervical cord at the cervical-medullary junction, width of the cervicomedullary cord, and diameter of the brainstem increase following PFD.

Subcutaneous sumatriptan: association with decreases in postoperative pain and opioid use after elective cranial surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Sumatriptan, a serotonin receptor agonist, has been used in the management of primary headache disorders and has been shown to affect trigeminal dural afferents. There is limited literature on the safety and efficacy of sumatriptan for postcraniotomy pain management. This study aimed to identify whether subcutaneous sumatriptan is a safe and efficacious pain management strategy after elective craniotomy. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent supratentorial or suboccipital craniotomy between 2016 and 2019 that was performed by a single provider at a single institution to identify patients given subcutaneous sumatriptan in the postoperative period. Pain scores and intravenous and oral opioid use were compared in patients with (n = 15) and without (n = 45) sumatriptan administration. RESULTS: Patients with and without sumatriptan administration had no significant differences in baseline characteristics or surgery type. There were no sumatriptan-related complications. The average pain score decreased from 3.9 to 1.3 within 1 hour after sumatriptan administration (p = 0.014). In both adult and pediatric patients there was decreased postoperative pain (adults: pain score of 1.1 vs 7.1, p < 0.001; pediatric: 1.1 vs 3.9, p = 0.007) within the first 48 hours. There were decreases in intravenous opioid use, length of intravenous opioid use, maximum dose of intravenous opioid used, oral opioid use, length of oral opioid use, and maximum dose of oral opioid used in both adult and pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: The authors identified subcutaneous sumatriptan as a safe and efficacious tool for postoperative pain management after craniotomy. Large multicenter randomized controlled studies are needed to further evaluate the specific role of sumatriptan in postoperative pain management after craniotomy.

Rigorous anaesthesia management protocol for patients with intracranial arterial stenosis: a prospective controlled-cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Reducing variability is integral in quality management. As part of the ongoing Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis Revascularisation for Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis (ERSIAS) trial, we developed a strict anaesthesia protocol to minimise fluctuations in patient parameters affecting cerebral perfusion. We hypothesise that this protocol reduces the intraoperative variability of targeted monitored parameters compared to standard management. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis surgery versus standard neurovascular interventions. Patients with ERSIAS had strict perioperative management that included normocapnia and intentional hypertension. Control patients received regular anaesthetic standard of care. Minute-by-minute intraoperative vitals were electronically collected. Heterogeneity of variance tests were used to compare variance across groups. Mixed-model regression analysis was performed to establish the effects of treatment group on the monitored parameters. SETTING: Tertiary care centre. PARTICIPANTS: 24 participants: 12 cases (53.8 years ± 16.7 years; 10 females) and 12 controls (51.3 years ± 15.2 years; 10 females). Adults aged 30-80 years, with transient ischaemic attack or non-disabling stroke (modified Rankin Scale <3) attributed to 70-99% intracranial stenosis of the carotid or middle cerebral artery, were considered for enrolment. Controls were matched according to age, gender and history of neurovascular intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variability of heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure and end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) throughout surgical duration. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in the intraoperative MAP SD (4.26 vs 10.23 mm Hg; p=0.007) and ETCO2 SD (0.94 vs 1.26 mm Hg; p=0.05) between the ERSIAS and control groups. Median MAP and ETCO2 in the ERSIAS group were higher (98 mm Hg, IQR 23 vs 75 mm Hg, IQR 15; p<0.001, and 38 mm Hg, IQR 4 vs 32 mm Hg, IQR 3; p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The ERSIAS anaesthesia protocol successfully reduced intraoperative fluctuations of MAP and ETCO2. The protocol also achieved normocarbia and the intended hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01819597; Pre-results.

Matched Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a powerful innate response to transient subcritical ischemia that protects against severe ischemic insults at distant sites. We have previously shown the safety and feasibility of limb RIC in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients, along with changes in neurovascular and cerebral metabolism. In this study, we aim to detect the potential effect of an established lower-limb conditioning protocol on clinical outcomes of aSAH patients. Neurologic outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)) of patients enrolled in a prospective trial (RIPC-SAH) was measured. A matching algorithm was applied to identify control patients with aSAH from an institutional departmental database. RIC patients underwent four lower-limb conditioning sessions, consisting of four 5-min cycles per session over nonconsecutive days. Good functional outcome was defined as mRS of 0 to 2. The study population consisted of 21 RIC patients and 61 matched controls. There was no significant intergroup difference in age, gender, aneurysm location, clipping vs coiling, Fisher grades, Hunt and Hess grades, or vasospasm. RIC was independently associated with good outcome (OR 5.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-25.02). RIC also showed a trend toward lower incidence of stroke (28.6 vs. 47.5%) and death (4.8 vs. 19.7%). Lower-limb RIC following aSAH appears to have a positive effect in the functional outcomes of patients with aSAH. While this effect is consistent with prior preclinical studies, future trials are necessary to conclusively evaluate the effects of RIC for aSAH.