Characterization of [(125)I]-SB-258585 binding to human recombinant and native 5-HT(6) receptors in rat, pig and human brain tissue.

SB-258585 (4-Iodo-N-[4-methoxy-3-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-benzen esulphonamide) is a high affinity ligand at 5-HT(6) receptors. It displays over 100 fold selectivity for the 5-HT(6) receptor over all other 5-HT receptors tested so far. SB-258585 has been radiolabelled, to high specific activity, for its characterization as a 5-HT(6) receptor selective radioligand. [(125)I]-SB-258585 bound, with high affinity, to a single population of receptors in a cell line expressing human recombinant 5-HT(6) receptors. Kinetic and saturation binding experiments gave pK(D) values of 9.01+/-0.09 and 9.09+/-0.02, respectively. In membranes derived from rat or pig striatum and human caudate putamen, [(125)I]-SB-258585 labelled a single site with high levels (>60%) of specific binding. Saturation analysis revealed pK(D) values of 8.56+/-0.07 for rat, 8.60+/-0.10 for pig and 8.90+/-0.02 for human. B(max) values for the tissues ranged from 173+/-23 and 181+/-25 fmol mg(-1) protein in rat and pig striatum, respectively, to 215+/-41 fmol mg(-1) protein in human caudate putamen. The pK(i) rank order of potency for a number of compounds, determined in competition binding assays with [(125)I]-SB-258585, at human caudate putamen membranes was: SB-271046>SB-258585>SB-214111>methiothepin>clozapine>5-Me-OT>5-HT>Ro 04-6790>mianserin>ritanserin=amitriptyline>5-CT>mesulergine. Similar profiles were obtained from pig and rat striatal membranes and recombinant 5-HT(6) receptors; data from the latter correlated well with [(3)H]-LSD binding. Thus, [(125)I]-SB-258585 is a high affinity, selective radioligand which can be used to label both recombinant and native 5-HT(6) receptors and will facilitate further characterization of this receptor subtype in animal and human tissues.

Identification of high-affinity binding sites for the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone (BRL-49653) in rodent and human adipocytes using a radioiodinated ligand for peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

A radioiodinated ligand, [125I]SB-236636 [(S)-(-)3-[4-[2-[N-(2-benzoxazolyl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]3-[125I]i odo phenyl]2-ethoxy propanoic acid], which is specific for the gamma isoform of the peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPARgamma), was developed. [125I]SB-236636 binds with high affinity to full-length human recombinant PPARgamma1 and to a GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusion protein containing the ligand binding domain of human PPARgamma1 (KD = 70 nM). Using this ligand, we characterized binding sites in adipose-derived cells from rat, mouse and humans. In competition experiments, rosiglitazone (BRL-49653), a potent antihyperglycemic agent, binds with high affinity to sites in intact adipocytes (IC50 = 12, 4 and 9 nM for rat, 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes, respectively). Binding affinities (IC50) of other thiazolidinediones for the ligand binding domain of PPARgamma1 were comparable with those determined in adipocytes and reflected the rank order of potencies of these agents as stimulants of glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and antihyperglycemic agents in vivo: rosiglitazone > pioglitazone > troglitazone. Competition of [125I]SB-236636 binding was stereoselective in that the IC50 value of SB-219994, the (S)-enantiomer of an alpha-trifluoroethoxy propanoic acid insulin sensitizer, was 770-fold lower than that of SB-219993 [(R)-enantiomer] at recombinant human PPARgamma1. The higher binding affinity of SB-219994 also was evident in intact adipocytes and reflected its 100-fold greater potency as an antidiabetic agent. The results strongly suggest that the high-affinity binding site for [125I]SB-236636 in intact adipocytes is PPARgamma and that the pharmacology of insulin-sensitizer binding in rodent and human adipocytes is very similar and, moreover, predictive of antihyperglycemic activity in vivo.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase as a target for melanoma destruction?

Catechols may interfere in melanogenesis by causing increased levels of toxic quinones. Several catechols and known inhibitors of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were therefore tested for their toxicity towards a pigmented melanoma cell line, UCLA-SO-(M14). The inhibition of thymidine incorporation as a result of exposure to the compounds was measured. All agents were compared to 4-hydroxyanisole (4HA), a depigmenting agent extensively studied as an antimelanoma drug. The compounds were also tested on the epithelial cell line, CNCM-I-(221) in the presence and absence of tyrosinase. All the compounds were more effective than 4HA towards the M14-cells at either 10(-4) M or 10(-5) M. The toxicity of 4HA towards the 221-cells was shown to be completely dependent on the presence of tyrosinase. Effects of the test agents on the 221-cells were also observed in the absence of tyrosinase. Although some of them were shown to be good substrates for tyrosinase only small changes in toxicity were observed as a result of the presence of the enzyme in comparison with 4HA. No direct correlation of the toxicity of the agents and COMT inhibition was observed. The possible mode of action of the compounds through inhibition of COMT and interference in melanogenesis is discussed together with other possibilities and factors involved.