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We demonstrate transcutical structural and functional imaging of neurons labeled with genetically encoded red fluorescent proteins and calcium indicators in the living Drosophila brain with cellular and subcellular resolution.
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The small correction volume for conventional wavefront shaping methods limits their application in biological imaging through scattering media. We demonstrate large volume wavefront shaping through a scattering layer with a single correction by conjugate adaptive optics and remote focusing (CAORF). The remote focusing module can maintain the conjugation between the adaptive optical (AO) element and the scattering layer during three-dimensional scanning. This new configuration provides a wider correction volume by better utilization of the memory effect in a fast three-dimensional laser scanning microscope. Our results show that the proposed system can provide 10 times wider axial field of view compared with a conventional conjugate AO system when 16,384 segments are used on a spatial light modulator. We also demonstrate three-dimensional fluorescence imaging, multi-spot patterning through a scattering layer and two-photon imaging through mouse skull tissue.
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PURPOSE: The concentration of F-FDG in the bone marrow is usually low. One common cause of high uptake is due to bone marrow stimulating drugs administered in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It has been hypothesized that the sequestration of F-FDG to the bone marrow may reduce the standardized uptake value (SUV) of a tumour. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying total F-FDG uptake in the bone marrow of patients with visibly enhanced bone marrow uptake and computing its effect on tumour SUV. METHODS: Total F-FDG in bone marrow was measured in two groups of PET/CT studies: one (n=19) with visibly enhanced bone marrow, the other (n=5), a baseline group with 'normal' levels of uptake. To measure the F-FDG in bone marrow, the entire skeleton in the CT was segmented from surrounding tissue, and the resulting volume applied to the PET image. Using kinetic analysis we show that the predicted correction factor to tumour SUV is given by (1-q0/Q)/(1-q/Q), where Q is the injected dose, and q and q0 are enhanced and baseline bone marrow uptake (MBq). RESULTS: The enhanced bone marrow uptake averaged 8.9+/-3.2% of injected dose (15.2% max) vs. 4.2+/-0.4% (4.6% max) at baseline. This resulted in a predicted artificial decrease in tumour SUV of up to 11.5% (4.9+/-4.3%, on average). CONCLUSION: Enhanced bone marrow uptake is predicted to reduce tumour SUVs by as much as 11.5% in our patient group and is a potential confounding factor in using SUV for monitoring tumour response to therapy.