[The premature baby and its family]. / Le bébé prématuré et sa famille.

Two clinical nurse specialists in maternal-child health at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal initiated a nursing research study to describe the coping abilities and perceptions of families with premature infants of less than 36 weeks gestation. The project is a descriptive and qualitative study and reflects a representative sampling of clients served at this hospital. The research sample consisted of 12 families with a premature infant (experimental group) and 17 families with a full-term infant (control group). The Dorothy E. Johnson conceptual model was used for data analysis. The researchers asked clients in the special care and regular nurseries to complete two questionnaires. Each parent responded to the Family Assessment Device (FAD) questionnaire prior to their infant's discharge from hospital. Once the infant reached four months corrected age, the parents completed the Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ). Data in the same test group were compared, as well as data between the two groups. The FAD results showed that both types of families were able to maintain their family dynamics; bond with their infant; find appropriate resources; problem solve; make decisions; express their emotions, and clearly identify their roles. In addition, the ITQ results indicated that both groups of parents had a positive perception of their newborn infant. The results of this research project differ from the data found in the literature. The authors associate their results with the new approaches to nursing care in nurseries, clinical settings and communities. This new approach assists families in this stressful situation by providing an efficient means of family support.

Residue analysis of glyphosate and its principal metabolite in certain cereals, oilseeds, and pulses by liquid chromatography and postcolumn fluorescence detection.

A postcolumn liquid chromatographic method to determine the extractable residues of glyphosate (GLYPH) and its principal metabolite, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (AMPA), in various cereals and beans is described. The finely ground sample is extracted with a mixture of chloroform and water, and the resulting aqueous layer is passed through a cation exchange column. The eluate is adjusted to pH 7-10 and passed through an anion exchange column. The second column is eluted with 0.3M HCl solution and the resulting acidic eluate is analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled with postcolumn fluorescence detection. The mean recoveries for GLYPH in barley, canola, dry pea, flax, soybean, wheat, and white bean ranged from 90.0 to 98.1%, with coefficients of variation (CV) from 2.9 to 10.0% and limits of detection (LOD) from 0.07 to 0.14 ppm. Similarly, mean recoveries for AMPA in the same crops ranged from 87.4 to 98.9%, with CV from 4.6 to 7.7 and LOD from 0.05 to 0.12 ppm. Using this method, an analyst can routinely analyze 6 samples per 1.5 days. The advantages of this procedure are discussed.

Gas chromatographic determination of N-nitrosodialkanolamines in herbicide Di- or trialkanolamine formulations.

A modified method is presented to determine trace quantities of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDElA) and N-nitrosodiisopropanolamine (NDiPlA) in the triisopropanolamine (TiPlA) formulation of a mixture of picloram and 2,4-D. Aqueous sample is extracted with dichloromethane to remove organic interferences, and then the aqueous layer is passed sequentially through chloride anion exchange column, hydrogen cation exchange column, and Clin-Elut extraction tube. The final eluate, 10% acetone in ethyl acetate, is concentrated. The isolated nitrosamines are converted to the corresponding trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives and determined by gas chromatography (GC) on a DB1 column coupled with a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA). Eight samples of commercial TiPlA formulations are analyzed. Maximum detected levels of NDElA and NDiPlA were 0.6 and 0.9 ppm, respectively, expressed relative to total weight of active ingredients. Analysis of 13 samples of herbicide DElA formulation using a previously established method and a DB225 column gave NDElA results of 0.7-6.0 ppm. NDiPlA was not detected in those samples. Results are confirmed by GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with oxygen negative chemical ionization (ONCI) detection. Detection limits for both nitrosamines are 0.05 or 0.07 ng (0.1 or 0.17 ppm) for GC-TEA detection, depending on the analytical columns used, and 20 pg (0.04 ppm) for GC/MS detection. Recoveries of NDElA are 87-109% for DElA formulation spiked at 2.6 and 3.9 ppm and 90-115% for TiPlA formulation spiked at 0.2-0.3 ppm. Similarly, recoveries of NDiPlA are 95.7-100% for the DElA formulation spiked at 0.24 and 0.48 ppm, and 82-118% for the TiPlA formulation spiked at 0.2-0.3 ppm.

Determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in dinoseb formulations by mass spectrometry and thermal energy analyzer detection.

A new method is described to determine trace quantities of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDElA) in aqueous diethanolamine (DElA) formulations and in oil solutions of dinoseb. A formate anion-exchange column is used in series with a cation-exchange column if there is DElA in the formulation. The eluate is then passed through a Clin Elut column. Depending on the concentration of NDElA in the sample, a packed silica-gel column is used to purify the extract further. This extract is analyzed on a liquid chromatograph coupled with a thermal energy analyzer (LC/TEA), using a mixture of methanol-hexane-methylene chloride containing 0.1% acetic acid (8 + 56 + 35) as the mobile phase. This solvent system gives good separation of NDElA from trace quantities of dinoseb remaining in the extract. The NDElA is also converted to the trimethylsilyl derivative and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Analyses of 11 commercial samples of dinoseb diethanolamine salt showed NDElA levels of 116-2409 ppm expressed relative to the weight of dinoseb. In contrast, analyses of 2 samples of organic solutions of technical dinoseb showed NDElA levels to be nondetectable and 0.3 ppm, respectively. Limit of detection by LC/TEA is 6.5 ng (0.5 ppm), and by GC/MS it is 0.02 ng (0.15 ppm). Recoveries from samples spiked at 0.514-1664 ppm range from 92.2 to 105.2%.

High pressure chromatography determination of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone in potatoes.

An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, and aldicarb sulfone in potatoes. Samples are extracted with methylene chloride and Na2SO4, evaporated to dryness, and cleaned up using Sep-Pak silica and Sep-Pak-C18 cartridges. The extract can be successfully analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography on either a mu LiChrosorb RP-18 or mu Bondapak C18 column and quantitated using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at either 220 or 247 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-buffer (4 + 96) and (30 + 70), buffered to pH 7.6 and flowing at 2 mL/min. Recoveries ranged from 80 to 100%. The minimum detectable amount was 37.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.1 ppm aldicarb sulfone in 75 g sample. The recovery of aldicarb was low because of its rapid enzymatic oxidation to aldicarb sulfoxide and sulfone.

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetamide residues in apples.

A simple, rapid, and accurate method has been developed for the determination of naphthalene-acetamide (NAAmide) residues in apples. After extraction with chloroform, separation is performed on an RP-8 high pressure liquid chromatographic column using acetonitrile-water (30 + 70) buffered to pH 3.5 at a flow rate of 1.7 mL/min. Either a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm or a fluorometric detector can be used for quantitation. Average recoveries at the 0.01 and 0.1 ppm spiking levels were 83 and 89%, respectively. Incorporation into a previously described method for naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples has resulted in a procedure for the samultaneous determination of NAA and NAAmide.

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples.

An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.

Application of trichloroacetyl isocyanate to NMR analysis of steroids of pharmaceutical interest I: corticosteroids and chemically related compounds.

The trichloroacetyl carbamates of 38 corticosteroids and chemically related compounds were prepared, and their NMR spectra in deuterochloroform were obtained. The effects of the introduction of a number of functional groups on the chemical shift of the carbamate proton signals were determined.