"People Will Continue to Suffer If the Virus Is Around": A Qualitative Analysis of Sub-Saharan African Children's Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Children are particularly impressionable and at risk during a global public health crisis, making it essential to examine their unique perspectives. To hear and understand sub-Saharan African children's experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted an exploratory qualitative analysis based on interviews with 51 children, ages 9 to 13, from Nigeria, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone. Applying the organization of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, we reveal how COVID-19 affected children's daily lives and domestic challenges, schooling and neighborhood issues, media use (and its relationship to knowledge and fear of the disease), perceptions of the country, and government response, and thoughts of religion and hope. Children's responses dif-fered greatly, but patterns emerged across sex, age, household size, religion, and country. This study offers guidance and recommendations for meeting the needs of children, especially in times of crisis.

The relation between knowledge and concern: A global study of children and COVID-19.

COVID-19 messages vary around the world, and populations receive these messages in different ways. Children are a vulnerable audience, especially in terms of risk communication. As messages are being developed, communicated, and disseminated about this pandemic, it is important to know the relation between COVID-19 knowledge and concern among preadolescents. In Spring 2020, children (N= 4,249) from 8 global regions completed an online survey (Mage= 11.0, 54% female, 46% male). We assessed children's COVID-19 knowledge by asking about prevention and symptoms, as well as myths about the virus. We also assessed children's concerns by asking about worries about self and others getting sick, missing school, and interruption of activities. Our analyses revealed different relations between knowledge and concern by region. Among children from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian region, Asia, and North America, there was a positive relation between knowledge and concern. For those from Latin America, Oceania, Europe, and Southeast Asia, the relation was flat or negative. When producing messages for children during a public health crisis, health communicators must know that more knowledge is not always associated with less concern.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, England and Wales, 1945-2011.

In England and Wales, the emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis resulted in the largest and most persistent epidemic of foodborne infection attributable to a single subtype of any pathogen since systematic national microbiological surveillance was established. We reviewed 67 years of surveillance data to examine the features, underlying causes, and overall effects of S. enterica ser. Enteritidis. The epidemic was associated with the consumption of contaminated chicken meat and eggs, and a decline in the number of infections began after the adoption of vaccination and other measures in production and distribution of chicken meat and eggs. We estimate that >525,000 persons became ill during the course of the epidemic, which caused a total of 6,750,000 days of illness, 27,000 hospitalizations, and 2,000 deaths. Measures undertaken to control the epidemic have resulted in a major reduction in foodborne disease in England and Wales.

Human infections due to Salmonella Napoli: a multicountry, emerging enigma recognized by the Enter-net international surveillance network.

Human infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli are relatively uncommon in Europe. Napoli was ranked 22nd in the Enter-net Salmonella database for 2006 with 295 cases (0.28%) of the 105,635 from 29 European countries. For the 18 countries that provided data for all the years 2000-2006, the number of cases rose from 122 out of 116,915 (0.10%) in 2000 to 293 out of 80,318 (0.36%) in 2006-an increase of 140.2%. Over 87% of cases came from three countries, France, Italy, and Switzerland. The epidemiology of the human cases showed an increased frequency in those aged under 5 or over 64, and both sexes were equally represented. Napoli isolates were also reported from nonhuman sources, mainly environmental samples and poultry. Strains compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis exhibited high levels of diversity between human, animal, and environmental sources. No single factor has been recognized as causing this rise, hence no public health interventions can be made or advice given to ensure that it does not persist. A 140% rise in 7 years indicates that the public health problem will continue, and further multidisciplinary investigations are needed to solve this enigma.