Asociación entre uricemia y síndrome metabólico en un centro hospitalario de Corrientes / Association between uricemia and metabolic syndrome in a hospital center in Corrientes

Resumen Introducción: en los últimos años numerosa evidencia científica sugiere que la hiperuricemia puede jugar un papel en el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico (SM). En algunos estudios se ha explorado la asociación entre la uricemia y la presencia de SM. Sin embargo, aún no está del todo esclarecido si altos niveles del ácido úrico se relacionan de una manera causal con el desarrollo del SM. Más aún, existen pocos estudios acerca de la presencia del SM y su relación con los niveles de AU en la ciudad de Corrientes. Objetivos: determinar la relación de los niveles séricos de AU y los parámetros que definen el SM en pacientes que concurren al consultorio externo de Clínica Médica y Medicina General del Hospital Ángela I. de Llano, Corrientes, Argentina. Resultados: se incluyó un total de 435 pacientes mayores de 18 años: 312 mujeres (72%) y 123 hombres (28%). El 58% de la población cumplía con el criterio de SM del NCEP-ATP III (60% mujeres y 52% hombres). El 75% presentó hiperuricemia y SM. En este estudio la presencia de SM se asoció significativamente con los valores de uricemia OR: 1.5 (IC 95%: 1,3-1,8). La asociación fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: los resultados demostraron que el aumento de la frecuencia de los componentes del SM está en relación directa con el incremento de los niveles séricos de AU, y que el valor de corte para esta asociación fue de 4 mg/dl; de ahí la importancia de considerar la determinación de los niveles séricos de AU como posible predictor de SM.

Abstract Introduction: in recent years, numerous scientific evidence suggest that hyperuricemia may play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS). Some studies have explored the association between uricemia and the presence of MS. However, it remains unclear whether high uric acid levels are causally related to the development of MS. Moreover, there are few studies on the presence of metabolic syndrome and its relationship with uric acid (UA) levels in the city of Corrientes, Argentina. Objectives: to determine the relationship between serum UA levels and the parameters that define MS in patients attending the outpatient clinic of Medical Clinic and General Medicine of the Ángela I. de Llano Hospital, Corrientes. Results: a total of 435 patients over 18 years of age were included: 312 (72%) women and 123 (28) men. Fifty-eight percent of the population met the NCEP-ATP III criteria for MS (60% females and 52% males). Seventy-five percent of the population had hyperuricemia and MS. In this study the presence of MS was significantly associated with uricemia values OR:1.5 (95%CI:1.3-1.8). The association is statistically significant. Conclusions: the results show that the increase in the frequency of the components of MS, goes in direct relation with the increase in serum UA levels and that the cut-off value for this association is 4 mg/dl. Hence the importance of considering the determination of serum UA levels as a possible predictor of MS.

Ability of TyG Index as a Marker of Insulin Resistance in Argentinean School Children.

Objective: To determine if the triglycerides and glucose index (TyG) can be used as a marker for insulin resistance (IR) in Argentinean schoolchildren according to age and sex. Methods: Anthropometric data, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and insulin levels were measured. The TyG index was defined by Ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL)* fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. A comparison of the ability of TyG to identify children with IR was performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC (AUROC) curve. IR was defined as HOMA-IR > III quartile. Results: A total of 915 (528, 57.7% males) apparently healthy schoolchildren, aged 9.3 ± 2.2, were evaluated. The AUROC using the HOMA-IR > III quartile as the dichotomous variable showed that TyG was a fair marker to identify IR (0.65, 95% CI, 0.61-0.69; p < 0.01). There was a significantly higher TyG AUROC in males (0.69, 95% CI, 0.63-0.75; p < 001) than in females (0.60, 95% CI, 0.54-0.66; p < 0.01). When children were divided according to age into two groups (5.0-9.9 and 10.0-14.9-year-olds); younger children (0.64, 95% CI, 0.58-0.69; p < 0.011) and older children (0.62, 95% CI, 0.55-0.68; p = 0.01) had a similar and fair AUROC. However, when children were divided by age and sex, females older than ten had a non-significant AUROC (0.53, 95% CI, 0.42-0.63; p = 0.61). The TyG index compared with HOMA-IR had low sensitivity and specificity, ranging from 0.62 to 0.56. Conclusion: The TyG index had a fair AUROC with low sensitivity and specificity, indicating poor discrimination in identifying IR in apparently healthy Argentinean children. The ability to use TyG for screening purposes seems limited in Argentinean schoolchildren.

Cardiometabolic markers among Argentinean normal weight and overweight children with and without central obesity.

BACKGROUND: The association between central obesity and cardiometabolic complications justifies exploring its association in normal-weight and overweight/obese (OW/OB) schoolchildren. OBJECTIVE: To describe cardiometabolic markers in four groups according to BMI/WC categories: (i) normal weight with central OB; (ii) normal weight without central OB; (iii) OW/OB with central OB and (iv) OW/OB without central OB, in a sample of Argentinean schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1264 Argentinean schoolchildren (624 F), aged 9.5 ± 2.2 years was performed between November 2013 and 2015. Children's anthropometric measures, blood pressure (BP), glucose, lipids, and insulin were measured. Children were divided into four groups: (i) normal weight with central OB; (ii) normal weight without central OB; (iii) OW/OB with central OB and (iv) OW/OB without central OB. RESULTS: The prevalence of normal-weight children without central OB was 64.3% (796), normal weight with central OB 5% (66), OW/OB without central OB 11% (137), and OW/OB with central OB 21% (265). Normal weight with central OB had significantly higher triglycerides than normal-weight children without central OB (86 vs 70 mg/dL, respectively) and OW/OB children without central OB (81 vs 77 mg/dL). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that age, systolic BP, HDL-C, triglycerides, and maternal WC were significantly associated with children's WC; R2 = 0.50 as well as children's BMI; R2 = 0.37. CONCLUSION: This study found that children with central OB might be at future higher cardiometabolic risk than those without central OB independently of the presence of OW/OB. However, future longitudinal studies should be performed to confirm these findings.

Influence of Telemedicine on the Number of Visits and HbA1c Determinations in Latin American Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To measure the changes in the number of medical visits and the number of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) determinations according to telemedicine access in children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) during the pandemic 2020 compared with 2019 and 2018. Methods: This is a multinational study of children with T1DM from four Latin American countries. The number of medical visits, the number of HbA1c determinations, and access to telemedicine during 2020 were extracted from their records. Results: Two hundred twenty-seven children (59% females) aged 12.7 ± 3.2 years with a duration of 5.4 ± 2.7 years of T1DM in 2018 were evaluated. There was a higher prevalence of children with telemedicine access in the pandemic 2020 versus those without [145 (63.9%) vs. 82 (36.1%); P < 0.01]. There was a higher number of medical visits during 2020 in children with telemedicine access versus those without (6.9 vs. 2.6; P < 0.01). Children with telemedicine access had a higher number of visits in 2020 versus 2018 (6.87 vs. 5.04, P < 0.01), but similar to 2019. Children without access had a lower number of visits in 2020 versus 2019 (2.6 vs. 5.5; P < 0.01) and versus 2018 (2.6 vs. 5.1; P < 0.01). In 2020, the number of HbA1c determinations in children with telemedicine access was higher versus those without (1.8 vs. 0.9; P < 0.01). Children with telemedicine access had a lower number of HbA1c determinations in 2020 versus 2019 (1.8 vs. 2.4; P < 0.01), but similar to 2018. Furthermore, children without access had a lower number of HbA1c determinations in 2020 versus 2019 (0.9 vs. 1.9; P < 0.01) and versus 2018 (0.9 vs. 2.0; P < 0.01). Conclusions: We found that children with T1DM with telemedicine access had a significantly higher number of medical visits and HbA1c determinations during lockdown than those without access in different Latin American centers.

La pandemia Covid-19 y la continuidad de los procesos de formación de los profesionales de la salud: virtualización de las experiencias de aprendizaje en la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes / The Covid-19 pandemic and the continuity of the training processes of health professionals: virtualization of learning experiences in the Argentine Society of Diabetes

El año 2020 se nos presentó a todos como un año diferente en el que nos vimos obligados, individualmente y como comunidad, a generar formas distintas de comunicación e intercambio. Transcurría febrero y los docentes de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes (SAD) generábamos propuestas para desarrollar durante el año, compartiendo reuniones y tratando de responder inquietudes surgidas de los debates, planificando los temas, a quiénes dirigirnos o qué competencias queríamos desarrollar. Pero marzo nos sorprendió con el contexto de aislamiento sanitario producto de la pandemia y esto generó un desafío en materia educativa con más incertidumbres que certezas, dentro de un marco de mucha angustia en lo personal y laboral.

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Argentina according to the Latin American Diabetes Association (ALAD) and International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria and the associated maternal-neonatal complications.

In Argentina, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diagnosed by the Latin American Diabetes Association (ALAD) diagnostic criterion. In this work, we investigated GDM prevalence according to the ALAD and IADPSG diagnostic criteria, evaluated maternal and fetal outcomes and assessed whether fasting glycemia between 92-99 mg/dL was associated with increased risk of macrosomia and maternal obesity/overweight in an Argentine cohort of pregnant women. GDM prevalence was 9.8% with the ALAD diagnostic criterion and 25% considering the IADPSG criterion. Increased prevalence of maternal obesity/overweight was observed in patients with fasting glycemia over 99 mg/dL. A population of high metabolic risk is identified by the ALAD criterion.

Association Between High Birth Weight and Later Central Obesity in 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren.

Background and Objective: Studies have suggested that birth weight (BW) is associated with body mass index (BMI), but its association with waist circumference (WC) in children should be further explored. To determine the association between central obesity (OB) in 9-year-old Argentinean schoolchildren and high BW. Methods: Schoolchildren (n = 2567, 1157 males) aged 8.7 ± 2.1 years from 10 elementary schools in 5 states in Argentina were examined between April 2017 and September 2019. Mothers submitted children's BW information. Pediatricians assessed anthropometric measures and blood pressure (BP). Central OB was defined for children as WC ≥90th percentile for age and gender. Results: The prevalence of overweight (OW) and OB (OW/OB) was 42.7% (1095) and that of central OB was 34.8% (856) in 9-year-old children. The prevalence of low BW (<2500 grams) and high BW (>4000 grams) was 6.6% (n = 169) and 7.4% (n = 190), respectively. BW (3.25 vs. 3.36 kg), weight (31.38 vs. 42.88 kg), BMI (17.29 vs. 22.25 kg/m2), BMI z-scores (z-BMI; 0.25 vs. 1.63), systolic BP (96 vs. 98 mmHg), and diastolic BP (59 vs. 60 mmHg) were significantly lower in 9-year-old children without central OB than in those with central OB, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis using central OB as the dependent variable showed that high BW [odds ratio, 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.44-2.73)] was associated with central OB, adjusted for age, gender, and systolic and diastolic BP. Conclusion: This study shows that central OB in 9-year-old children was associated with high BW. Future longitudinal studies should be performed to confirm this finding. Clinical Registration number, IATIMET-08102019.

Asociación del peso al nacer con adiposidad en niños escolares de distintas regiones de argentina / Association of birth weight with adiposity in school children from different regions of argentina

Introducción: diversos estudios han sugerido que el bajo y alto peso al nacer (PN) se asocian a obesidad (OB) y sobrepeso (SP) durante la infancia y la edad adulta. Objetivos: determinar la asociación entre PN y OB en escolares de 9 años de tres regiones de Argentina. Materiales y métodos: las medidas antropométricas y la presión arterial (PA) se tomaron en 1.131 escolares (505 masculinos) de 8,8±2,1 años de edad promedio, en tres regiones de Argentina durante el año 2019. Se interrogó, además, acerca del peso al nacer y el estilo de vida. Resultados: el 21,1% (239) de los niños presentaba SP (IMC>85 <95 percentilo según CDC) y el 21,8% (246) OB (IMC>95 percentilo). La prevalencia de PN bajo (<2.500 g) fue de fue de 6,2% (n=70) y de PN alto (>4.000 g) de 7,3% (n=82). El puntaje z-IMC de los niños de 9 años aumentaba significativamente con el aumento del PN: PN bajo (z-IMC=0,33), normal (z-IMC=0,72) y alto (z-IMC=1,12). En modelos de regresión logística múltiple se observó que el PN bajo se asoció inversamente a la OB (OR, 0.41 [IC del 95%: 0,19-0,92]), mientras que el PN alto se asoció directamente con la OB ajustado por edad y sexo (OR, 2.48 [95% IC 1,53-4,02]). Conclusiones: nuestros datos indican que el alto PN, pero no el bajo PN, se asocia con OB en niños en edad escolar de 9 años, mientras que el bajo PN está inversamente asociado con OB.

Introduction: several studies have suggested that low and high birth weight are associated with obesity (OB) and overweight (OW) during childhood and adulthood. Objectives: to determine the association between birth weight and OB in 9-year-old schoolchildren from three areas of Argentina. Materials and methods: anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were taken in 1.131 schoolchildren (505 males) of an average age of 8.8±2.1 years in three areas of Argentina during 2019. Mothers were asked about their children's birth weight and lifestyle. Results: 21.1% (239) of the children had OW (BMI>85 <95 percentile according to the CDC) and 21.8% (246) OB (BMI>95 percentile). The prevalence of low birth weight (<2.500 g) was 6.2% (n=70) and of high birth weight (>4.000 g) was 7.3% (n=82). The 9-year-old z-BMI score increased significantly with increasing birth weight: low birth weight (z-BMI=0.33), normal (z-BMI=0.72) and high (z-BMI=1.12). In multiple logistic regression models, it was found that low birth weight was inversely associated with OB (OR, 0.41 [95% CI: 0.19-0.92]), while high birth weight was directly associated with OB adjusted for age and sex (OR, 2.48 [95% CI 1.53-4.02]). Conclusions: our data indicate that high birth weight, but not low birth weight, is associated with OB in 9-year-old schoolchildren, while low birth weight is inversely associated with OB

Estudio DISCOVER en la población argentina / Discover study in the argentine population

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad metabólica de alta prevalencia que constituye un importante factor de riesgo cardiovascular, en la cual los pacientes no sólo se diagnostican tardíamente, sino que permanecen por tiempos prolongados con mal control de la glucemia y de los demás factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se registra una significativa inercia terapéutica en la implementación de drogas antidiabéticas en la segunda línea de tratamiento. Objetivos: el objetivo principal del estudio DISCOVER fue proporcionar datos del mundo real para evaluar la terapéutica antidiabética y los resultados clínicos prospectivos en pacientes con DM2 que inician una terapia farmacológica de segunda línea para la reducción de la glucemia. El objetivo secundario fue informar los datos de referencia de Argentina comparados con pacientes del mundo global, incluyendo variables metabólicas, edad, antigüedad de la enfermedad y riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos: DISCOVER es un estudio observacional, prospectivo, de tres años de duración, en el cual participaron pacientes de 37 países con DM2, con mal control glucémico, que requerían una terapia antidiabética de segunda línea. Argentina participó con 14 centros urbanos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2 mayores de 18 años que requerían segunda línea de tratamiento para control de la glucemia luego del tratamiento de primera línea oral, con una monoterapia, o terapia doble o triple administrada como combinación de dosis fija. Resultados: se presentan los datos correspondientes a la Argentina. Se enrolaron 299 pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2 (51,3% hombres) que estaban fuera del objetivo de control glucémico (el control glucémico se estableció de acuerdo al valor de HbA1c de <7% según los criterios de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes, ADA 2020). La edad media fue de 59 años±10 años. El valor medio de la HbA1c fue de 8,8%±1,9% con glucemia en ayunas promedio de 182,9 mg/dl±59,6 mg/dl. Se registró una media de índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 32,2kg/m2 ± 6,0kg/m2. Argentina tuvo un porcentaje alto de sujetos mayores de 25 años con IMC elevado (90%). Un importante porcentaje de los parámetros lipídicos estaba fuera de los objetivos de control para pacientes con diabetes. La guía ADA 2020 recomienda el uso de estatinas de moderada potencia con los siguientes valores de LDL colesterol (LDLc): <100 mg/dl para pacientes con diabetes sin enfermedad cardiovascular y de <70 mg/dl para pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular, uso de estatinas de alta potencia y valores de triglicéridos <150 mg/dl siguiendo los criterios de ADA 2020. Los valores medios de colesterol total fueron de 188 mg/dl± 44 mg/dl para LDLc 114,39 mg/dl±10 mg/dl y los triglicéridos con una media 180,1mg/dl±97,6mg/dl. En el seguimiento a dos años se verificó un descenso estadísticamente significativo de los niveles de glucemia y HbA1c, así como de los parámetros lipídicos, aunque no se lograron los objetivos de tratamiento recomendados, a pesar de lo cual sólo aproximadamente el 52% de los pacientes recibía tratamiento con estatinas. Las drogas antidiabéticas más utilizadas en la segunda línea fueron los inhibidores de DPP-4 y las sulfonilureas. Conclusiones: se reconoció un alto grado de inercia en cuanto a la progresión para establecer una segunda línea de tratamiento, a partir del nivel alto de HbA1c con que se inició el mismo. Este estudio puso de manifiesto la situación del control metabólico, factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados y el tratamiento de la DM2 en el mundo real de nuestro país, a partir de lo cual deben tomarse las medidas necesarias con el objetivo de mejorar los parámetros presentados y evaluarlos con estudios similares al actual. Es importante continuar trabajando para evitar la progresión de la diabetes hacia las complicaciones crónicas en aquellos pacientes que ya desarrollaron la enfermedad.

Introduction: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent metabolic disease, which constitutes an important cardiovascular risk factor, in which patients are not only diagnosed late, but remain for prolonged times, with glycemic and other cardiovascular risk factors poorly controlled. There is a significant therapeutic inertia in the implementation of antidiabetic drugs in the second line of treatment. Objectives: the main objective of the DISCOVER study was to provide real-world data to assess antidiabetic therapy and prospective clinical outcomes in patients with T2DM who initiate a second line pharmacological therapy for blood glucose reduction. The secondary objective was to obtain data from Argentina on glycemic control, metabolic control, comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors and the concomitant therapeutic approach compared to the global world. Materials and methods: DISCOVER is a prospective 3-year observational study in which patients from 37 countries with T2DM with poor glycemic control who required second line antidiabetic therapy were involved. Argentina participated with 14 urban centers. Inclusion criteria were: patients with a diagnosis of T2DM over 18 years of age who require a second line of treatment for glycemic control after oral first line treatment, with monotherapy, or double or triple therapy administered as a fixed dose combination. Results: Argentina data are presented. 299 patients with a diagnosis of T2DM, were enrolled (51.3% men) who were outside the objective of glycemic control (glycemic control was established according to the HbA1c value of <7% according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association, ADA 2020). Mean age was 59 years±10 years. The mean HbA1c value was 8.8%±1.9% with an average fasting glucose of 182.9 mg/dl ±59.6 mg/dl. An average body mass index (BMI) of 32.2kg/m2 ±6.0 kg/m2 was recorded. Argentina had a high percentage of subjects over 25 years with high BMI (90%). A high percentage of lipids parameters were outside the control objectives for diabetic patients. The ADA 2020 guidelines recommends the use of moderately potent statin with the following LDL colesterol (LDLc) values <100 mg/dl for patients without cardiovascular disease and LDLc <70 mg/dl for patients with cardiovascular disease and use of high potency statin and trygliceride values <150 mg/dl following the criteria ADA 2020 guidelines. The average total cholesterol values were 188 mg/dl±44 mg/dl, for LDLc 114.39 mg/dl±10 mg/dl. Triglycerides with a mean 180.1 mg/dl±97.6 mg/dl. A two year follow up showed a statistically significant decrease in blood glucose and HbA1c levels, as well as lipids parameters, although the recommended treatment goals were not achieved, in despite of which only 25% of patients received statin treatment. The most used antidiabetic drugs in the second line were sulfonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors. Conclusions: a high degree of inertia was recognized in terms of progression to establish a second line of treatment, based on the high level of HbA1c with which it was initiated. This study showed the situation of metabolic control, associated cardiovascular risk factors and the treatment of T2DM in the real world of our country. Necessary measures must be taken in order to improve the parameters presented and they must be able to be evaluated with studies similar to the current one. It is important to continue working to prevent the progression of diabetes toward chronic complications in those patients who have already developed the disease.

Adiposity, lifestyle behaviors, and cardiometabolic markers in Argentinean schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: We determined the association between schoolchildren's OW/OB with age, sex, lifestyle behaviors, and cardiometabolic markers. METHODS: Age, sex, anthropometric measures, and BP (blood pressure) were recorded in 1249 (554 M) schoolchildren. OW/OB was defined as BMI > 85%ile and BMI > 95%ile respectively. A validated questionnaire for lifestyle behaviors was performed. We offered free laboratory testing to a subgroup of 168 children. RESULTS: Schoolchildren aged 8.8 ± 2.1 y from 9 elementary schools in 4 areas of Argentina were examined between April and September 2019. 265 (21.2%) of the children were OW, 265 (21.2%) were OB, and 425 (35%) had central OB. OW/OB was associated with low milk intake (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3), skipping breakfast (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4), a family history of hypertension (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9), and systolic BP (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05); adjusted for confounding variables. The subgroup analysis showed that OW/OB children had lower iron (83 vs. 94 ug/dl, respectively) and HDL-C (43 vs. 47 mg/dl) levels, but higher non-HDL-C (107 vs. 99 mg/dl) levels than normal-weight children. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that OW/OB was inversely associated with iron (OR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.998) and HDL-C (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97) levels; adjusted for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: Adiposity in schoolchildren was associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, higher atherogenic risk, and lower iron concentrations, suggesting that OW/OB children are at increased risk for anemia and cardiometabolic disease.

The triad macrosomia, obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia in gestational diabetes.

AIMS: Offspring of women with gestational diabetes (GD) have more macrosomia than newborns of normal mothers. We studied macrosomia frequency, possible pathogenesis, and main predictors of its appearance at different gestational ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1870 pregnant women with GD were recruited in primary care centres and maternity hospitals in the Argentine provinces of Corrientes, Chaco, Buenos Aires, and in Buenos Aires City; 1088 completed gestation and delivered an infant. We collected clinical and metabolic data, personal and obstetric history, and gestational and delivery characteristics. Presence of macrosomia was analysed in the whole population, the entire pregnancy, and in each trimester of gestation. Data were statistically analysed and values were expressed as mean ± SD and percentages. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee and all participants signed informed consent. RESULTS: Macrosomia was found in 12.9% of newborns and obesity in all mothers with no significant differences between mothers with/without macrosomic offspring. In early pregnancy, the main significant indicators of macrosomia were: history of dyslipidaemia (5.6% vs 1.2%, respectively) and macrosomia in previous pregnancies (27% vs 13%, respectively). However, the third trimester showed a significant combination of higher BMI, FBG, and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of women with GD presented macrosomia in 12.9% of cases, maternal history of dyslipidaemia and macrosomia in previous pregnancies being early predictors. The combination of maternal obesity, FBG, and hypertriglyceridemia became significant during the last trimester of pregnancy.

Efecto de los factores relacionados al cuidado de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y motivos de no adhesión en Argentina / Effect of factors related to the care of type 2 diabetes mellitus and reasons for non-adherence in Argentina

Introducción: analizar la injerencia de la adherencia al tratamiento en la evaluación clínica optimiza el uso de pruebas y evita intensificar tratamientos que pueden aumentar riesgos en los pacientes. Conocer sobre las variables influyentes implica el conocimiento y el control de factores relativos al cuidado de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivos: analizar el efecto de la adherencia al tratamiento en adultos con DM2 en Argentina. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal. Se incluyeron 1.520 pacientes adultos con DM2 con tres o más meses de antigüedad de enfermedad residentes en Argentina. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado autorreferido. Se evaluó el grado de adherencia reportada, las recomendaciones dadas por el equipo de salud, las formas de adhesión y los motivos de incumplimiento por medio del Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA). Resultados: representando diferentes regiones geográficas, la media de adherencia general para todas las características fue 4,32 (61,71%); los peores puntajes para la adherencia correspondieron a la actividad física, el monitoreo glucémico y la dieta en orden ascendente. Se observaron carencias en las recomendaciones por parte del equipo de salud al momento de indicar medidas higiénico dietéticas. Conclusiones: los resultados nacionales observados guardan similitud en la dieta, la actividad física y la disminución en el consumo de tabaco con respecto a los datos prevalentes proveniente de la Cuarta Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo

Introduction: analyzing the interference of adherence to treatment in clinical evaluation optimizes the use of tests and avoids intensifying treatments that may increase risks in patients. Knowing about the influential variables implies the knowledge and control of factors related to the care of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D). Objectives: to analyze the effect of adherence to treatment in adults with T2D in Argentina. Materials and methods: transversal study. We included 1.520 adult patients with T2D with 3 or more months of illness in Argentina. A validated self-reported questionnaire was applied. The degree of adherence reported, the recommendations given by the health team, the forms of adherence and the reasons for non-compliance through the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) were evaluated. Results: representing different geographical regions, the mean of general adherence for all the characteristics was 4.32 (61.71%); the worst scores for adherence corresponded to physical activity, glycemic monitoring and diet in ascending order. There were shortcomings in the recommendations by the health team when indicating hygienic dietary measures. Conclusions: the observed national results are similar in diet, physical activity and the decrease in tobacco consumption with respect to prevailing data from the Fourth National Survey of Risk Factors.

Calidad de vida y prestaciones en salud de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según región geográfica en Argentina / Quality of life and health benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes according to geography region in Argentina

Introducción: la adherencia al tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en el adulto es un tema complejo y multifactorial que aúna aspectos propios de la enfermedad como no propios, los cuales impactan en la calidad de vida. En Argentina se presentan grandes dificultades al costear la totalidad del tratamiento de la enfermedad. El impacto del ingreso sobre el gasto en salud en DM2 es mayor para los niveles más bajos de ingresos. Objetivos: analizar en adultos con DM2 en Argentina diferencias en variables de calidad de vida y objetivos metabólicos según regiones geográficas y prestación en salud; conocer el gasto de bolsillo en salud y los costos en salud vinculados a DM2; establecer la asociación entre el gasto de bolsillo con variables socioeconómicas y el cumplimiento de los objetivos metabólicos. Materiales y métodos: sobre ocho regiones geográficas de la República Argentina se incluyeron 1.520 pacientes adultos con DM2 y se los clasificó según prestación en salud (sin prestación, con prestación o jubilados). Se aplicó cuestionario validado autorreferido. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas por región geográfica para jubilación prematura por DM2, pérdida de percepción de calidad de vida y cumplimiento de los objetivos metabólicos. Se encontró significancia estadística del gasto de bolsillo con la presencia de subsidio familiar, la jubilación prematura por DM2 y el cumplimiento de los objetivos metabólicos. Conclusiones: se observó disparidad entre las variables de calidad de vida, el gasto en salud y la percepción de subsidios

Introduction: adherence to treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DT2) in the adult is a complex and multifactorial issue that combines aspects of the disease as not own, which impact on the quality of life. In Argentina there are great difficulties in paying for the entire treatment of the disease. The impact of income on health spending in DT2 is greater for lower income levels. Objectives: to analyze differences in quality of life and metabolic objectives according to geographic regions and health benefits in adults with DT2 in Argentina; know the out of pocket expenses in health and health costs linked to DT2; establish an association between out of pocket spending with socioeconomic variables and compliance with metabolic objectives. Materials and methods: over eight geographic regions of the Argentine Republic, 1.520 adult patients with DT2 were classified according to health benefit (without benefit, with benefits or retirees). Validated self-reported questionnaire was applied. Results: significant differences were found by geographic region for premature retirement due to DT2, the loss of perception of quality of life and the fulfillment of metabolic objectives. Statistical significance of out-of-pocket spending was found with the presence of family allowance, early retirement by DT2 and compliance with metabolic objectives. Conclusions: disparity between the variables of quality of life, health expenditure and perception of subsidies was observed

Adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Argentina durante 2015 / Adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes melltius in Argentina during 2015

Introducción: la interrupción en la adherencia a los tratamientos prescriptos genera obstáculos importantes los cuales impactan negativamente en los indicadores de salud. Objetivos: evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en Argentina, y establecer la asociación con el tipo de prestación de atención en salud y la ubicación geográfica. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron 1.520 individuos pertenecientes a ocho regiones diferentes de la República Argentina durante 2015. Se realizó un estudio transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado autorreferido de opciones múltiples con respuestas policotómicas de puntuación simple. Se empleó una escala cuantitativa y un análisis multivariado de componentes principales. Resultados: la edad media fue de 60,2 años y la antigüedad de DM2 referida correspondió a 10,1 años. La media de HbA1c fue de 7,85%. La media de adherencia general para todas las características fue 4,32 (61,71%). Los resultados de adherencia encontrados se asemejan a otros países en desarrollo a excepción del cuidado de los pies. El factor cuidado de los pies en nuestro país reporta escalas de mayor adherencia. Se detectaron resultados tal vez redundantes como la mayor adherencia al monitoreo en las terapias de uso con insulina, y menores para dieta, ejercicio y solo uso de antidiabéticos orales (ADO), así como también la mayor adherencia en medicación en las terapias con insulina e insulina más ADO. Conclusiones: son alarmantes las bajas escalas referidas al grupo con solo dieta y ejercicio

Introduction: the interruption in the adherence to the prescribed treatments generates important obstacles which negatively impact on health indicators. Objectives: to evaluate adherence to treatment in adult patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DT2) in Argentina; associate with the type of health care provision and location. Materials and methods: we included 1.520 individuals belonging to eight different geographical regions of the Argentine Republic during 2015. A cross-sectional study was conducted. A self-reported validated questionnaire of multiple options with simple scoring polycotomic responses was applied. A quantitative scale and a multivariate analysis of main components were applied. Results: the average age was 60.2 years and the seniority of the referred DT2 corresponded to 10.1 years. The average HbA1c was 7.85%. The average general adherence for all characteristics was 4.32 (61.71%). The adherence results found are similar to other developing countries except for the care of the feet. The care factor of the feet in our country report scales of greater adherence. Redundant results are observed, such as greater adherence to monitoring in insulin therapy and less for diet and exercise and only oral antidiabetic drugs (ADO), as well as greater medication adherence in insulin and insulin therapies more ADO. Conclusions: the low scales referred to the group with only diet and exercise are alarming

Educación terapéutica de mujeres con diabetes gestacional (EDUGEST): datos correspondientes al período de reclutamiento / Education of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (EDUGEST): data collected in the recruitment period

Introducción: la prevalencia de diabetes gestacional (DG) en Argentina es de 4,7%, lo que implica mayor riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones tanto maternas como del recién nacido, prevenibles mediante un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento oportuno. Objetivos: promover la consulta precoz, el diagnóstico oportuno y el tratamiento adecuado mediante un programa de educación estructurado y multidisciplinario a nivel de Centros de Atención Primaria de la Salud (CAPs) y maternidades. Materiales y métodos: se reclutaron embarazadas con DG en CAPs y maternidades de Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Chaco y Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), con la participación de obstetras, diabetólogos, enfermeras, asistentes sociales, educadores, nutricionistas y médicos comunitarios. Para el diagnóstico de DG se aplicaron los criterios de la Asociación Latinoamérica de Diabetes (ALAD) y se relevaron simultáneamente hábitos nutricionales y parámetros clínicos, metabólicos y terapéuticos. También se desarrollaron cursos de educación y seguimiento durante el embarazo, parto, postparto y lactancia. Resultados: las embarazadas con DG consultaron tardíamente (la mayoría en el tercer trimestre de embarazo) y presentaron factores de riesgo para DG no prevenibles (el más frecuente fue el antecedente familiar de diabetes) y prevenibles (obesidad, hipertrigliceridemia y macrosomía) en embarazos previos. Conclusiones: el EduGest pretende interrumpir el círculo vicioso generado por la DG sobre la futura diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la madre y el niño al promover la adopción de hábitos saludables

Introduction: in Argentina the prevalence of gestational diabetes (GD) is 4.7%, accounting for a higher risk of developing complications in both the mother and the baby which could be prevented by early diagnosis and timely treatment. Objectives: to promote early consultation, timely diagnosis and adequate treatment through a structured and multidisciplinary education Program in Primary Healthcare (PHU) and maternity (PMU) units. Materials and methods: pregnant women with DG were recruited in PHU and PMU from Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Chaco and CABA, Argentina. The program included the participation of obstetricians, diabetologists, nurses, social workers, educators, nutritionists and community doctors. The ALAD diagnostic criteria for DG were applied. Simultaneously, nutritional habits, clinical, metabolic and therapeutic parameters were recorded. Education and follow-up courses were developed during pregnancy, delivery, after delivery and breastfeeding. Results: late consultation was frequent in pregnant women with GD (mainly during the third trimester), who presented both non-preventable (the most frequent being family history of diabetes) and preventable (obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and macrosomia) risk factors for GD in previous pregnancies. Conclusions: EduGest is aimed at breaking the vicious circle of DG on the future development of type 2 diabetes in the mother and the baby by promoting the adoption of healthy habits

Incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en personas menores de 15 años, entre los años 2009 y 2016, en la provincia de Corrientes / Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in persons under 15 years old, betwenn the years 2009 and 2016, in the province of Corrientes

Introducción: la incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) aumentó en los últimos años en varias regiones del mundo. Los Estudios Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond), Europa y Diabetes (EURODIAB) fueron fundamentales para monitorizar el desarrollo de incidencia de DM1 en niños al propiciar pruebas sobre tendencias y prevalencia mundiales. En el Estudio DiaMond, en la provincia de Corrientes, se halló una incidencia de 4,3/100.000 (2,21-7,51) entre los años 1990 a 1999. Objetivos: determinar la incidencia de DM1 en niños <15 años en la provincia de Corrientes entre el 1º de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016, según edad, sexo y residencia; comparar con el período 1990-1999; calcular la tasa de incidencia 2009-2016; analizar la presencia de factores de riesgo económicos, psicosociales y ambientales. Materiales y métodos: registro de casos de DM1 con población <15 años, que debutó con DM1, entre el 1º de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016, a través de una ficha epidemiológica. La fuente primaria fueron datos de registros de médicos especializados en diabetes, endocrinólogos y pediatras, y las fuentes secundarias se tomaron de los registros de entrega de insulinas de hospitales, obras sociales y de la Asociación Correntina de Ayuda al Diabético. El método de captura-recaptura se empleó para establecer el grado de eficiencia y estimar el número de casos incidentes. Se calculó la incidencia anual cada 100.000 habitantes en riesgo, agrupados en tres categorías por edad (0-4, 5-9, 10-14). Resultados: casos estimados 104 (IC95% 100-108). Incidencias 6,0/100.000 2009; 2,3/100.000 2010; 3,71/100.000 2011; 3,75/100.000 2012; 5,82/100.000 2013; 5,2/100.000 2014; 2,7/100.000 2015; 5,5/100.000 2016; incidencia general por año 4,4/100.000. Conclusiones: la tasa calculada entre 2009-2016 de 4,4/100.000 fue similar al período 1990-1999 de 6/100.000 y se mantuvo en el rango de tasa intermedia 5-9,99 por 100.000/año

Introduction: Diabetes Mondiale, Europe and Diabetes studies were fundamental to monitor the development of incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in children, providing evidence on global trends and prevalence, in the Province of Corrientes was found an incidence 4.3/100,000 (2.21-7.51). Objectives: to determine the incidence of DM1 in children <15 years old in the Province of Corrientes between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016, according to age, sex and residence; compare with the period 1990-1999, calculate incidence rate 2009 and 2016; analyze the presence of economic, psychosocial and environmental risk factors. Materials and methods: registry of cases of DM1 with population <15 years, which debuted with DM1, between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016 through an epidemiological record, being primary source of data records of diabetologists, endocrinologists and pediatricians; secondary sources records of delivery of insulins from hospitals, social eorks and Correntina Association of Diabetic Aid. The capture-recapture method was used to establish the degree of efficiency and estimate the number of incident cases. The annual incidence per 100,000 inhabitants at risk was calculated, grouped into three age categories (0-4, 5-9, 10-14). Results: estimated cases 104 (95%CI 100-108). Incidences 6.0/100,000 2009; 2.3/100,000 2010; 3.71/100,000 2011; 3.75/100,000 2012; 5.82/100,000 2013; 5.2/100,000 2014; 2.7/100,000 2015; 5.5/100,000 2016; general incidence per year 4.4/100,000. Conclusions: the calculated rate between 2009-2016 of 4.4/100,000 was similar to the period 1990-1999 of 6/100,000, keeping in the range of intermediate rate 5-9.99 per 100,000/year

Consumo de lácteos y adecuación del aporte de calcio en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de laUniversidad Nacional del Nordeste / Dairy consumption and adequacy of calcium intake in students of the Faculty of Medicine of the National University of the Northeast

Los lácteos constituyen un grupo alimentariode gran relevancia para el ser humano, se consideran como tales a la leche y sus derivados, por ser los alimentos fuente de calcio por excelencia su ingesta adecuada garantiza cubrir la Ingesta Recomendada del mineral. El objetivo general del trabajo fue determinar la adecuación de la Ingesta recomendada de calcio, para ello se realizó un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de carácter descriptivo. La población de estudio fueron los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Nacional del Nordeste. Sobre ella se tomó una muestra no probabilística accidental conformada por 100 unidades muestrales. Tras el análisis de datos se observó que el 22% de los encuestados no cubre la IR de calcio mientras que el 58% lo hace en exceso y solo el 20% cumple la media de 1000 mg/día. Como conclusión se destaca la necesidad de implementar estrategias de educación nutricional a fin de mejorar el patrón de consumo de lácteos y la consecuente ingesta de calcio

Recomendaciones para el manejo de las pacientes con diabetes gestacional / Recommendations for the management of patients with pregestational diabetes

La diabetes mellitus pregestacional afecta el desarrollo de la gestación y se asocia a complicaciones maternas y feto-neonatales. Si bien hace algunos años la mayoría de las pacientes con diabetes pregestacional era diabética tipo 1, la prevalencia de mujeres con diabetes tipo 2 en edad reproductiva aumentó asociada al incremento de la obesidad. La paciente con diabetes pregestacional con mal control presenta mayor riesgo de complicaciones desde el inicio y hasta el final de embarazo. El control metabólico adecuado, el correcto estado nutricional y el tratamiento de las complicaciones maternas previenen las complicaciones o reducen su severidad. Por ello es fundamental la programación del embarazo para prevenir el daño en las primeras semanas de gestación. Además es necesario el riguroso seguimiento clínico durante todo el embarazo. En este contexto, en el marco del Comité de Diabetes y Embarazo, y a través del estudio de evidencias científicas y estudios vinculados, surgen estas recomendaciones para mujeres con diabetes pregestacional

Guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diabetes gestacional. ALAD, 2016 / Guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes. Alad, 2016

En los últimos años el aumento de la prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), la aparición a edades más tempranas de DM2, así como el desplazamiento del embarazo a edades mayores conllevan a un aumento de casos de diabetes (DM) en el embarazo. En algunas pacientes la diabetes no se diagnostica y obviamente no se trata. Este hecho puede complicar un embarazo, especialmente en el período embriogénico. La aplicación de nuevos criterios de diagnóstico para la diabetes gestacional, la controversia en el uso y la seguridad de los antidiabéticos orales durante el embarazo, así como el uso de determinados análogos de insulina hacen indispensable que Latinoamérica, a través del Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes y Embarazo de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes (ALAD), actualice sus recomendaciones. El desarrollo de las mismas se realizó en varias reuniones y trabajo conjunto del grupo. Se tuvo en cuenta el grado de nivel de evidencia, la experiencia de los referentes y la adaptación cultural según las regiones donde se implementarán las recomendaciones descriptas

The effects of exenatide twice daily compared to insulin lispro added to basal insulin in Latin American patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective analysis of the 4B trial.

AIMS: Socioeconomic changes in Latin American countries have led to an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined the effects of exenatide twice daily (BID) or insulin lispro, each added to insulin glargine, in Latin American patients with T2D. METHODS: This was a subgroup analysis of patients from Argentina and Mexico in the 4B study (N=114). Patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.0-10.0% (53-86mmol/mol) after 12weeks of intensive basal insulin optimization were randomized to exenatide BID or thrice-daily insulin lispro added to insulin glargine and metformin. RESULTS: After 30weeks, addition of exenatide BID or insulin lispro resulted in significant (P<0.0001) reductions in HbA1c (exenatide BID: -0.9% [-10mmol/mol]; insulin lispro: -1.2% [-13mmol/mol]). Weight was stable in the exenatide BID group (-0.1kg) and increased significantly (+3.4kg; P<0.0001) with insulin lispro. Major and minor hypoglycemia occurred less frequently (40 vs. 253 events) with exenatide BID compared with insulin lispro. Gastrointestinal adverse events of nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting occurred more frequently with exenatide BID than with insulin lispro. CONCLUSIONS: Both exenatide BID and prandial insulin lispro, each added to basal insulin glargine, were effective at reducing HbA1c in Latin American patients. Treatment with exenatide BID resulted in stable weight but more gastrointestinal adverse events. Treatment with insulin lispro resulted in weight gain and an increased risk of hypoglycemia. These findings support the addition of exenatide BID to insulin glargine as an option for Latin American patients unable to achieve glycemic control on basal insulin alone.