Pleural penetration of amoxicillin and metronidazole during pleural infection: An ambispective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in pleural fluid during pleural infections has been poorly described. This study aimed to explore amoxicillin and metronidazole diffusion into the pleural space. METHODS: This was an ambispective, single-centre study that included patients with complicated parapneumonic effusion or pleural empyema managed with repeated therapeutic thoracentesis as first-line treatment between 2014 and 2022. Pleural steady-state or trough concentrations of amoxicillin and metronidazole were measured, with a lower limit of quantification of 5 mg/L. RESULTS: Seventy paired blood and pleural samples were analysed from 40 patients. The median (interquartile range) patient age was 55 years (45-67 years) and 88% were male. The median patient weight was 65.8 kg (57.3-82 kg) and median plasma albumin concentration was 29.7 g/L (23.7-33.9 g/L). Median creatinine clearance was 106 mL/min (95-117 mL/min). Median amoxicillin pleural concentrations in patients treated with oral, bolus and continuous intravenous administrations (6 g/day) were, respectively, 5.2 (<5-6.4), 9.4 (8-13.1) and 10.8 (7.1-13.1) mg/L. Pleural concentrations were <5 mg/L in 5/11 samples (45%) with oral treatment and 6/59 (10%) with intravenous treatment. Median metronidazole pleural concentrations were 18.4 (15.7-22.8) mg/L, with all patients being treated orally (1.5 g/day). CONCLUSIONS: Oral metronidazole (1.5 g/day) and intravenous amoxicillin (6 g/day) achieved therapeutic targets in pleural fluid in most cases, but oral amoxicillin did not.

Differential response to antibiotic therapy in staphylococcal infective endocarditis: contribution of an ex vivo model.

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcal infective endocarditis (IE) remains a hard-to-treat infection with high mortality. Both the evaluation of new innovative therapies and research on alternative models mimicking human IE are therefore urgently needed to improve the prognosis of patients with diagnosed IE. Dalbavancin is a novel anti-staphylococcal lipoglycopeptide but there are limited data supporting its efficacy on biofilm infections. This antibiotic could be an alternative to current therapies for the medical treatment of IE but it needs to be further evaluated. METHODS: Here we developed an original ex vivo model of Staphylococcus aureus IE on human heart valves and assessed biofilm formation on them. After validating the model, the efficacy of two antistaphylococcal antibiotics, vancomycin and dalbavancin, was compared by measuring and visualizing their respective ability to inhibit and eradicate late-formed biofilm. RESULTS: Determination of the minimum biofilm inhibitory (MbIC) and eradicating (MbEC) concentrations in our ex vivo model identified dalbavancin as a promising drug with much lower MbIC and MBEC than vancomycin (respectively <0.01 versus 28 mg/L and 0.03 versus 32 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight a strong bactericidal effect of dalbavancin, particularly on an infected heart valve compared with vancomycin. Dalbavancin could be a realistic alternative treatment for the management of staphylococcal IE.

Amoxicillin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Contribution of a Healthcare Data Warehouse to the Determination of a Toxic Concentration Threshold.

BACKGROUND: Amoxicillin (AMX)-induced neurotoxicity is well described and may be associated with AMX overexposure. No neurotoxic concentration threshold has been determined thus far. A better knowledge of maximum tolerable AMX concentrations is of importance to improve the safety of high doses of AMX. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study using the local hospital data warehouse EhOP® to generate a specific query related to AMX neurotoxicity symptomatology. All patient medical reports containing a mention of neurotoxicity clinical symptoms coupled with AMX plasma concentration measurements were explored. Patients were classified into two groups according to the imputability of AMX in the onset of their neurotoxicity, on the basis of chronological and semiological criteria. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was performed to identify an AMX neurotoxic steady-state concentration (Css) threshold. RESULTS: The query identified 101 patients among 2054 patients benefiting from AMX TDM. Patients received a median daily dose of 9 g AMX, with a median creatinine clearance of 51 mL/min. A total of 17 of the 101 patients exhibited neurotoxicity attributed to AMX. The mean Css was higher for patients with neurotoxicity attributed to AMX (118 ± 62 mg/L) than those without 74 ± 48 mg/L (p = 0.002). A threshold AMX concentration of 109.7 mg/L predicted the occurrence of neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified, for the first time, an AMX Css threshold of 109.7 mg/L associated with an excess risk of neurotoxicity. This approach needs to be confirmed by a prospective study with systematic neurological evaluation and TDM.

Amoxicillin therapeutic drug monitoring for endocarditis: A comparative study (EI-STAB).

INTRODUCTION: International guidelines recommend high doses of ß-lactams for most cases of infective endocarditis (IE). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is increasingly used to adjust ß-lactam dose based on plasma concentrations, although there are no comparative studies to support this practice. The benefit of amoxicillin TDM during IE was evaluated. METHODS: An observational, retrospective, cohort study of adults treated with high-dose amoxicillin for enterococcal or streptococcal IE was conducted in two referral centers. Patients with, or without TDM were compared. The primary outcome was mean daily amoxicillin dose. RESULTS: A total of 206 cases of streptococcal (n=140, 68%) or enterococcal (n=66, 32%) IE were included. IE occurred on prosthetic valves in 77 (37%) cases, and on intracardiac devices in 28 (14%) cases. Aortic valve was involved in 136 (66%) cases. There were 154 men (75%), mean age was 70 ± 14 years, valve surgery was performed in 81/206 (39%) patients, and in-hospital mortality was 8% (17/206). All patients in the TDM group and most patients in the group without TDM received amoxicillin as continuous infusion. Amoxicillin TDM was performed for 114 patients (55.3%), with a mean of 4.7 ± 2.3 measures per patient, a mean plasma steady-state concentration of 41.2 ± 19 mg/L, most (82/114, 72%) being within the therapeutic target (20-80 mg/L). Mean amoxicillin dose was lower in patients with TDM (10.0 ± 3.3 g/day) than those without TDM (11.3 ± 2.0 g/day) (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: Amoxicillin TDM was associated with a reduction in daily doses, with no impact on adverse events and prognosis. Individualized treatment of IE through TDM may contribute to decreased use of antibiotics.

Diffusion of amoxicillin into heart valves from infective endocarditis patients.

OBJECTIVES: Amoxicillin is the drug of choice in the management of streptococcal and enterococcal infective endocarditis (IE) but little is known regarding amoxicillin diffusion into infected heart valves. Herein, we assessed amoxicillin valvular distribution and related pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment in IE patients undergoing heart valve surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this 2-year prospective study, patients with IE treated by continuous infusion of amoxicillin and undergoing a surgical valve replacement were included. Both amoxicillin plasma and tissue concentrations were measured the day of surgery. Amoxicillin concentration in plasma and crushed heart valves were measured by a validated liquid chromatography method coupled with ultra-violet and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. MIC and MBC of amoxicillin were determined for all available isolates. The rate of achievement of PK/PD efficacy parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-two heart valves were removed from 20 patients. Bacterial aetiology was streptococcal (n = 17) and enterococcal (n = 3). Amoxicillin mean daily dose was 12 ±â€Š3 g/24 h, mean plasma concentration was 29 ±â€Š21 mg/L (n = 15), mean tissue concentration was 23 ±â€Š15 mg/L (n = 22). Median diffusion rate was 62%. Patients reached a plasma concentration target >4XCMI (n = 13). Tissue concentrations were bactericidal for all streptococcal IE but not for enterococcal IE. CONCLUSIONS: Amoxicillin intravalvular measurements in IE treated patients showed significant penetration into the infectious site. These data are reassuring that in situ bactericidal concentrations can be largely achieved in the management of streptococcal IE and support the need for combination antibiotic therapy for enterococcal IE.

Comparison of different equations for renal function evaluation as proxies for antibiotic drug clearance: The examples of amoxicillin and cloxacillin.

The most appropriate renal function estimation equation to predict drug clearance is a matter of debate. In this study, we compare the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Cockroft-Gault (CG) equations to predict amoxicillin and cloxacillin clearance among hospitalized patients receiving high doses of these antibiotic treatments. This study aimed to compare different equations used to predict amoxicillin and cloxacillin clearance among hospitalized patients receiving amoxicillin or cloxacillin treatments outside the intensive care unit. Data from 128 patients contributing 268 plasma samples was analyzed, and correlations between the equations and the amoxicillin and cloxacillin antibiotic clearance rates were calculated. We found a correlation between antibiotic clearance and all the renal function estimation equations, CG being the best, with a R2 of 0.35 for amoxicillin and 0.29 for cloxacillin (compared to 0.26 and 0.21 for MDRD and 0.12 and 0.24 for CKD-EPI). CG should be preferentially used as a proxy for amoxicillin and cloxacillin drug clearance, but the use of completely different tools such as therapeutic drug monitoring could help individualize antibiotic dosage.

Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The role of melatonin has been extensively investigated in pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Reduced melatonin secretion has been reported in ASD and led to many clinical trials using immediate-release and prolonged-release oral formulations of melatonin. However, melatonin's effects in ASD and the choice of formulation type require further study. Therapeutic benefits of melatonin on sleep disorders in ASD were observed, notably on sleep latency and sleep quality. Importantly, melatonin may also have a role in improving autistic behavioral impairments. The objective of this article is to review factors influencing treatment response and possible side effects following melatonin administration. It appears that the effects of exposure to exogenous melatonin are dependent on age, sex, route and time of administration, formulation type, dose, and association with several substances (such as tobacco or contraceptive pills). In addition, no major melatonin-related adverse effect was described in typical development and ASD. In conclusion, melatonin represents currently a well-validated and tolerated treatment for sleep disorders in children and adolescents with ASD. A more thorough consideration of factors influencing melatonin pharmacokinetics could illuminate the best use of melatonin in this population. Future studies are required in ASD to explore further dose-effect relationships of melatonin on sleep problems and autistic behavioral impairments.

Hospital databases for the identification of adverse drug reactions: A 2-year multicentre study in 9 French general hospitals.

AIMS: To estimate the actual number of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), we used the French medical administrative database (PMSI) in addition to ADRs spontaneously reported in the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVDB). METHODS: Capture-recapture method was applied to these 2 sources (PMSI and FPVDB), checking their independence via a third data source. The study ran from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2016 in 9 French general hospitals. From PMSI, all discharge summaries including a selection of 10th International Classification of Diseases codes related to ADRs were analysed. This selection was based on the results of a previous study. All ADRs corresponding to these codes, spontaneously reported in the FPVDB, were included. RESULTS: In PMSI, 56.9% of hospital stays were related to an ADR (628 out of 1104). In the FPVDB, we retained 115 cases. A total of 43 ADRs were common to the 2 databases. In both sources, the most frequently reported ADRs were cutaneous (33.1 and 19.1%) and renal (25.2% and 11.6%). The most frequently suspected drugs were anti-infectives in PMSI (31.1%) and antineoplastic drugs in the FPVDB (30.4%). Using the capture-recapture method, the estimated number of ADRs was 1657 [95% CI: 1273 to 2040]. CONCLUSION: The use of the PMSI could constitute an additional tool for the estimation of the actual number of ADRs in French hospitals. A model involving a third data source enabled the independence of the 2 sources (PMSI and FPVDB) to be checked before applying the capture-recapture method.

A simple and fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to determine cyclosporine A concentrations in endomyocardial biopsies.

Measuring cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent heart transplant rejection, concentrations in myocardial biopsies might be more informative than its measurement in whole blood. Therefore, a fast, accurate and reproductive method to determine CsA concentration in this complex matrix is needed. We report the validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to measure CsA concentration in heart parenchyma, applicable to everyday practice. The method was found to be precise, accurate, reproducible, specific of CsA, and without any matrix effect or carry-over. The lower limit of quantification was 50 pg of CsA in myocardium. The method was linear up to 2000 pg of CsA in myocardium. Samples were found stable for one year at - 80 °C. At last, 40 drugs which could be prescribed to heart transplant recipients were tested with the method and showed no interference with CsA signal. The method was suitable to quantify CsA in endomyocardial biopsies from heart transplanted patients. This method allows designing clinical studies aiming at exploring the relationship between CsA intra-graft concentrations and outcome.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-Guided Crushed Sofosbuvir-Velpatasvir Treatment: A Case Study.

In this study, the authors report the case of a patient diagnosed with hepatitis C virus who was treated with sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (400/100 mg). As the patient was unable to swallow whole tablets, therapeutic drug monitoring was performed to evaluate the effect of crushing sofosbuvir-velpatasvir tablets on drug absorption and global exposure.

Differential interactions of the ß-lactam cloxacillin with human renal organic anion transporters (OATs).

The ß-lactam penicillin antibiotic cloxacillin (CLX) presents wide inter-individual pharmacokinetics variability. To better understand its molecular basis, the precise identification of the detoxifying actors involved in CLX disposition and elimination would be useful, notably with respect to renal secretion known to play a notable role in CLX elimination. The present study was consequently designed to analyze the interactions of CLX with the solute carrier transporters organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3, implicated in tubular secretion through mediating drug entry at the basolateral pole of renal proximal cells. CLX was first shown to block OAT1 and OAT3 activity in cultured OAT-overexpressing HEK293 cells. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value for OAT3 (13 µm) was however much lower than that for OAT1 (560 µm); clinical inhibition of OAT activity and drug-drug interactions may consequently be predicted for OAT3, but not OAT1. OAT3, unlike OAT1, was next shown to mediate CLX uptake in OAT-overexpressing HEK293 cells. Kinetic parameters for this OAT3-mediated transport of CLX (Km  = 10.7 µm) were consistent with a possible in vivo saturation of this process for high CLX plasma concentrations. OAT3 is consequently likely to play a pivotal role in renal CLX secretion and consequently in total renal CLX elimination, owing to the low plasma unbound fraction of the antibiotic. OAT3 genetic polymorphisms as well as co-administered drugs inhibiting in vivo OAT3 activity may therefore be considered as potential sources of CLX pharmacokinetics variability.

[Multidisciplinary meetings determining the imputability of xenobiotics in causes of death: What contribution to pharmacovigilance data?] / Réunions pluridisciplinaires déterminant l'imputabilité des xénobiotiques dans les causes de la mort : quel apport aux données de pharmacovigilance ?

PURPOSE: In case of xenobiotics induced toxic deaths analyzed at the university hospital of Rennes, a multidisplinary team of forensic analysts, toxicologists, anatomopathologists and pharmacologists assess xenobiotics' contribution to the death. METHODS: A death contribution score (SCRIM) is collectively established during meetings for each death involving xenobiotic drugs. Graded between 1 and 6, lower was this score, more certain was the imputability. Among deaths with the highest imputability, drug poisonings were isolated. RESULTS: Analysis of 266 deaths presented at meetings over the period 2010-2017 highlight a lot of drug medicine poisonings (60%). The main classes implicated are: opioid substitution treatments (24%) followed by anxiolytics (23%), antidepressants (16%), legal opioids (16%) and antipsychotics (14%). Analysis of these cases by Rennes regional pharmacovigilance center permits to obtain a qualitative signal by establishing a local overview of the main risk classes but also to highlight a specific signal, in particular for oxycodone and antihistamines. CONCLUSIONS: This multidisciplinary approach shows that a majority of toxic deaths are attributed to drugs. Mortality attributed to oxycodone and antihistamines is a specific signal that should be closely monitored.