Summary of German-Austrian HIV PrEP guideline.

OBJECTIVES: HIV Pre-Exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a strategy to reduce HIV transmission in people at risk. Aim of this first German-Austrian PrEP guideline is to provide professional guidance on: when and in whom to use PrEP, recommended laboratory tests before and while on PrEP, selection of drugs, prevention of adverse events as a consequence of missing accompanying medical care, and general handling of PrEP in adults and adolescents. METHODS: Commented summary of of the S2k PrEP consensus guidelines released by the German and Austrian HIV medical societies to highlight the key recommendations of the guidelines. CONTENT: Detailed information about effectiveness of PrEP, when and in whom to use PrEP, as well as about additional monitoring of HIV PrEP are included in the HIV PrEP guidelines. Therewith detailed guidance for people being involved in PrEP counseling and associated care is provided.

The effect of aminoglutethimide on steroid secretion, ovulation, and luteinizing hormone release in the hen.

An injection of 200 mg aminoglutethimide (AG)/kg body weight (BW) given 9 hr before spontaneous midcycle ovulation reliably blocked ovarian steroidogenesis and ovulation. Reduction of the dose to 100 mg AG/kg BW or injection of either dose 7 hr before ovulation partially blocked steroidogenesis and failed to reliably inhibit ovulation. Both doses of AG given either 7 or 9 hr before ovulation completely inhibited estradiol-17 beta secretion. Plasma concentrations of progesterone were partially reduced by 100 mg AG/kg BW and were completely suppressed by the 200 mg/kg BW dose of AG. Plasma testosterone levels were depressed only by 200 mg AG/kg BW. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated following all injections of AG. In the absence of ovarian steroidogenesis, the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone either remained stable or decreased slightly. Estradiol-17 beta synthesis or release is not required for ovulation, because, in some cases, ovulation occurred in the absence of this hormone. Derangement of the ovarian hierarchy usually occurred when AG was given 7 hr but not 9 hr before ovulation.

Effects of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol and corticosterone on ovulation and luteinizing hormone release in hens treated with aminoglutethimide.

Aminoglutethimide (AG), an inhibitor of steroidogenesis, was administered s.c. to 5 groups of laying hens at a dose of 200 mg AG/kg body weight 9 h before expected midsequence ovulation. This dose has previously been demonstrated to consistently block ovulation. The injection of AG was followed by s.c. injections of: Group 1, 1.0 mg progesterone; Group 2, 0.1 mg estradiol-17 beta; Group 3, 1.5 mg corticosterone, all at 6 h prior to expected ovulation; Group 4, 1.0 mg testosterone at both 8 h and 5 h before expected ovulation; and Group 5, 25 micrograms of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH) at 8 and 50 micrograms ovine LH at 6 h before expected ovulation. For each group, 4 control hens were injected with AG and the appropriate vehicle. Blood samples were taken at 1- or 2-h intervals from the time of AG injection to the expected time of ovulation. The hens were killed 4 h after expected ovulation and examined for the occurrence of ovulation. In all hens injected with vehicle, ovulation and the preovulatory surges of progesterone, testosterone, estradiol-17 beta and LH were inhibited. The plasma concentration of corticosterone was not reduced following an injection of AG. Four of 6 hens ovulated in response to injection of ovine LH, although neither endogenous LH nor progesterone were released. Thus, LH appears to play a direct role in follicular rupture and extrusion of the ovum. The administration of progesterone induced a significant and prolonged rise in LH, restoring AG-blocked ovulation in all hens treated (n = 6). Injections of testosterone restored LH release in all hens and ovulation in 2 of 7 hens treated. Three of 7 hens ovulated in response to the corticosterone injection. A preovulatory rise in LH was not observed, indicating that corticosterone may exert its ovulation-inducing effect directly on the mature follicle. Estradiol-17 beta did not restore LH release or ovulation in any of the hens treated with AG.

[Laser surgery - a new surgical method. Development - technic - indication]. / Laserchirurgie - eine neue Operationsmethode. Entwicklung - Technik - Indikation.

The development of lasers in medicine and the special types of laser for medical use are described. The main action and effectivity of the laser are explained its, advantages and disadvantages discussed. Finally a critical assessment is given.

[Examination in three hearing aids (postaural types) concerning the influence of voltage on the output sound level and on the automatic grain control (author's transl)]. / Untersuchungen and drei modernen HdO-Geräten über den Einfluss der Betriebsspannung auf Ausgangsschalldruck und Regelverhalten.

In three modern hearing aids the effect of voltage on the initial sound pressure and the conduct of regulation are examined. The following apparatus were measured: Bosch 66 F AGCI related to the regulation at power entrance, Siemens 274 PP AGCI related to the regulation at power entrance, Microtechnic A 18, related to the regulation at power exit. The examinations show that the hearing aids tested have to operate with that voltage recommended by the producers. The nickel-cadmium accumulators are not efficient. Writing a prescription for an adequate power supply is as important as the prescription of the hearing aid itself.